Kerosene Hydrocarbons Research Articles

Influence Mechanism of Magnetized Modified Kerosene on Flotation Behavior of Molybdenite

The effects and mechanism of magnetized kerosene on the flotation behaviors of molybdenite were studied by micro-flotation, ultraviolet spectrum, infrared spectrum, surface tension, and liquid viscosity. According to the results of micro-flotation, magnetized kerosene improved the flotation recovery of molybdenite, and the improvements were more obvious with smaller molybdenite particles. Spectral analysis showed that the magnetization did not change the chemical composition of kerosene, but transformed the linear aliphatic hydrocarbons in kerosene into linear isomers and reduced the lengths of the carbon chains. Moreover, the magnetization reduced the viscosity of kerosene and oil/water interfacial tension, and improved the dispersion of kerosene in the pulp. The external magnetic field transformed the disorder of the additional magnetic moment in the kerosene molecules into order, and reduced the compactness of the kerosene molecules. The experimental results provided a theoretical explanation for the role of magnetization in mineral flotation.

Hydrodesulfurization and Hydrodearomatization of Kerosene over high metal loading Ni w/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst

The present research investigates hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and hydrodearomatization (HAD) of raw kerosene with 0.364 wt. % sulfur and 16.498 wt. % aromatics supplied from Al-Dura Refinery. Hydrotreating reactions were carried out in one stage reactor over high metal Ni W/γ-Al2O3 prepared catalyst at different temperatures 275-350oC, pressures 32-62 bar, LHSV 1-4 hr-1, and H2/HC ratios 200-500. The prepared catalyst was pre-sulfided remarkably at low temperature and high pressure to avoid risky of sintering associated with gaining the active sulfide phase at high temperatures. Results showed an obvious differences between HDS and HAD rates due to difficulty of polyaromatics saturation compared with desulfurization. Sulfur and aromatics removal were achieved from 74.9% to 95.6% and from 1% to 12.8% respectively at different operating conditions. Advanced saturation conditions were promoted the hydrogenation reaction bath and played a significant role for achieving acceptable levels of HDS and HDA. In general, HDS and HDA increased with decreasing LHSV and increasing temperature, pressure, and H2/HC ratio. Burning quality, fire hazard, and aromatics content of kerosene were characterized by measuring of smoke point, flash point, and aniline point respectively. These properties were enhanced at different hydrotreating conditions due to the skeletal conformation change of kerosene hydrocarbons during reactions.

Investigation of Kerosene used as Fire Accelerant Remaining on Different Kinds of Fabrics

In arson cases, the detection and identification of fire accelerants is of high importance for elucidation of such crimes. The present study aims to investigate the remaining fraction of kerosene hydrocarbons impregnated on four kinds of textiles (nylon, polyester, wool and cotton). The volatile fraction was collected by SPME on non-burnt and burnt samples at successive times (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 h.), then analyzed by GC-MS. Among the 27 characteristic compounds identified in kerosene, aromatic hydrocarbons were the predominant components, but their evaporation was faster than alkanes in unburnt textiles. Also, in the case of non-burnt samples, the total amount of kerosene residues was higher in synthetic tissues than in natural materials. After burning the different kinds of impregnated textiles, 22 hydrocarbons were detected with a decreasing amount over time, while the concentration of linear alkanes remained higher during the sampling time. All the partially burnt samples displayed much less kerosene residues than in the same unburnt samples. Unlike the non-burnt samples, the profile of kerosene amount as function of time was very similar on the four investigated kinds of fabrics after burning. These results and the proposed procedure should help forensic investigators in the field of fire debris analysis, in arson cases.

Isolation and characterization of bacillus amyloliquefaciens 6A: A novel kerosene oil degrading bacterium

Abstract Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 6A, isolated from kerosene contaminated industrial wastewater, could remove 13, 39, 40 and 64% kerosene oil as compared to the microorganisms indigenously present in the industrial effluent which could degrade only 14, 16, 27 and 28% kerosene oil after 2, 4, 6 and 8 days, respectively. Kerosene biodegradation behavior was evaluated by studying biodegradation kinetics, half-life and thermodynamics to determine the suitability of the process. Kerosene biodegradation process followed pseudo first order kinetics and found greatly influenced with temperature. Moreover, extracellular lipase activity was calculated and relationship between concentration of kerosene oil and enzyme activity (oil degradation) was established by Michaelis–Menten plot. The enzyme followed the single substrate Michaelis–Menten kinetics with Vmax (maximum rate) 9.251 ( μ g/ml)/min and Km (Michaelis constant, substrate affinity) 8.325 μ g/ml for kerosene oil. Furthermore, kerosene hydrocarbon fractions before and after bacterial treatment were estimated by GC–MS and TLC which revealed the degradation of many aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon constituents of kerosene. It is the first Gram positive bacterium reported from Pakistan which can transform long chained hydrocarbons (C11–C34) into small metabolites. In conclusion, bacterial strain has proved cost-effective, proficient and a very expedient tool in green chemistry to decontaminate environmental hydrocarbon pollutants.

Two Reliable Simple Relationships between Flash Points of Hydrocarbon Kerosene Fuels and Their Molecular Structures

This study presents two new reliable simple correlations for predicting flash point of kerosene hydrocarbons using multiple linear regression method. The methodology assumes that the flash point of kerosene fuels can be expressed as a function of elemental composition and several structural parameters. The proposed correlations have determination coefficients of 0.910 and 0.977. Also, the first model has root mean square deviation (RMSD) and the average absolute deviations (AAD) of 10.6 and 8.2 K, respectively, for 111 kerosene fuels with different molecular structures as training set. The RMSD and AAD for the second improved model are 5.39 and 4.33 K, respectively. The predictive power of two correlations is checked using a cross validation method. (R2 = 0.977, Q2Ext = 0.975, and Q2LMO = 0.979). Also, these correlations give good predictions for further 25 kerosene fuels as test set. The proposed model can also be applied for designing novel kerosene fuels.

Lipidic ionic liquid stationary phases for the separation of aliphatic hydrocarbons by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography

Lipidic ionic liquids (ILs) possessing long alkyl chains as well as low melting points have the potential to provide unique selectivity as well as wide operating ranges when used as stationary phases in gas chromatography. In this study, a total of eleven lipidic ILs containing various structural features (i.e., double bonds, linear thioether chains, and cyclopropanyl groups) were examined as stationary phases in comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) for the separation of nonpolar analytes in kerosene. N-alkyl-N′-methyl-imidazolium-based ILs containing different alkyl side chains were used as model structures to investigate the effects of alkyl moieties with different structural features on the selectivities and operating temperature ranges of the IL-based stationary phases. Compared to a homologous series of ILs containing saturated side chains, lipidic ILs exhibit improved selectivity toward the aliphatic hydrocarbons in kerosene. The palmitoleyl IL provided the highest selectivity compared to all other lipidic ILs as well as the commercial SUPELCOWAX 10 column. The linoleyl IL containing two double bonds within the alkyl side chain showed the lowest chromatographic selectivity. The lipidic IL possessing a cyclopropanyl group within the alkyl moiety exhibited the highest thermal stability. The Abraham solvation parameter model was used to evaluate the solvation properties of the lipidic ILs. This study provides the first comprehensive examination into the relation between lipidic IL structure and the resulting solvation characteristics. Furthermore, these results establish a basis for applying lipidic ILs as stationary phases for solute specific separations in GC×GC.

Crosslinked structurally-tuned polymeric ionic liquids as stationary phases for the analysis of hydrocarbons in kerosene and diesel fuels by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography

Structurally-tuned ionic liquids (ILs) have been previously applied as the second dimension column in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) and have demonstrated high selectivity in the separation of individual aliphatic hydrocarbons from other aliphatic hydrocarbons. However, the maximum operating temperatures of these stationary phases limit the separation of analytes with high boiling points. In order to address this issue, a series of polymeric ionic liquid (PIL)-based stationary phases were prepared in this study using imidazolium-based IL monomers via in-column free radical polymerization. The IL monomers were functionalized with long alkyl chain substituents to provide the needed selectivity for the separation of aliphatic hydrocarbons. Columns were prepared with different film thicknesses to identify the best performing stationary phase for the separation of kerosene. The bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide ([NTf2]−)-based PIL stationary phase with larger film thickness (0.28μm) exhibited higher selectivity for aliphatic hydrocarbons and showed a maximum allowable operating temperature of 300°C. PIL-based stationary phases containing varied amount of IL-based crosslinker were prepared to study the effect of the crosslinker on the selectivity and thermal stability of the resulting stationary phase. The optimal resolution of aliphatic hydrocarbons was achieved when 50% (w/w) of crosslinker was incorporated into the PIL-based stationary phase. The resulting stationary phase exhibited good selectivity for different groups of aliphatic hydrocarbons even after being conditioned at 325°C. Finally, the crosslinked PIL-based stationary phase was compared with SUPELCOWAX 10 and DB-17 columns for the separation of aliphatic hydrocarbons in diesel fuel. Better resolution of aliphatic hydrocarbons was obtained when employing the crosslinked PIL-based stationary phase as the second dimension column.

Degradation of kerosene hydrocarbon by indigenous diazotropic bacteria isolated from crude oil contaminated soil

Hydrocarbon contamination significantly increases supply of carbon, but the availability of nitrogen and phosphorus generally become the growth limiting factors for indigenous oil degraders. This nitrogen imbalance selectively favors the development of the soil asymbiotic dinitrogen fixing microorganisms. The present study was undertaken to isolate such diazotrophic bacteria capable of degrading petroleum hydrocarbons. Two bacterial strains were isolated, and identified by using their 16SrDNA as Achromobacter sp. and Arthrobacter sp . Both the isolates could degrade almost all major components of kerosene hydrocarbon within 60 days. Hydrocarbon degradation by the isolates was studied under Gas chromatography-Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and the nitrogenase activity of the isolates was measured by Acetylene Reduction Assay. Results of the present investigation revealed the potentiality of free living indigenous nitrogen fixing bacteria to degrade petroleum hydrocarbon and thereby contribute to bioremediation and bio-fertilization of crude oil contaminated soil.

Fast bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soils by a consortium of biosurfactant/bioemulsifier producing bacteria

Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons as a decontamination mechanism is a relatively slow process. This study aimed to investigate the impact of a tailored consortium of bacteria with higher capacities in biosurfactant production and biodegradation on the acceleration of the biodecontamination process. To this end, 18 biosurfactant producing bacteria were isolated from the crude oil-contaminated soil samples of Isfahan refinery, and the activity of the produced biosurfactants was measured in terms of surface tension reduction and emulsification E24 test. Then, the isolates screened for the biodegradation of kerosene hydrocarbons and chemical structure of the purified biosurfactants produced by the most efficient isolates were partially characterized. Next, the isolates were sorted based on their surfactant activity and biodegradation efficiency, and the higher ranked bacteria thus selected were utilized to form an efficient consortium removing hydrocarbons from the oil-contaminated soil samples in a slurry phase system. The consortium consisted of Bacillus subtilis tb1 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa species having the highest biodegradation capabilities and surface activities. The results revealed that the hydrocarbon removal efficiency of the consortium was at least 25 % higher than single species, and the final removal efficiency for the consortium could be reached in a considerably shorter time.

Bacterial community dynamics during the preferential degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons by a microbial consortium

The aims of this study were to identify the bacteria responsible for the rapid degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons, and to determine the roles of bacterial species in the microbial consortium. The population changes of the four major bacterial groups, namely Burkholderia spp., Achromobacter spp./Alcaligenes spp., Cupriavidus spp., and Rhodanobacter spp. in the Y consortium that preferentially degraded petroleum oil-derived aromatic hydrocarbons were assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR). P-xylene was used as a representative aromatic compound, decane as a representative aliphatic compound, p-xylene-decane as a representative hydrocarbon mixture, and kerosene as a representative petroleum-based oil. The results showed that the remarkable increase of Burkholderia spp. coincided with the rapid degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons in kerosene, and p-xylene in single and dual-substrate cultures. Cupriavidus spp. significantly increased when decane was rapidly depleted. Achromobacter spp.,/Alcaligenes spp., and Rhodanobacter spp. were initially inhibited by the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons and seemed not to be active in hydrocarbon degradation, but utilized the metabolic products. This work provided an alternative way to explain the contribution of different microbial species in the degradation of hydrocarbon fractions. The behavior of the consortium is of interest in the context of the bioremediation of the more toxic aromatic hydrocarbons in environments contaminated by petroleum products.

Preferential degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons in kerosene by a microbial consortium

Numerous studies on the biodegradation of petroleum products using total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) have been carried out; however, the biodegradation of equivalent carbon number (EC) based hydrocarbon fractions in mineral oil has attracted little attention. This study investigated the ability of a microbial consortium to degrade the EC fractions in kerosene, which was used as a representative mineral oil. Based on the cloning and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, the microbial community was predominantly identified as Betaproteobacteria of the genera Achromobacter, Alcaligenes, and Cupriavidus. Degradation experiments in sealed 120-ml vials containing 1% (w v −1) kerosene revealed that aromatic fractions were degraded faster than aliphatic fractions. Aromatic fractions EC >7–8 and EC >8–10 were completely degraded after three days while aliphatic fractions EC >6–8 and EC >8–10 were only partially degraded. The aromatic EC >10–12 fraction was the third most degraded, and the aliphatic EC >10–12 and EC >12–16 fractions were the least degraded fractions. The first-order rate constants for the aromatic fractions ranged from 0.12 d −1 to 0.51 d −1 and from 0.06 d −1 to 0.32 d −1 for the aliphatic fractions. The microbial consortium preferentially utilized aromatic fractions, which are more toxic than aliphatic fractions. This finding is useful when considering risk-based bioremediation: A microbial community could potentially degrade the more toxic aromatic hydrocarbon components in petroleum-contaminated environments.

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria capable of utilising kerosene hydrocarbons as a sole carbon source

Several nitrogen fixing consortia (NFC) were isolated from kerosene contaminated soil, where Phaseolus vulgaris plants were being cultivated. The capability of these consortia for kerosene hydrocarbons removal was investigated and demonstrated. The NFC cultivated under aerobic conditions, and kerosene as sole carbon source, effected a maximum of 75% of reduction of the total kerosene hydrocarbons. Also, from experiments conducted to evaluate their atmospheric nitrogen fixing capability, all consortia showed nitrogenase activity: from 4 to 183 nmol N2/3E09 bacteria.day. To our knowledge, this is the first report that shows a group of bacteria with the dual characteristic of fixing atmospheric nitrogen and capability to use kerosene hydrocarbons as a sole carbon source. Application of these microorganisms to soil bioremediation processes is discussed.

Retention and volatilisation of kerosene: Laboratory experiments on glacial and post-glacial soils

The influence of environmental conditions and soil characteristics on the retention and volatilisation of kerosene hydrocarbons in soils is investigated through laboratory experiments in six different glacial and post-glacial soils. The soils ranged between 0.55 and 1.80 g cm −3 in density, 29% and 70% in porosity, 0.4% and 28% in organic matter content, and 0% and 51% in clay content. The water retention capacity (WRC) could be estimated on basis of the bulk density and the sand, silt, clay and organic matter contents for many of the soils; for these soils a simple linear relation was identified between WRC and the kerosene retention capacity (KRC). Furthermore, the combined effects of soil porosity and soil moisture content on the KRC were found to be significant and could be quantified by a linear relationship. For moisture contents that can be expected in humid climate zones, the KRC will be relatively low and exhibit small variations between different soils. The effect of temperature on KRC was found to be small. The kerosene volatilisation flux was quantified as a function of time by a power law relationship, based on the initial surface density of kerosene in the soil and the prevailing temperature. The C 9–C 11 components of the kerosene had selectivities above zero and were thus removed preferentially, while the C 14 and C 15 components were characterised by negative selectivities. The selective volatilisation alters the composition of the kerosene that remains in the soil by increasing the concentration of the C 14 and C 15 components. The results for the different soil types indicate that the organic matter content of the soil affects the selective volatilisation, possibly through hydrophobic adsorption on surfaces, whereas the clay content appears to be less influential.

Hydrocarbon degradation and utilization by a palm-wine yeast isolate

A fission yeast isolated from palm-wine was found capable of degrading hydrocarbons in kerosene and diesel. Confirmatory evidence was derived from gas chromatographic analysis. Degradation was enhanced by pre-adaptation to the hydrocarbons. Growth yield data indicated that the yeast utilized diesel, kerosene and methanol as sole carbon and energy sources for growth and that diesel produced better yield than glucose on a carbon content basis. The hydrocarbon degradative capability and the ability to utilize kerosene, diesel and methanol as growth substrates by the isolate suggest its potential application in oil spill clean-up as well as in single cell protein production using hydrocarbon feedstocks.

Gas chromatographic separation and identification of bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in kerosene (b.p. 200–280°)

Gas chromatographic separation and identification of bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in kerosene (b.p. 200–280°)