Hydrocarbons In Airborne Particulates Research Articles

Variation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Airborne Particulates Collected in Japanese Capital Area

Variation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Airborne Particulates Collected in Japanese Capital Area

Variation in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates collected in urban Kanazawa, Japan, in last 12 years

Variation in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates collected in urban Kanazawa, Japan, in last 12 years

Analytical method for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates by high performance liquid chromatography

Analytical method for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates by high performance liquid chromatography

High pressure liquid chromatographic method for routine analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates

High pressure liquid chromatographic method for routine analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates

Comparison of two capillary electrophoresis online stacking modes by analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates

Naphthalene, fluorene, pyrene, anthracene, phenanthrene, and chrysene were successfully separated by CD-modified MEKC (CD-MEKC) using 20 mM borate (pH 9.0) containing 90 mM SDS and 75 mM beta-CD. Two online stacking methods, i.e., sweeping and field-enhanced sample injection (FESI), were explored to enhance the detection sensitivity. The influences of some crucial parameters in sweeping and FESI procedures were investigated. For FESI method, a plug of water and low-conductivity sample matrix was used to increase the stacking efficiency. Compared with the sweeping method, FESI can increase the sensitivity in the range of 10-20-fold. The proposed method was used for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates.

Determination of hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.

This paper describes a highly sensitive and selective method for the determination of hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs-OH) in airborne particulates. PAHs-OH were extracted from airborne particulates with ethanol by ultrasonication. The extractant was further cleaned up by solid phase extraction (SPE) with an aminopropylsilica cartridge, and subsequently analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. 2-Hydroxy-1-acetonaphthone was used as an internal standard. By the proposed method, 2-hydroxyfluorene and 1-hydroxypyrene were identified in airborne particulates and their concentrations were determined for the first time.

Comparison of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates collected in downtown and suburban Kanazawa, Japan

In this study, airborne particulates were collected at three sites, two in a downtown area and the other in a suburban area of Kanazawa, Japan in each season for 7 years. Two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pyrene (Py) and benzo[ a]pyrene (BaP) and four nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs), 1-nitropyrene (NP) and 1,3-, 1,6-, and 1,8-dinitropyrenes (DNP) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence and chemiluminescence detection. At the downtown sites, the mean concentration of each DNP was about two orders of magnitude lower than that of 1-NP and more than three orders of magnitude lower than those of Py and BaP. This tendency reflected the composition of PAHs and NPAHs in diesel-engine exhaust particulates. Concentrations of these PAHs and NPAHs were higher at the downtown sites than at the suburban site, suggesting the dilution of these compounds during the transportation from the downtown to the suburban area. The concentration ratios of NPAHs to PAHs were larger at the downtown sites than at the suburban site. Studies using UV light and sunlight showed that degradation of NPAHs was faster than that of PAHs. Thus, the lower concentrations of NPAHs in the suburban sites may be due to their being photodegraded faster than PAHs during the atmospheric transportation from the downtown area to the suburban area.

A high-performance liquid chromatographic system equipped with on-line reducer, clean-up and concentrator columns for determination of trace levels of nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates

A HPLC system with on-line reducer, clean-up and concentrator columns has been developed for determining nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs). Maximum efficiency of the reducer column (Pt/Rh-coated alumina) was achieved after the column was activated with a flow of air/hydrogen at 350°C for 3 h and when ethanol–acetate buffer was used as the sample carrier solution. After a benzene–ethanol extract from airborne particulates was washed with sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid and water, an aliquot was injected into the system. NPAHs were separated from interfering substances by the clean-up column and reduced to their amino derivatives by the reducer column. The derivatives were concentrated on the concentrator column and eluted into the separator column. NPAHs such as 1,3-, 1,6-, 1,8-dinitropyrenes and 1-nitropyrene were determined chemilumigenically with linear calibration graphs from 1×10 −11 to 1×10 −8 and 1×10 −10 to 1×10 −7 M, respectively, at an injection volume of 100 μl. These NPAHs in airborne particulates were determined by the proposed method.

Application of supercritical fluid extraction for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates.

ベンゾ[a]ピレン(BaP)等の多環芳香族炭化水素類(PAHs)の多くは変異原性と発がん性を有することが良く知られており,最近,内分泌攪乱化学物質として疑われている.大気粉じんからのPAHsの抽出・分離を迅速に行うため,超臨界流体抽出(SFE)を用いてその適用について検討した.30種類のPAHsを添加した大気粉じんについてSFEによる抽出を行い,PAHsの定量性に及ぼすSFEの装置パラメーターを明らかにした.SFEの抽出効率を従来の超音波抽出法と比較し,実試料分析への適用を検討した.PAHsの抽出効率は抽出温度,流体密度,流体量,抽出時間,溶出溶媒及び試料濃度により影響された.一方,SFE条件の3段階組み合わせや超臨界CO2への5%メタノール添加による修飾剤の使用は回収率の向上に効果を示した.フェナントレン(M.W.178)より大きい分子量を持つPAHsの添加回収率は超音波抽出法の67.8～99.5%に対してSFE法で70.3～103%であり,SFEの抽出効率は超音波抽出法と同等以上であることが分かった.両抽出法を用いた大気粉じん31試料中のBaP測定において,SFEは超音波抽出法の平均濃度の1.2倍,相関係数は1.0で両者に良い一致が認められた.以上の結果からSFEの最適抽出条件を得ることができ,SFE法は大気粉じん中のPAHs多成分同時分析に迅速な抽出法として有用であることを明らかにした.

Comparison of four methods for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet and fluorescence detection and capillary gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization and mass spectrometric (MS) detection were used to determine nineteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in airborne particulates. Sixteen of them are included in the prioritary pollutants list of the US Environmental Protection Agency. Five C 18-bonded silica HPLC columns and five GC capillary columns were checked to select the best conditions for the PAH mixtures. Samples were extracted by adding an organic solvent and sonication. The recoveries obtained were > 75%. These results are compared with those obtained using Soxhlet extraction. The method was applied to the determination of PAHs at five sampling sites in the city of Valencia during 1 week. The results confirm that the best detection limits are obtained by HPLC-fluorescence, which is also the simplest, shortest and most economical method. In spite of its high maintenance cost, GC-MS in the single-ion monitoring mode is also suitable for the determination of PAHs in real samples using a low-volume system.

Differences of Mutagenic Activity of Airborne Particulates by Particle Size. Assay by the Salmonella Microsuspension Procedure.

The mutagenicity of airborne particulates in Tokyo was evaluated by the Salmonella microsuspension procedure. Airborne particles were collected in 9 collection stages according to their aerodynamic diameter and tested for the mutagenicity with S. typhimurium strain TA 98. Because the microsuspension procedure is highly sensitive, it was possible to detect the mutagenic activity from only 10 μg of the particles of less than 2.5 μm in diameter. Moreover we could detect the mutagenic activity of the particles ranging from 2.5 to 10 μm, which had been difficult to be detected by the original Ames test. The particles collected in winter showed higher activity than those in summer. The mutagenic activity was high in the particles of less than 0.4 μm and of about 1 μm in winter. In the same season, the specific activity for the mutagenicity of the particulates did not differ in the sampling area. The concentration of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates correlated with the mutagenicity of those in every collection stage, and it was suggested that mutagens in particulate matter behave as polyaromatic hydrocarbons.

A simplified analysis of major polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates

A simplified analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in airborne particulates was investigated by direct extraction from a glass fiber filter using organic solvent, followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Airborne particulates were collected on a glass fiber filter (20×25, cm) by a Hi-volume air sampler and a part of the filter (diameter, 16mm) was attached to a cellulose filter by continuous development with ethyl ether for 20min. The separated PAHs spot on the filter was cut off and put into a small test tube and then redissolved in 1ml of acetonitrile.The PAHs in the extracted acetonitrile solution were analyzed by a reversed phase HPLC equipped with a spectrofluorometer.Recovery rates of PAHs from airborne particulates with the same fluorescence condition (Ex. 368nm, Em. 406nm) using HPLC were 98.7% for benzo [a] pyrene (BaP), 99.3% for benzo [k] fluoranthene (BkF) and 96.1% for benzo [ghi] perylene (BghiP).Extraction rates of PAHs in an airborne particulate by using organic solvents were different. The extractible order was as follows, ether > dichloromethane > acetone > tetrahydrofurane > acetonitrile > benzene > ethanol. Ether solvent thus is superior to other solvents for extraction and volatility. Futhermore, it was also proved that distribution of BaP, BkF and BghiP in the cellulose filter was nearly uniform. A test sample was recovered by removing organic substances in the airborne particulates by the ether development. Recovery rates of PAHs ranged from 98.8 to 100.7% for BaP, 97.7-99.5% for BkF and 99.0-103.0% for BghiP. When this method was applied to the determination of BaP, BkF and BghiP in airborne particulates, the analytical data were in good agreement with those by a coventional method; ultrasonic extraction-HPLC method. In this method, extraction carried out on a cellulose filter could recover PAHs sufficiently and does not extracted micro particles, which effects on the separation column, from glass fiber filter collected airborne particulates. Therefore, in this method several kinds of PAHs in airborne particulates including carcinogenic BaP can be analyzed easily and efficiently.

Comparative distribution of eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates collected by conventional high-volume sampling and by size fractionation

Comparative distribution of eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates collected by conventional high-volume sampling and by size fractionation

Analysis of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in Airborne Particulates by Glass Capillary Column Gas Chromatography

Analysis of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in Airborne Particulates by Glass Capillary Column Gas Chromatography

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometric and nuclear magnetic resonance determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometric and nuclear magnetic resonance determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates

A method for the determination of polycyclic hydrocarbons in air-borne particulates from urban and other atmospheres.

A simple analytical procedure is proposed for the semiquantitative determination of polycyclic hydrocarbons in particulates from urban and other atmospheres. The air-sample filters are extracted six times for 15 minutes. The united extracts are evaporated in a special vessel. The total solids are concentrated in a conical tip, and then dissolved in 5μl or a larger but defined volume of benzene. Microlitre aliquots are applied to Whatman No. 4 paper, impregnated with medicinal paraffin. Methanol saturated with medicinal paraffin is used as ascending mobile phase, and the chromatograms are run for 5 hours at room temperature. The partly separated spots are evaluated semiquantitatively by means of calibration curves prepared with pure hydrocarbons and measurement of the horizontal diameter of the spots, which are detected by inspection under UV illumination. The procedure is not rapid, but the actual working time is short.