Hydrodistillation Method Research Articles

Phytochemical variability in essential oils of Juniperus communis var. saxatilis populations grow wild in western Himalaya, India

Needle and berry samples of Juniperus communis L. var. saxatilis Pall. were sampled separately during post rainy season to comparatively investigate the essential oil (EO) yield and phytochemical variability in eight populations grow wild in western Himalaya, India. The EOs obtained from air-dried needle and berry samples separately by hydrodistillation method using Clevenger type apparatus varied in yield with geographic origin of populations, ranged between 2.5-3.4% and 1.8-2.8% (v/w, dried weight basis), respectively. GC-MS analysis of EO profiles resulted in identification of a total ninety-four phytochemicals, representing over 95% of total oil content. Both, needle as well as berry EO samples were dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons α-pinene (18.52-30.65% and 14.31-27.37%), D-limonene (17.01-28.96% and 15.80-29.70%), β-myrcene (3.74-5.59% and 4.12-14.23%), followed by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons β-elemene (0.86-4.13% and 0.77-3.65%) and germacrene D (0.27-2.57% and 0.20-6.15%), respectively. The oxygenated sesquiterpenes α-cadinol (0.34-5.90% and to 5.63%) and α-bisabolol (to 3.39 and 0.95-6.71%) constituted the third most abundant group of terpenes while oxidized monoterpenes with α-terpineol (0.73-2.17% and 0.10-3.51%) and α-terpinyl acetate (2.10-4.76% and 0.05-3.54%) were the least dominant group. The principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that selective local environmental forces driving the microhabitat conditions appeared to be linked to high variability in essential oil composition of different common Juniper populations instead of their geographical proximity. The present study revealed that common Juniper essential oils from western Himalaya, India fulfil minimum requirements of European Pharmacopoeia and warrants its further exploitation as a natural resource of commercial significance for dietary and therapeutic applications.

Comprehensive In silico and In vitro evaluation of Plectranthus amboinicus essential oil: A promising inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 Omicron variant, proinflammatory biomarkers and diabetes-related enzymes

Existing challenges, such as the viral SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 Omicron variants, adverse reactions, and limited availability of drugs for COVID-19 continue to challenge global health. Severe inflammatory response associated with COVID-19 has been shown to worsen diabetic conditions and finding a range of treatment options for COVID-19 is significant. The research investigated the potential of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. (Lamiaceae) essential oil (PEO), known for its bioactive terpene content, as a multifaceted therapeutic agent. In silico and in vitro approaches were conducted to evaluate its inhibitory effects on the replication of Omicron variant, its ability to modulate proinflammatory biomarkers, and its impact on diabetes-related enzymes. PEO was extracted by hydrodistillation method. GC-MS analysis revealed 62 compounds. In silico molecular docking showed that the top ten PEO major components exhibited strong binding affinities with Omicron 3CL protease (-4.0 to −6.1 kcal/mol) and spike-RBD protein (-6.1 to −9.2 kcal/mol). PEO (6.25–200 μg mL⁻¹) significantly inhibited the B.1.1.529 Omicron SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease and Spike-RBD. PEO showed a cytotoxic effect at >80 μg mL⁻¹ in LPS-induced macrophage and inhibited production of TNF-α from 6.25 to 50 μg mL⁻¹, indicating its potential to mitigate the cytokine storm in link with severe COVID-19 cases. In vitro, PEO at 6.25–200 μg mL⁻¹ significantly inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, suggesting that PEO components could modulate key enzymes involved in glucose metabolisms. These findings showed the potential of PEO as an antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic agent and offer an opportunity to further clinical investigations in testing the efficacy as an alternative approach to managing COVID-19 and its complications.

Supercritical CO2 green solvent extraction of Nepeta crispa: Evaluation of process optimization, chemical analysis, and biological activity

This research investigates the extraction of compounds from Nepeta crispa (N. crispa), utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide green solvent, for the first time. Using RSM, the study examines the impact of pressure (15-25MPa), temperature (313-333K), and co-solvent (0.5- 3.5%) on the extraction yield. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil is assessed through Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay, while its antibacterial properties are evaluated against four bacterial strains. The SCFE method achieved a maximum yield of 1.812% at optimum conditions (P= 25MPa, T= 313K and co-solvent= 3.5%). GC-Mass analysis revealed that the primary constituents of N. crispa essential oil which are 1,8-cineol and 4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone in both extraction methods. The antioxidant and antibacterial results of N. crispa showed the superiority of SC-CO2 over hydrodistillation method. These observed antioxidant and antibacterial attributes highlight the plant’s potential suitability for applications within the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Extraction of benzyl isothiocyanate from formosa papaya seeds (Carica papaya Linn) and evaluation of biological properties

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the drying kinetics, extraction yields, and the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities of papaya seeds dried at different temperatures (45 °C and 55 °C) using various extraction methods. Drying of papaya seeds reduced the moisture content from 49.9 ± 1.2%–0.094%, taking 600 min at 45 °C and 510 min at 55 °C. Extraction yields using hexane were significantly higher, with values of 33.20% and 34.28% at 45 °C and 55 °C, respectively. Subcritical CO2 extraction yielded similar results across temperatures, while hydrodistillation showed the lowest yields. The concentration of benzyl isothiocyanate was highest in extracts obtained by subcritical CO2 (7.81% at 45 °C and 7.22% at 55 °C), demonstrating superior effectiveness compared to hydrodistillation and hexane methods. Subcritical CO2 extracts exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The antifungal activity was also superior against Penicillium crustosum with subcritical CO2 extracts. In terms of antioxidant activity, subcritical CO2 extracts showed the lowest IC50 values, indicating the highest antioxidant efficacy. Both extracts showed slight toxicity, though to a minimal extent. These results suggest that subcritical CO2 extraction is superior in preserving and concentrating bioactive compounds, resulting in better yields and enhanced antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities.

Oldenlandia diffusa(Willd.) Roxb. Essential Oil from Assam, India: GC-MS Analysis and Anticancer Activity

In this study essential oil from Oldenlandia diffusa (aerial parts) was extracted using hydrodistillation method. Characterization of the essential oil was done by using GC-MS analysis and identified 71 compounds. Pentacosane (13.29%), hexacosane (11.59%), tetracosane (11.18%), heptacosane (9.76%),tricosane (6.90%), phytol (5.71%), hexatriacontane (4.87%) and isophytol (4.69%) were the major compounds constituting the oil. Further, cytotoxicity of the extracted oil was observed against PA1 (Ovarian), MIAPaCa-2 (Pancreatic), A549 (Lung), MCF7 (Breast), HeLa (Cervical), HepG2 (Liver), PC-3 (Prostatic), MDA-MB-231 (Breast) cell lines. The oil exhibited dose and time dependent inhibition effects against the cancer cell lines. Best inhibition activity was observed against PA1, HeLa and PC-3 cancer cell lines. The IC50 values ranged from 24.19±0.837 - 3.12±0.126 µg/mL in PA1 cells, 51.87±3.104 - 28.95±0.76 µg/mL in HeLa cells and 52.92±1.233 - 14.62±0.465 µg/mL in PC-3 cells at 24, 48 and 72h. From the experiments, it was clear that essential oil of Oldenlandia diffusa should be further explored as an anticancer agent for developing medicinal drug.

Chemical composition and repellent effects of powders and essential oils from Juniperus oxycedrus, Juniperus phoenicea, and Juniperus thurifera against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

The present study evaluated the chemical composition and the potential repellent effect of powders and essential oils (EOs) from Juniperus oxycedrus, Juniperus phoenicea, and Juniperus thurifera against T. castaneum adults. The EOs were extracted by the hydrodistillation method, and their chemical composition was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The repellent effect of powders and EOs was assessed using the area preference method. GC-MS revealed that the major components of the studied EOs were α-pinene (28.27%) and cubenol (10.75%) for J. phoenicea, β-Eudesmol (23.74%), hedycaryol (12.54%), and olopanone (10.04%) for J. oxycedrus, and oplopanone (26.84%) and α-Santanol acetate (17.28%) for J. thurifera. The powders of three Juniperus species had a repellent effect (class IV) against T. castaneum adults. Among the powders tested, J. phoenicea had the highest average repellency rate of 75.40%, followed by J. oxycedrus with 62.30%, and J. thurifera had the lowest average repellency rate of 60.30%. Moreover, J. phoenicea EO had the highest average repellency rate of 72.50%, followed by J. oxycedrus with 67.40%, while J. thurifera had the lowest average repellency rate of 61.80%.The potential of Juniperus species can be used as biopesticides to control T. castaneum infestations as an alternative to synthetic pesticides.

Extraction, Characterization, and Encapsulation of Cinnamon Hydrosol Obtained via Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation: Analysis of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities

Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) method was employed to extract cinnamon oil and hydrosol (a byproduct). The total polyphenol content (TPC) of the cinnamon hydrosol (CH) was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and its antioxidant power was assessed through the DPPH radical reduction method. Gas chromatography was utilized to quantify the main bioactive compound (cinnamaldehyde). The disc agar diffusion method was applied to evaluate the inhibition of pathogenic microorganisms. To protect the bioactive compound, an encapsulation method involving cross-linking with calcium alginate was utilized. The capsules were examined using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). The TPC content was found to be 15.63 ± 0.21 mg gallic acid/g dry matter, and the DPPH radical inhibition rate was 84.26 ± 1.35%. CH exhibited a significant inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli, and a moderate inhibition effect against Shigella flexneri, Salmonella spp., Salmonella typhimurium, and Escherichia coli EPEC. Finally, successful encapsulation of CH was achieved using sodium alginate, resulting in bead sizes ranging between 1.75 and 2.75 mm.

Antifungal and Antibacterial Potential of Essential Oil of Boswellia sacra Resin in the Biological Control

<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">This study focuses on extraction of Boswillia sacra resin essential oil that was performed using the hydrodistillation method, resulting in a yield of 2.45%. Phytochemical screening of the essential oil provided information about its major compounds, which include terpenes and anthocyanins. To assess the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of the essential oil, multiple methods were employed. Positive results were obtained from tests such as DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging, inhibition of bovine serum albumin protein denaturation, and antifungal and antibacterial assays. These tests confirmed the presence of antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant activities and </span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">suggest numerous biotechnological applications of the essential oil.</span></span></span></p>

The Optimization Ratio and Size of Raw Materials in Patchouli Oil Extraction Process Using Hydrodistillation Method with Addition of MgCl2

This research focuses on optimizing patchouli oil yield using the hydrodistillation method and adding MgCl2 as the main component. The RSM method is used to analyze model variance, including the sum of squares model, less of the fit model, and ANOVA analysis. The research results show that adding MgCl2 can increase the yield of patchouli oil by reducing water content and undesirable non-volatile elements, thereby producing more stable patchouli oil. ANOVA analysis of patchouli oil yield was carried out to determine the optimal results from factors such as F/S, material size, and time. The extraction time factor had a p-value of less than 0.05, indicating that the model was suitable for explaining the results. The research results showed that the yield of patchouli oil was optimal with an F/S ratio of 0.075, material size of 20 mesh, and extraction time of 5 hours, with a yield of 0.1 gr/mL being the best choice. The research results showed that the use of specific methods, namely distilled water and MgCl2 in the extraction process, was effective in increasing the yield of patchouli oil

Phytochemical profiling, molecular docking, and ADMET evaluation of essential oils from Anaphalis busua and Anaphalis margaritacea in Uttarakhand's Himalayan Terrain

BackgroundThe study focuses on a comparative analysis of essential oils derived from two species of the Anaphalis genus, namely Anaphalis busua and Anaphalis margaritacea, collected at varying elevations in the hilly terrain of Uttarakhand. The investigation aims to explore the phytochemical composition, conduct in silico molecular docking studies, and evaluate ADMET properties of the essential oils to understand their potential bioactivity. MethodsEssential oils were extracted from the whole plants using the hydrodistillation method, and GC–MS was employed for compound identification. A total of 31 compounds were identified in A. busua and 32 in A. margaritacea, constituting 87.86 % and 87.83 % of the total composition, respectively. Major compounds included isocaryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, geranyl-α-terpinene, α-pinene, γ-muurolene, δ-cadinene, humulene, and copaene. ResultsMolecular docking studies were conducted using PyRx software on ten notable compounds as ligands, targeting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and human peroxiredoxin 5 to assess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Isocaryophyllene, with concentrations of 14.07 % (A. busua) and 17.82 % (A. margaritacea), exhibited significant binding affinities of -5.7 and -7.2 kcal/mol against 1HD2 and 4COX, respectively. ConclusionThe research provides valuable insights into the chemical composition of essential oils from Anaphalis plants and validates their bioactive potential through in silico analysis. Isocaryophyllene emerges as a key compound with noteworthy binding affinities, emphasizing its importance in the medicinal and pharmacological applications of essential oils derived from A. busua and A. margaritacea. The results enhance our understanding of the therapeutic potential of Anaphalis essential oils, opening avenues for future research in natural products and drug discovery.

Essential Oil with Mosquito-Repellent Potential from Plectranthus Amboinicus Leaves Against Aedes Aegypti via Human Volunteer Study

Plectranthus amboinicus(PA) is a highly aromatic perennial shrub that belongs to the Lamiaceae family. It has thick, fleshy and succulent leaves and stem. The margins of the leaves contain numerous glandular hairs that produce essential oil. The essential oil of PA(PAEO) exhibits therapeutical, nutritional, antioxidant, antimicrobial, insecticidal, and insect repellent potentials. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the repellent properties of PAEO and DEET against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are known carriers of dengue fever. The extraction of PAEO was carried out using hydrodistillation method while the chemical profile was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The bioefficacy test was conducted according to the household insecticide products personal mosquito repellent evaluation method for biological efficacy (First revision) (MS1497:2007) provided by the Standard and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM) with slight modification. 10% PAEO was used as test solution while 10% DEET was used as positive control. Fabric and patches treated with 10% PAEO were tested on human volunteers. Both the fabric and the patch, treated with 10% PAEO, exhibit excellent repellency (97 - 100%) against Ae. aegypti mosquitoes for a duration of up to 240 min (4 h) post-application. In contrast, 10% DEET, which initially showed a comparable repellency (99%) 30 min after application, experiences a gradual decline in repellency over time, reaching a 51% repellency rate at the end of the test (240 min post-application). A two-way ANOVA analysis indicates significant effect for type of treatment (p = 0.016) but with no significant difference between the exposure time. Tukey’s test showed significant differences between 10% PAEO-treated patches and 10% DEET (p = 0.016), and between 10% PAEO-treated fabric and 10% DEET (p = 0.026). These findings suggest that PAEO is potentially an effective natural repellent against Ae. aegypti.

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Plinia rivularis essential oil against multidrug-resistant bacteria

IntroductionThe increasingly common occurrences of multidrug-resistant bacteria represent a global health threat and the discovery of new alternative remedies is necessary. The use of essential oils (EOs) in the treatment of many pathogenic bacteria is promising and several examples have already been highlighted regarding their inhibitory action. Among the botanical families, Myrtaceae stands out for presenting important species that supply bioactive products. MethodsIn this work we investigate the chemical composition of Plinia rivularis (Myrtaceae) leaf EO and its antibacterial activity against resistant and non-resistant bacteria. The EO was obtained by two methods, hydrodistillation and steam distillation. Gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID), gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were the techniques used in the EO chemical characterization. ResultsThe EOs were obtained with yields of 0.37 and 0.16% by hydrodistillation and steam distillation methods, respectively. The analyzes revealed the EOs chemical profile showing the compounds 2H-benzocyclohepten-2-one,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,9-octahydro-4a-methyl (synonym: 4a-methyl-3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,9-octahydro-2H-benzo[7]annulen-2-one), rosifoliol, β-eudesmol and the diterpene kaurene as main constituents. Through preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC), it was possible to obtain the diterpene kaurene with a content of 91%, which was also characterized by NMR. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of EO against bacteria ranged from 0.56 to 2.25 mg.ml−1 and 2.25–36 mg.ml−1 for sensitive and resistant bacteria, respectively. Also, EO showed synergistic activity with amikacin and cefotaxime against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (KPC). ConclusionsThis is the first report on the chemical composition of P. rivularis EO. Comparison of extraction methods showed variation in yields and small changes in component content. The EO demonstrated activity against resistant and non-resistant bacteria. In addition, the synergistic effect of EO against resistant bacteria may be explored in future studies.

Essential Oil and Waste Hydrosol of Ocimum Tenuiflorum L.: A Low-Cost Raw Material Source of Eugenol, Botanical Pesticides, and Therapeutic Potentiality.

In this study, essential oils and waste hydrosols of leaves of Ocimum tenuiflorum in four different geographical locations were extracted by hydrodistillation method and using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for chemical composition analysis. All four essential oil samples contained the main components (E)-β-caryophyllene (27.8-49.0 %), trans-β-elemene (20.3-37.1 %) and eugenol (9.0-44.0 %). Three of the four hydrosol samples had eugenol in absolute content (94.5-98.6 %), while the remaining hydrosol sample had two main components, elemicin (77.8 %) and eugenol (14.2 %). Essential oils and hydrosols demonstrated larvicidal activities against four important disease-transmitting mosquito species including Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Culex fuscocephala with 24-h LC50 values in the range 15.42-56.01 μg/mL and 53.88-97.80 μg/mL for the essential oils and the hydrosols, respectively. Essential oils and hydrosols strongly inhibited the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme of electric eels with IC50 values in the range of 25.35-107.19 μg/mL. Microemulsion (ME) can be considered as a sustainable pesticide formulation over 300 days and has improved larvicidal activity compared to free essential oil. The O. tenuiflorum in Vietnam can be considered a low-cost source of eugenol, botanical pesticides that control disease-transmitting mosquitoes, as well as having therapeutic potential to be further investigated.

Chemodiversity of Zingiber officinale Roscoe rhizome essential oil at different drying times

Ginger (Zingiber officinale), a globally distributed plant, is widely used in the industry for its flavourings, seasonings, and beverages. However, maintaining its quality and volatile components during processing has posed a challenge. This study, therefore, aimed to assess the impact of drying time (24, 48, and 72h) in a circulation oven at 40 °C on the chemical composition and yield of fresh and dried ginger. The essential oils were extracted using the hydrodistillation method, and their chemical analysis was conducted using gas chromatography. The drying time in the oven directly influenced the essential oil yield, with a longer time resulting in a higher yield. We identified 27 compounds in the essential oils, varying their predominance depending on the drying time. The PCA analysis revealed that the drying time can lead to the formation of different chemotypes for ginger, indicating that altering the drying time can yield significantly different chemical profiles.

Extraction and purification of Pongame oiltree essential oils enhanced the anti-biofilm activity against biofilm-forming Acinetobacter baumannii

In the present study, plant essential oils were successfully extracted from the medicinal plant Pongame oiltree (P. oiltree) using the hydrodistillation method and found to possess excellent anti-biofilm properties against biofilm forming Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii). GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of all the essential oils in the crude P. oiltree extract. The agar well diffusion method of crude and HPLC purified fraction of the essential oils were showed anti-virulence behaviour instead of anti-bacterial activity. The anti-virulence metabolites were separately purified and confirmed by analytical HPLC. Subsequently, the minimum biofilm inhibition concentration and maximum biofilm inhibition concentration of the P. oiltree essential oils indicated 96 % biofilm inhibition against A. baumannii. In addition, the internal pathogenicity inactivation due to the HPLC purified essential oils was confirmed by inhibition of exopolysaccharide. The architectural biofilm damage with increased death cells and compromised external morphology with loss of original shape was validated by confocal laser scanning electron microscope and scanning electron microscope analysis. Overall, the present study suggests that the HPLC purified fraction of P. oiltree essential oils are an effective anti-biofilm agent against drug-resistant A. baumannii, and it is a future alternative drug discovered option to fight against biofilm-forming bacteria.

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils and various extracts of endemic Onosma malatyana (Boraginaceae) from Anatolia

ABSTRACT The chemical contents of the endemic Onosma malatyana roots collected from Malatya/Türkiye were determined using the hydrodistillation and the soxhlet methods and antimicrobial activity analysis of the extracts was also performed. The hydrodistillation method applied to the roots of O.malatyana resulted in identifying 31 compounds according to their retention times in GC-MS analysis. Additionally, crude ethyl acetate and crude oil etheric extracts of O.malatyana roots contained 14 compounds each. This research identified that the main component of the essential oil obtained by the hydrodistillation method was palmitic acid comprising 56.48% of the total composition. Additionally, in the crude petroleum etheric extract, oleic acid methyl ester (31.22%); and palmitic acid (24.69%) were identified as the main components in the crude ethyl acetate extract. The results of the antimicrobial activities indicated that O.malatyana root extracts were particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria, specifically S. aureus and B. subtilis.

Impact of Sweet Orange Peel Essential Oil on the Nutrient and Oxidative Stability of Aquafeed During the Storage Condition

The main goal of this study was to assess the qualitative composition of essential oil (P), a natural extract produced from wasted orange peels in the citrus processing sector. Additionally, the study aimed to investigate the alterations in fish feeds when this essential oil is incorporated and stored. The essential oil was extracted from the orange peels provided for the study using the hydrodistillation method and the Clevenger apparatus. The study determined the volatile components of the oil with 100% accuracy. The primary constituent was identified as D-limonene, comprising 59.27% of the total composition. Subsequently, experimental feed groups were established by including the essential oil in the feed rations at ratios of ‰0 (P0), ‰0.5 (P5), ‰1 (P10), and ‰3 (P30). Under storage conditions, the feeds were stored in feed sacks for 60 days. Periodic samples were collected during storage and subjected to nutritional, microbiological, structural, and oxidation tests. The results of the study show that P had no protective effect in fish diets against the growth of yeasts, molds, and other mesophilic aerobic bacteria (p > 0.05). It was shown that the nutritional values varied over time during storage. However, this variation was not substantially correlated with the amount of P in the diets (p > 0.05). There was no discernible impact of the addition of P on the structural characteristics of the feed grains. Nevertheless, the inclusion of P substantially impeded the process of lipid oxidation in the diet (p<0.05). After the two-month storage period, it was shown that adding at least 1 ‰ of P to the fish meals prevented the peroxide generated from oxidation in the feed from exceeding acceptable levels.

Essential oil composition and anti-inflammatory activity in wild citrus from northeast India

Citrus peel essential oil (PEO) is utilized in the food and juice processing, pharmaceuticals, and aroma industries due to various nutritional, pharmaceutical and cosmaceutical properties. In this study, the PEO of five wild Citrus species (Citrus medica, C. indica, C. latipes, C. hystrix, and C. cavaleriei) from northeast India, has been extracted using the hydro-distillation method. The oil yield varied from 0.02% to 0.32% (w/w). Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of citrus PEO showed the presence of 36 compounds in the range of 84.63–95.9%. Limonene was the major compound in the PEO, with the highest percentage in C. cavaleriei (80.86%), followed by C. hystrix (75.7%), medica (66.9%), C. indica (63.03%), and C. latipes (23.95%). Other compounds present in a considerable percentage were γ-terpinene (C. latipes, 16.86%; C. indica, 14.72%; C. medica, 6.73%), myrcene (C. indica, 5.34%), β-pinene (C. latipes, 9.49%), 3-carene (C. medica, 6.38%), (E)- β-caryophyllene (C. latipes, 6.07%), and neryl acetate (C. latipes, 6.10%). Anti-inflammatory assay of PEO in the five Citrus species revealed the highest anti-inflammatory activity in C. indica. The study suggests that wild citrus fruits can be an important source of limonene and other bioactive compounds with potential pharmaceutical and industrial applications.

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Lumnitzera racemosa Willd

Lumnitzera racemosa Willd is a medicinal species that supports the treatment of certain conditions. This is the first study on the chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil from Lumnitzera racemosa Willd bark. This essential oil was extracted by the hydrodistillation method and analysed by gas chromatography (GC), and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the essential oil contains twenty-four compounds, the main of which are palmitic acid, nonacosane, and heptacosane. The antimicrobial activities of the essential oil against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus had inhibition zones ranging from approximately 8.4–17.5 mm. This study has enhanced the understanding of the composition, and antimicrobial activities of L. racemosa and expanded its potential applications in the medical field.

The effect of Jordanian essential oil from coriander seeds on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunostimulatory activities using RAW 246.7 murine macrophages.

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is a member of the Umbelliferae/Apiaceae family and one of the well-known essential oil-containing plants, in which the seeds are used in traditional medicine, and as flavoring in food preparation. Knowing the diverse chemical components of different parts of the plant, this work aims to investigate the antioxidant, the anti-inflammatory, and the immunostimulatory modulator effects of the Jordanian C. sativum's seed extracted essential oil (JCEO). Coriander oil extract was prepared by hydro-distillation method using the Clevenger apparatus. Different concentrations of coriander oil were examined by using DPPH radical scavenging assay, MTT assay, pro-inflammatory cytokine (Tumor Necrosis Factor-TNF-alpha) production in RAW264.7 murine macrophages in addition, scratch-wound assessment, NO level examination, Th1/Th2 assay, phagocytosis assay, and fluorescence imaging using DAPI stain were conducted. JCEO had a potential metabolic enhancer effect at a concentration of 0.3 mg/mL on cell viability with anti-inflammatory activities via increasing cytokines like IL-10, IL-4, and limiting NO, INF-γ, and TNF-α release into cell supernatant. Antioxidant activity was seen significantly at higher concentrations of JCEO reaching 98.7% when using 100mg/mL and minimally reaching 50% at 12.5mg/mL of the essential oil. Treated macrophages were able to attain full scratch closure after 48-hrs at concentrations below 0.3mg/mL. The seed-extracted JCEO showed significant free radical scavenging activity even at lower dilutions. It also significantly induced an anti-inflammatory effect via an increase in the release of cytokines but reduced the LPS-induced NO and TNF-α production at 0.16-0.3mg/mL. In summary, coriander essential oil demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunostimulatory effects, showcasing its therapeutic potential at specific concentrations. The findings underscore its safety and metabolic enhancement properties, emphasizing its promising role in promoting cellular health.