Hydrocarbons In Oysters Research Articles

Degradation of curcumin‐mediated photodynamic technology (PDT) on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oysters and toxicity evaluation of PDT‐treated oysters

SummaryThis study investigated the degradation effect of curcumin‐mediated photodynamic technology (PDT) on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in oysters, and evaluated the safety of PDT‐treated oysters through acute and subacute toxicity experiments. The results demonstrated that curcumin‐mediated PDT could effectively degrade multi‐component PAHs in oysters, the maximum removal efficiency could reach 80.20% (10 μmol L−1 curcumin concentration and 54 J cm−2 light energy density). Acute toxicity experiment revealed PDT‐treated oysters did not cause any mortality and adverse symptoms in mice at an oral dose of 40 g kg−1 BW. Besides, after being treated at the dose of 10 g kg−1 BW for 28 days, the rats showed no obvious abnormal change in the indicators including the body weight, food utilisation, urology, haematology, serum biochemistry, organ index and histopathology. These findings show curcumin‐mediated PDT is a potentially efficacious method to degrade PAHs in oysters, and PDT‐treated oysters have high edible safety.

Concentration and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oysters from Todos os Santos Bay (Bahia, Brazil)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae) collected from Todos os Santos Bay (Bahia, Brazil). The total PAH concentration was highest in Madre de Deus (36.3 to 37.8 ng g−1 in dry weight, dw), which is located near a petrochemical complex, oil refinery, and commercial port. In the Paraguaçu river estuary, PAH concentrations varied between 23.2 and 25.7 ng g−1 dw. The lowest concentrations (1.55 ng g−1 dw) were found in the Jaguaribe river estuary, which can be considered a relatively preserved area. The main source of PAHs in the study areas was observed to be pyrogenic. Values of benzo[a]pyrene toxic equivalent ranged from 0.28 to 4.20. The concentrations of PAHs in oysters from the Paraguaçu river estuary and in Madre de Deus indicate the possible lifetime risk of developing cancer in humans who feed on it.

Bioaccumulation and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oyster (Crassostrea sp.) and gastropod (Cymatium sp.) species from the Can Gio Coastal Wetland in Vietnam

The aim of this study was to measure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in oysters (Crassostrea sp.) and gastropods (Cymatium sp.) collected from the Can Gio coastal wetland (CGCW), Vietnam. Samples were collected from 14 coastal sites, from both port and non-port sites, during a rainy season (September 2017) and a dry season (April 2018). PAH concentrations in oysters ranged from 3.26 to 64.45ngg–1 wet weight (WW), whereas in gastropods PAH concentrations ranged from 4.81 to 23.80ngg–1 WW. Naphthalene was the major component measured in oysters (0.71–46.74ngg–1 WW), whereas pyrene was the major congener measured in gastropods. Both species showed the same dominant accumulation pattern of two- to three-ring PAH compounds. A temporal and spatial distribution of PAHs in gastropods from the CGCW was also observed: higher PAH concentrations were more frequently observed in oysters and gastropods from port sites during the rainy season. The present study indicates that gastropods Cymatium sp. could be used as bioindicators in tropical coastal areas. Human health risk assessment conducted on the basis of the excess cancer risk suggests that there is no current risk to humans as a result of the consumption of oysters and gastropods.

Aliphatic hydrocarbons and triterpane biomarkers in mangrove oyster (Crassostrea belcheri) from the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia

The Straits of Malacca is one of the world's busiest shipping routes where frequent oil spills occur. Rapid development in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia is the other major source of petroleum pollution in this narrow waterway. In order to identify occurrence and origin of hydrocarbons in the Straits, mangrove oysters (Crassostrea belcheri) were collected from five sampling locations and analysed for n-alkanes and biomarkers. Soxhlet apparatus and two step column chromatography were used for extraction, purification and fractionation of the oysters. Petroleum origin n-alkanes were detected in majority of the sampling locations which is indicative of anthropogenic activities in this region. Using source and maturity diagnostic ratios for hopanes revealed used crankcase oil as the main source of petroleum hydrocarbons in oysters from all sampling locations except for the Pulau Merambong where signature of South East Asia crude oil (SEACO) was detected.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oysters and sediments from the Yatsushiro Sea, Japan: Comparison of potential risks among PAHs, dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in benthic organisms

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in oysters collected from 18 stations in the Yatsushiro Sea, western Japan. PAHs were detected in all samples analyzed, and the highest concentration (mean 230ng/g wet weight) was found in oysters from Tanoura Bay. The high molecular weight PAHs to low molecular weight PAHs ratios in oysters from Tanoura Bay were higher than at other stations. Sediment samples collected from 42 stations in Tanoura Bay were analyzed for PAHs to understand their concentrations and distribution. Higher concentrations were found in sediment samples at two stations in the southern inner bay (mean 30,200ng/g dry weight), which were approximately two orders of magnitude higher than at a reference site. These observations strongly suggest severe contamination and significant sources of PAHs in Tanoura Bay. Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds (PCDFs, and non- and mono-ortho coplanar PCBs) were analyzed in sediments from eight stations in Tanoura Bay. The concentrations were comparable to, or lower than, at the reference sites, suggesting that there are no specific sources of these compounds in this bay. PAH, dioxins and dioxin-like compounds DR-CALUX relative potencies (REP) were applied to the sediment concentrations to evaluate the potential for toxicological effects on benthic organisms. PAHs made the highest contribution to the total REP concentration, supplying 99% of the total REP, followed by PCDDs (0.18%), PCDFs (0.04%), and PCBs (<0.001%). In this area, PAHs appear to be the most important Ah receptor binding chemicals for potential toxicity to benthic species.

Ultra high performance liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry for high-sensitivity analysis of US Environmental Protection Agency sixteen priority pollutant polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in oysters

In response to Gulf of Mexico deepwater horizon oil spill, we have developed an atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) based ultra high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS) method for high-sensitivity analysis of United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) 16 priority pollutant polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in oysters. Analyses were performed on an Agilent's Infinity 1290 UHPLC system coupled with a G6140A single quadrupole MS detector with Syagen's PhotoMate® APPI® source. Column separation was achieved using Zorbax Eclipse PAH column. Chlorobenzene was used as an APPI dopant for maximum overall sensitivity. Dynamic linear ranges were evaluated and found to cover 3.6–5.1 (Ave. 4.4) orders of magnitude with R2 of at least 0.995. A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction and cleanup procedure was used. The spike recoveries ranged from 77% to 110% with %RSD of 0.6–6.7 at spike concentrations below or substantially below the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) level of concern in oysters. The on-column instrument detection limits (IDLs, 6σ S/N=3) ranged from 8 to 106pg with an average of 23pg for 16 PAHs. The method detection limits (MDLs, 6σ S/N=3) ranged from 0.013 to 0.129ppm with an average of 0.040ppm for all analytes. These MDLs were about 5 times to over 4 orders of magnitude lower than US FDA levels of concern in oysters.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oysters from coastal waters of the Lebanon 10 months after the Jiyeh oil spill in 2006

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oysters from coastal waters of the Lebanon 10 months after the Jiyeh oil spill in 2006

Evaluation of several heavy metals as indicators of contamination by hydrocarbons in oysters from chijol channel

Evaluation of several heavy metals as indicators of contamination by hydrocarbons in oysters from chijol channel

NOAA's status and trends mussel watch program: Chlorinated pesticides and PCBs in oysters ( Crassostrea virginica) and sediments from the Gulf of Mexico, 1986–1987

Chlorinated pesticides and PCBs were analyzed in more than 590 oyster and sediment samples collected during 1986 and 1987, the first 2 years of the NOAA's Status and Trends Mussel Watch Program established to monitor the current status and temporal trends of these contaminants in the Gulf of Mexico. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in oysters and sediments presented similar distribution patterns; however, their concentrations in oysters were several times higher than the concentration detected in the surrounding sediments. Alpha-chlordane, trans-nonachlor and dieldrin were the most abundant non-DDT pesticides in both types of sample. The major fraction of DDT related compounds measured in oysters and sediments was DDD. Based on average PCB concentrations, penta-, hexa-, and tetrachlorobiphenyls were preferentially accumulated by oysters as compared to the average sediment composition. Although this study was designed to avoid known point-sources of contaminant inputs, the measured concentrations were, in general, within the range of concentrations previously reported for the Gulf of Mexico. After the first 2 years of this program, the geographical distribution of chlorinated hydrocarbons in oysters and sediments is well defined. In contrast, the temporal trends at the different sites are not clear. Continued sampling will allow the identification of long-term trends in concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the Gulf of Mexico.

Application of gas chromatography on glass capillary columns to the analysis of hydrocarbon pollutants from the Amoco Cadiz oil spill

About 230,000 tons oil spilled when the Amoco Cadiz sank in 1978 and heavily polluted the northern Brittany coasts. During a 9-month period, the composition of oil on beaches near the wreck site was studied by high-performance gas chromatography (HPGC). Simultaneously, levels of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in flat and Japanese oysters were measured. Quantification was effected by means of perdeuterated hydrocarbons which were totally resolved from the natural compounds by HPGC. Much attention has been paid to the input and fate of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in oysters. They were characterized as three-ring aromatics by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and separation by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on LiChrosorb-NH 2- Di- and trimethyldibenzothiophenes appeared to be the major persistent hydrocarbons in the environment.

High Pressure Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Oysters

A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure is described for determining 13 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PNA) compounds in oysters at the 2 ppb level. These compounds are extracted from shellfish with acetonitrile and partitioned into petroleum ether; the petroleum ether is removed and the residue is saponified. The aromatic compounds are isolated by passing the saponifeid residue through silica gel and further purified and fractionated by muStyragel gel permeation chromatography. The in-ividual PNAs are then quantitatively determined by using a reverse phase HPLC column coupled to fluorescence, spectrophotometric, and 254 nm absorbance detectors in series. Recoveries from spiked samples generally were greater than 80%.

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons in oysters from coastal lagoons along the eastern coast of the Gulf of Mexico, Mexico.

Analytical determinations and identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were made in oysters from lagoons and estuaries along the eastern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Results show that the highest concentrations were in samples taken from lagoons in an oil-producing area. The total concentrations of the PAHs in the analyzed samples were surprisingly high for oyster tissues. Clearly, no single causative factor could adequately explain environmental data of this kind because of the possibility of accidental spillages and intermittent activities that could contribute to the distortion of the results.

Petroleum hydrocarbons in oysters from Galveston Bay

Oyster from a location in Galveston Bay Texas, USA were analysed for petroleum-derived hydrocarbons. The lipids and hydrocarbons were Soxhlet-extracted with benzene/methanol and then partitioned into n-pentane. Hydrocarbons were separated from the lipids by column chromatography on a bed of silicagel covered by alumina; both absorbents were deactivated to prevent the formation of artifacts from sensitive components of the lipid fraction. Preparative TLC on activated silicagel then resolved the column effluent into aliphatic, mono-, di-, and tri-aromatic hydrocarbons. Individual compounds and compound types were identified from their gas chromatographic retention indices, mass spectra, and UV-spectra. The severe oil contamination of the oysters is evident: 1. (1) The concentration distribution of the aliphatic hydrocarbons is similar to the distribution found in a crude oil. 2. (2) Alicylic and aromatic hydrocarbons are encountered at higher concentrations than in uncontaminated oysters.

Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Oysters Collected in Polluted Water

Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Oysters Collected in Polluted Water