Utilization Of Hydrocarbons Research Articles

Thermal conductivity measurements for n-hexane and n-heptane at elevated temperature and pressure

Thermal conductivity is a very important thermal property parameter in the process of hydrocarbons transportation, storage, combustion and cooling. Therefore, accurate thermal conductivity is important in the utilization of hydrocarbons. In this work, the thermal conductivity of n-hexane and n-heptane in the temperature range of 298.15 K∼523.15 K and pressure range of 0.1 MPa∼15.0 MPa was studied by using transient hot-wire method. In order to facilitate engineering application, function polynomials of temperature and pressure are fitted and correlated with experimental data. The average absolute error of the experimental data and fitting data of n-hexane and n-heptane are 0.72 and 0.61 %, respectively, which proves that the function polynomial can describe the experimental data well. In addition, we compare the collected literature data with our results and find that the literature data is very close to our results. This work is expected to expand the range of available data on the thermal conductivity of n-hexane and n-heptane and contribute to the industrial applications of these two substances.

Microbial anabolic and catabolic utilization of hydrocarbons in deep subseafloor sediments of Guaymas Basin.

Guaymas Basin, located in the Gulf of California, is a hydrothermally active marginal basin. Due to steep geothermal gradients and localized heating by sill intrusions, microbial substrates like short-chain fatty acids and hydrocarbons are abiotically produced from sedimentary organic matter at comparatively shallow depths. We analyzed the effect of hydrocarbons on uptake of hydrocarbons by microorganisms via nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) and microbial sulfate reduction rates (SRR), using samples from two drill sites sampled by IODP Expedition 385 (U1545C and U1546D). These sites are in close proximity of each other (ca. 1km) and have very similar sedimentology. Site U1546D experienced the intrusion of a sill that has since then thermally equilibrated with the surrounding sediment. Both sites currently have an identical geothermal gradient, despite their different thermal history. The localized heating by the sill led to thermal cracking of sedimentary organic matter and formation of potentially bioavailable organic substrates. There were low levels of hydrocarbon and nitrogen uptake in some samples from both sites, mostly in surficial samples. Hydrocarbon and methane additions stimulated SRR in near-seafloor samples from Site U1545C, while samples from Site U1546D reacted positively only on methane. Our data indicate the potential of microorganisms to metabolize hydrocarbons even in the deep subsurface of Guaymas Basin.

Single and Combined Effects of Phenanthrene and Silver Nanoparticles on Denitrification Processes in Coastal Marine Sediments.

The increasing production and utilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and commercial silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have raised concerns about their potential environmental release, with coastal sediments as a substantial sink. To better understanding the effects of these contaminants on denitrification processes in coastal marine sediments, a short-term exposure simulation experiment was conducted. We investigated the effects of single and combined contamination of phenanthrene (Phe) and AgNPs on denitrification processes in a coastal marine sediment. Results showed that all contaminated treatment groups had different degrees of inhibitory effect on denitrification activity, denitrifying enzyme activity, total bacteria count and denitrifying genes. The inhibitory effect sequence of each treatment group was combined treatment > AgNPs treatment > Phe treatment. Moreover, the inhibitory effects of denitrifying genes were much larger than that of total bacteria count, indicating that the pollutants had specific toxic effects on denitrifying bacteria. The sequence of sensitivity of three reduction process to pollutants was N2O > NO2- > NO3-. All contaminated treatment groups could increase NO3-, NO2- and N2O accumulation. Furthermore, according to the linear relationship between functional gene or reductase and denitrification process, we also found that the abundance of denitrifying genes could better predict the influence of Phe and AgNPs on sediment denitrification than the denitrifying bacterial diversity. In addition, at the genus level, the community structure of nirS- and nosZ-type denitrifying bacteria changed dramatically, while changes at the phylum level were comparatively less pronounced. Single and combined contamination of Phe and AgNPs could reduce the dominance of Pseudomonas, which may lead to a potential slow-down in the degradation of Phe and inhibition of denitrification, especially the combined contamination. Overall, our study revealed that combined contamination of Phe and AgNPs could lead to an increase in NO3-, NO2- and N2O accumulation in coastal sediment, which poses a risk of eutrophication in coastal areas, exacerbates the greenhouse effect and has adverse effects on global climate change.

Numerical investigation of fluid flowing through rough fractures subject to shear

Comprehending fluid flow in rock masses is essential for modern underground engineering, including chemical energy extraction, nuclear pollutant remediation, and hydrocarbon utilization, complicated by shear-induced and surface roughness effects in fractures. This study employed numerical simulations to investigate the fluid flow behavior in fractures with different surface roughness under shear, where the shear direction is perpendicular to the flow direction. The nonlinear flow of the fluid is observed to have a strong correlation with the confining pressure (Pz), roughness (JRC), and shear displacement (u). The generation of eddy currents is frequently linked to the presence of flow channel intricacies and the velocity of flow at a microscopic scale. The Forchheimer equation could describe the process of nonlinear phenomena accentuation very well. The fracture under Pz caused a reduction in hydraulic transmissivity (T) due to compression. Furthermore, the T changes dramatically as the shear process progresses. Based on the analysis of the Forchheimer coefficient (β) and critical Reynolds number (Rec) parameters used to determine the response of nonlinear flow, it appears that an increase in Pz facilitates the transition of the fluid into a nonlinear flow state. Conversely, shearing has the opposite effect and reduces the tendency toward nonlinear flow.

Microbial Populations of Agricultural Soil Polluted With Crude Oil

Crude oil pollution of the soil has become a public health and environmental concern. It impacts soil microbial diversity and population. In this study, the microbial population of crude oil polluted soil and unpolluted were determined. The potential for the indigenous organisms to utilize hydrocarbon as a source of carbon was also determined. A soil sample was obtained from an agricultural field and polluted with a defined amount of crude oil for 12 weeks. The microbial population in the polluted soil and unpolluted soil were estimated and characterized following standard microbiological methods. The heterotrophic bacterial and fungal counts in the unpolluted and polluted soil were 6.5 x 104CFU/g and 4.7 x 104 CFU/g, and 6.3 x104 CFU/g and 3.5 x104 CFU/g respectively. Total hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial and fungal counts in the polluted soil was 4.6 x 104 CFU/g and 2.8 x 104 CFU/g. The genera of bacteria and fungi identified in the soil samples were Bacillus, Enterococcus, Micrococcus, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Serratia, Proteus, Klebsiella, Arthrobacter, Aspergillus, Candida, Penicillium, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Cladosporium and Hyphopichia. The preliminary screening for hydrocarbon utilization shows that Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger and Hypopichia burtonii were excellent hydrocarbon utilizers and can be used in bioaugmentation.

The dominant mineralogical triggers hindering the efficient development of the world's largest conglomerate oilfield

In the complex fluid environment of subterranean rocks, some mineral components are easily hydrated, which hinders the accumulation and utilization of hydrocarbon. However, the nature and distribution of these key substances remain unclear. This study aims to provide a fresh perspective on the substances that impede the storage and extraction of hydrocarbon of the world's largest conglomerate oilfield. Using a variety of qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative methods, including X-ray diffraction, secondary electron imaging, elemental spectroscopy, and Tescan-Integration-Mineral-Analyzer (TIMA), our experimental results show: (1) For the first time, water-sensitive clay minerals on the surfaces of gravel particles in tight conglomerates in China have been identified. Although the matrix composition contains less than 4.2% clay minerals on average, certain gravels contain over 72.7% clay minerals. These clay minerals are primarily composed of smectite, which is highly water sensitive, followed by chlorite, which poses significant challenges to hydrocarbon extraction; (2) The distribution of clay minerals on a single gravel surface is relatively uniform, enabling their interaction with fracturing fluid and exacerbating reservoir degradation. The total content of the illite-smectite mixture in the conglomerate can reach approximately 12%, with skeleton particles (gravel) containing more than 30% of this mixture. There are significant differences in the degree of clayiness among different types of gravel, which can be classified as high clayey, medium clayey, or low clayey. The evenly distributed illite-smectite mixed layer on the gravel surface allows complete contact with the fracturing fluid, resulting in severe reservoir damage; (3) Gravel particles with a size range of 8.88 μm–10.73 μm contain the highest concentration of illite-smectite mixture, which is identified as a major factor contributing to reservoir damage.

THE ROLE OF THE CLEAN ENERGY TRANSITION IN GLOBAL PRACTICE: EMISSION REDUCTION, UTILIZATION AND STORAGE OF HYDROCARBON

The energy sector is the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change. In turn, climate change can disrupt energy networks themselves, strain infrastructure and create security risks for people.Producing electricity and heat by burning fossil fuels – coal, oil or gas – produces large amounts of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, which blanket the Earth and trap the sun’s heat.Carbon abatement, utilization, and storage involve reducing carbon dioxide levels, typically at large single-point sources such as power plants or industrial facilities that use fossil fuels or biomass as fuel. If the resulting CO2 is not used on-site, it is compressed and transported by pipeline, ship, rail, or truck for use in a variety of applications, or injected into deep geologic formations such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs and saline aquifers.Hydrocarbon abatement, utilization and storage can be retrofitted into existing power plants and industrial plants, allowing them to operate continuously. Companies, through restructuring, can address hydrocarbon emissions in sectors that are difficult to reduce capacity, especially in sectors such as cement, steel or chemicals. Reducing emissions, utilization and storage of hydrocarbon can balance emissions that are impossible or technically difficult to reduce.

Effect of Agro-Waste on Bioremediation of Soil Polluted with Spent Hydrocarbon in Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Petroleum hydrocarbon is a major environmental pollutant throughout the world. This study was aimed at the effect of agro-wastes on bioremediation of soil polluted with spent hydrocarbon in Keffi. Hydrocarbon contaminated soils were collected from three (3) different auto mechanic workshops in Keffi, Nasarawa State Nigeria. The agro wastes used as stimulants were corncobs, fruits peels and melon shells. The hydrocarbon utilization was determined using gravimetric analysis. The hydrocarbon utilization bacteria were isolated and identified using standard microbiological method. The hydrogen ions (pH) of the contaminated soil sample were 4.5. pH of corncobs (CB) was 6.2, melon shells (MS) was 5.6 and fruits peels (FP) was 7.6. The value of total nitrogen for contaminated soil was 0.45 %, when amended with CB was 6.2%, MS was 1.26% and FP was 3.56%. Organic carbon in contaminated soil prior to study was 5.80 %, when amended with CB was 9.03%, MS was 7.55% and FP was 10.12%. The Phosphorous in contaminated soil was 8.41 mg/kg, when amended with CB was 13.40 mg/kg, MS was11.82mg/kg and FP was 15.61 mg/kg. Effect of time in reduction of hydrocarbon from contaminated soil amended with CB recorded highest after 40days (44.98 mg/kg) and the least (10.31 mg/kg) after 10days. Contaminated soil amended with CB the highest reduction was at 30 ℃ (48.92 mg/kg) and the least was at 35℃ (19.21mg/kg). From FP the highest reduction was at 30℃ (48.04 mg/kg). The highest degrading bacteria count was recorded from Keffi garage mechanic workshop (4.04 x106 cfu g/ml) and the lowest was from pyanko road mechanic workshop (1.18 x106 cfu g/ml). The highest bacteria isolated from none amended contaminated soil was Flavobacterium sp (33.3 %) and the lowest was Bacillus subtilis and Proteus sp (33.3%). From amended soil with CB the highest were Corynebacteria spp and Flavobacterium sp (100%) and the lowest were Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas flourescens, and Proteus sp (66.6%). From contaminated soil amended with MS the highest bacteria isolated were Flavobacterium sp and Corynebacteria sp (33.3%) and the lowest were Pseudomonas flourescens and Proteus sp (33.3 %). From contaminated soil amended with FP the highest bacteria isolated were Pseudomonas flourescens and Proteus sp (100%) and the lowest were Bacillus subtilis, Flavobacterium sp and Corynebacteria sp (66.6%). It is recommended that the environmental agencies in the country give consideration to agricultural waste products for bioremediation of hydrocarbon polluted soil in Nigeria

Thermal conductivity measurements for n-nonane and n-undecane at elevated temperature and pressure

Hydrocarbons have wide applications in various industrial processes, and the knowledge of thermophysical properties is the foundation for their utilization. As an important thermophysical property, the thermal conductivity of fluids is vital in the evaluation of energy conversion quality, like heat transfer enhancement, thermodynamic cycle efficiency evaluation, etc. Therefore, obtaining accurate experimental data is of great importance for the utilization of hydrocarbons. Here, the thermal conductivities of liquid n-nonane and n-undecane were investigated using the transient hot-wire method (combined expanded uncertainty is 2.0 %) with a wide temperature and pressure range from 293.15 to 523.15 K and 0.1 to 15.0 MPa. For the convenience of engineering applications, a polynomial as a function of temperature and pressure was proposed to correlate the experimental data, the average absolute deviations between experimental data and fitted data are 0.29 % for n-nonane and 0.35 % for n-undecane, which indicates that the polynomial describes the experimental data well in the measured region. Meanwhile, the available literary data were collected and compared with our results, and good agreement was found between literary data and our results. This work is not only helpful for the industrial applications of hydrocarbons but also helps to understand the internal mechanism of the thermal conductivity of hydrocarbons.

Remediation of hydrocarbons and metals by hydrocarbon utilizing Pseudomonas taiwanensis YSA-17 isolated from soil contaminated with petroleum.

Careless handling of petroleum in petrochemical industries releases toxic hydrocarbons and metals to soil and water. The aim of the present study was to isolate hydrocarbon-utilizing and metal-tolerant bacteria. Hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria from petroleum-contaminated soils were isolated on the Bushnell Hass medium. Hydrocarbon degradation by Pseudomonas taiwanensis strain YSA-17 was observed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Bioaccumulation of metals by strain YSA-17 was assessed in nutrient broth. Among different strains, YSA-17 showed the highest potential for hydrocarbon utilization. After 20 days of incubation, YSA-17 completely degraded one compound and during its degradation, there was the formation of 13 new compounds which were absent in uninoculated control. Results of scanning electron microscope and Fourier transmission infrared (FTIR) indicated degradation of hydrocarbons. FTIR showed the formation of new functional groups in YSA-17 inoculated medium. Expression of the total quantity of hydrocarbon-degrading gene (AlkB and NehAc) in petroleum-amended nutrient broth inoculated with strain YSA-17 enhanced significantly during 20 days of incubation compared to control. YSA-17 also significantly removed metals. This study concluded that bioinoculant can be utilized for the bioremediation of pollutants cocontaminated with hydrocarbons and metals. Petroleum-contaminated soil will be remediated for pollutants.

Unleashing synergistic potential of microbially enhanced anaerobic co-digestion of petroleum refinery biosludge and yard waste: Impact of nutrient balance and microbial diversity

Petroleum refinery sludge, an egregious solid residue generated from the wastewater treatment plants poses an environmental hazard owing to its intricate hydrocarbon composition, necessitating competent treatment for secure disposal. The study proposes a green solution through anaerobic co-digestion of nitrogen-rich petroleum refinery sludge (PS) with carbon-rich yard waste (YW), balancing the nutrients and moisture content for efficient microbial proliferation. Using Central Composite Design-Response Surface Methodology, 1 L batch experiments were conducted with varying carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios and pH to achieve maximum biogas yield within 50 days of co-digestion. However, the sluggish biogas recovery (40%) indicated a slow rate-limiting hydrolysis, necessitating pretreatment. Feedstock incubation with Bacillus subtilis IH1 strain, isolated from the microbially-enriched PS, at 108 colony forming units (CFU) per mL for 5 days maximized the soluble chemical oxygen demand and volatile fatty acids by 2.2 and 1.4 folds respectively compared to untreated feedstock. Scale-up Bacillus subtilis aided co-digestion studies further augmented biogas by 76% against untreated monodigestion of PS with significant total petroleum hydrocarbons, emulsions, and lignocellulosic degradation. Further identification of major organic pollutants in the batch digestate revealed significant degradation of the toxic organic hydrocarbon pollutants apotheosizing the efficacy of the synergistic sustainable technique for the management of PS. Environmental implicationThe effluent treatment plants (ETPs) of petroleum refining industries generate sludge which is a complex mixture of petroleum hydrocarbons, oil–water (O/W) emulsions and heavy metals. These petroleum hydrocarbon constituents can be linear/cyclic alkanes, polyaromatics, resins and asphaltenes, whose intricate composition is reportedly carcinogenic, cytogenic and mutagenic, classifying it as hazardous waste. Biological treatment of these sludge through anaerobic digestion leads to utilization of petroleum hydrocarbons with subsequent energy recovery. Co-digestion of these sludge with competent co-substrates leads to nutrient balance, diverse microbial proliferation and toxicant dilution. Microbially aided co-digestion further augments methane rendering a digestate with utmost pollutant degradation.

Bioremediation Potential of Algae (Chlorella vulgaris) in Crude Oil Contaminated Sediment

Aim: To evaluate the bioremediation potential of algae (Chlorella vulgaris) in crude oil contaminated sediment.
 Study Design: The study employs three (3) experimental designs using flat rubber, statistical analysis of the data and interpretation makes up the study design.
 Place and Duration of Study: New Calabar River, Choba, Obio Akpor Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria, was used for this study. New Calabar River lies between longitude 6°53.13E and latitude 4°53.52N in Choba. Bioremediation monitoring process lasted for 56 days; analyses were carried out at 14 days’ interval.
 Methodology: Three (3) experimental set up were employed using a using flat rubber basin, each set up contained 2500g of sediment and was contaminated with 250ml of Crude Oil except Control 1 uncontaminated sediment (Us). The set up was augmented with the Chlorella vulgaris (CHL) except the control 1 and 2 (Us and Cs). Sediment profile like Temperature, pH, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, electrical conductivity, moisture content, total organic carbon, soil organic matter and total hydrocarbon content (THC) before contamination was determined using standard analytical methods while parameters like Temperature, pH, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium and Total Hydrocarbon Contents (THC) were monitored throughout the experimental period. Microalgae and Hydrocarbon utilizing algae (HUA) were monitored throughout the experimental period using standard microbiological methods. Percentage Bioremediation was estimated from amount of THC reduction from day 1 (initial) of monitoring. Statistical analysis was carried out for microbiological and physicochemical parameters when treated using Statistical ANOVA to ascertain significant difference of mean values between various treatments.
 Results: Results revealed the amount of hydrocarbon removed and % bioremediation efficiency after 56 days of monitoring with different treatment on the set up is given in a decreasing order as follows: (initial contamination value of 10525mg/kg) Cs+Chl (7700mg/kg; 73.15%) > control (Cs) contaminated without amendment of organisms (6345mg/kg 60.28%) > and Us uncontaminated sediment 1969.96 mg/kg. The total hydrocarbon content (THC) of the treated setup decreased from (10525mg/kg initial contamination value) at the start of bioremediation to Cs+Chl (7700mg/kg: 73.15%) at the end of bioremediation. The highest count of microalgae (log10cfu/g) for each set up during the monitoring were as follows; day 0 Us (7.65) day14 Cs (7.63) day28 Us (7.70) day42 Cs+Chl (7.60) day56 Cs (7.30). It was observed that peak count was on day28 (7.70) and a decline was on day56 (7.30). The highest Hydrocarbon Utilizing Algae (Log10cfu/g) count for each set up during the monitoring were as follows; day 0 Cs+Chl (5.23) day 14 Cs+Chl (5.30) day28 Cs (5.23) day42 Cs+Chl (4.77) > day56 Cs (5.07). Decline was observed on day 42 and peak count was on day 14.
 Conclusion: Results from the study revealed that Chlorella vulgaris is capable of degrading hydrocarbon components. There was a faster utilization of hydrocarbon by set up with Chlorella vulgaris than control. Though incomplete removal of crude oil was observed in THC concentration value. This suggests that an improvement in the process is required. Such improvement could include biostimulation of the polluted sample or some chemical pretreatment of the sample. From the study, bioremediation can be said to be a viable and effective response to sediment contamination with crude oil.

Selective peroxidation of isobutane with molecular oxygen over molybdenum oxide catalyst for direct synthesis of di-tert-butyl peroxide

The direct conversion of isobutane to high value-added chemicals is important for utilization of C4 hydrocarbon resources. This work proposed a novel route of isobutane peroxidation with molecular oxygen for green synthesis of di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP), widely used as polymerization initiating/crosslinking agent and diesel additive. For the first time, MoO3 was demonstrated as selective catalyst for isobutane peroxidation to DTBP. The results indicated that, the reactivity depended on the oxygen adsorption capacity of MoO3 catalyst, and the selectivity to DTBP was determined by the amount of surface Mo = O sites. During the reaction, tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) was generated from isobutane peroxidation as intermediate product, and subsequently converted to DTBP on Mo = O active sites. Under the optimized conditions, a high oxygen conversion (>95%) and stable product selectivities (DTBP ∼ 20 wt%, TBHP ∼ 13 wt%) were obtained during continuous catalyst re-usage runs. This work provides an environmental route for both C4 hydrocarbon utilization and DTBP production.

Complications in drilling operations in basalt for CO2 sequestration: An overview

The review article addresses the functional impediments of drilling in basaltic formation for CO2 storage. The rising temperature of earth due to increased emission of CO2 is an alarming situation for 8 billion people residing on the planet. Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt hosted the 27th Conference of the Parties of the united nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 27-UNFCCC) where leaders from more than 100 nations gathered to discuss the solution that car bring back the temperature of earth to its optimum range. Out of several solutions like hydrogen economy, clean fuels, smart utilization of hydrocarbon and etc. carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) remain one of the crucial technologies that can help in tackling the situation of global warming by capturing CO2 directly from atmosphere. The captured CO2 can be utilized for generation of several products with CO2 as raw material or can be injected into geological formations. For gigatons scale of removal of CO2 from atmosphere storage into geological formation is the most economical and feasible option available. Geological formation like petroleum reservoirs, coal seams, basaltic sequences are the prospective sites for injection where CO2 can be stored and out of these available sites basaltic sequence storage is the most safe as it stores the CO2 as solid part of the formation (gaseous CO2 converts to solid CO2 in form pf carbonates) itself and is an fast process as almost all of the injected CO2 is reported to be stored permanently within two to three years as compared to other formations where it can takes thousands of years for phase change of CO2. Basaltic sequences are also advantageous due to their non-commercial value with a drawback of its hardness and abrasivity. The minerals that constitute the basalt attain the value of 6–7 on Mohr’s scale of hardness making it one of the hardest rocks on earth. This hardness and abrasivity of basalt are a major concern that impacts the drilling process and makes it complicated as well as uneconomical. Thus, this review article emphasizes on geology of basalt that generates complication while drilling procedures.

On tert-butyl hydroperoxide in ignition intensification of n-heptane under engine-relevant condition

The higher reactivity of hydrocarbon fuels is necessary to match supersonic airflow in scramjet engines and micro-scale effect in micro-internal combustion engines. Tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) was selected in this study as an additive reactively enhancer to explore its capacity to intensify the auto-ignition of a typical hydrocarbon (n-heptane). Ignition delay times (IDTs) of n-heptane doped with TBHP were thus measured at engine-relevant conditions covering pressure of 20 atm, temperatures of 650 – 1250 K, and equivalence ratios of 0.5 and 1.0. A nonlinear promotion effect of TBHP on the auto-ignition of n-heptane was observed. Detonation caused by TBHP in region 2 has an impact on actual reflected shock temperature and pressure at high beginning temperatures (> 1000 K). With the addition of TBHP, the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) behavior of first-stage ignition eventually vanishes accompanied with a weakened main NTC of IDT. Analyses of exothermic reactions, reaction pathways, and species evolution indicated that the quick production of ȮH and ĊH3 radicals from TBHP enhances the reactivity of n-heptane and affects the main exothermic reaction in the early period. This study reveals the potential of TBHP to be used in the ignition regulation of the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels and provides a methodological approach for the efficient utilization of hydrocarbon fuel in scramjet engines and micro internal combustion engines.

Impact of Oilfield Wastewaters from Soku Swamp Rig on the Population and Diversity of Microbes in Soku River in Niger Delta

Oilfield wastewater contains poisonous and dangerous compounds that harm microorganisms and the quality of the water. An ongoing environmental concern in the Niger Delta is the rapid deterioration of water quality brought on by oilfield wastewater discharged from Nigerian oil industry operations. For a period of two months, biweekly studies were conducted to evaluate the microbiological effects of oilfield effluent from the Soku swamp oil rig on the Soku River in Rivers State in the Niger Delta. A total heterotrophic bacterial count, a hydrocarbon-utilizing bacterial count, a total fungal count, a hydrocarbon-using fungal count, and a microflora count were all determined using water samples obtained from upstream, downstream, drilling points, Deck drainage, and a control point. Total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) counts ranged from 0.2 to 2.4 (log10cfu/ml), total fungal (TF) count ranged from 0.1 to 0.95 (log10cfu /ml), while the total hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial (THUB) count ranged from 0.01 to 0.25 (log10cfu/ml), and the total hydrocarbon utilizing fungal (THUF) count ranged from 0.01 to 0.85 (log10cfu/ml). A statistical study revealed no appreciable difference in THB between the sampling stations and the controls. Streptococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Pediococcus spp., Kurthia, Staphylococcus, and Micrococcus spp. were among the bacteria species isolated for the study. Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium adamatzii, Rhizopus oligosporus, and Penicillium spp. were among the fungi that were isolated. The study's bacterial and fungal counts showed how oilfield effluent affected aquatic microorganisms. The abundance of microorganisms that use hydrocarbons demonstrated that the water body under study had active native hydrocarbon utilizers that can be used in the bioremediation process.

Modulating Quantum Interference Between Destructive and Constructive States in Double N‐Substituted Single Molecule Junctions (Adv. Electron. Mater. 2/2023)

Quantum Interferences In article number 2201024, Xiangfeng Shao, Colin J. Lambert, Hao-Li Zhang, and co-workers present the significant modulation effect of double N-substitution on quantum interference (QI) in meta-phenylene ethylene oligomer molecular devices, reveal how two N-atoms synergistically modulate the molecular conductance between destructive QI and constructive QI states. The findings of this work pave a path toward utilization of heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in molecular electronics.

Effects of spent hydrocarbon on bacteria population

This study aimed at the effect of spent hydrocarbon contamination on microbial population in soil. Standard microbiological methods were used to determine the total heterotrophic count hydrocarbon utilization, isolation and identification of bacterial and effect of pH and spent hydrocarbon concentration on bacterial. The total heterotrophic bacterial count (THB) ranges from 6.2 ± 0.13 x106 to 3.2± 0.10 x106 cfu/g. The total hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial count ranges from 3.2 ± 0.13 x106 to 1.2± 0.10 x106 cfu/g. The bacterial isolated were Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas flourescens, Klebsiella aerogenes and Proteus hauseri. It was observed that Bacillus subtiliis had the highest occurrence from location E (50.0%). Pseudomonas flourescens from location A and B (33.3%) and Proteus hauseri had the highest occurrence from location C (66.6%). The effect of pH on bacterial growth rate analyzed showed that Bacillus subtilis had the highest turbidity at pH 6.5 (0.511 ± 0.15 nmm), Klebsiella aerogenes had the highest turbidity at pH 7.5 (0.233 ± 0.33nm), Pseudomonas flourescens was at pH 6.5 (0.723 ± 0.61 nm) and Proteus sp recorded highest turbidity at pH 6.5 (0.373 ± 0.22nm) followed by pH 5.5 (0.237 ± 0.19 nm). The effect of spent hydrocarbon concentration showed that Bacillus subtilis recorded highest turbidity at 10% concentration (0.744 ± 0.03 nm), Klebsiella aerogenes recorded highest at 10% concentration (0.321 ± 0.21 nm), Pseudomonas flourescens was at 10% concentration (0.887 ± 0.23 nm) and Proteus sp recorded highest turbidity at 10% concentration (0.378 ± 0.13 nm). From this study it was observed that indigenous bacterial had the ability to utilized the spent hydrocarbon if the pH of the soil is regulated.

Effect of animal waste on bioremediation of soil contaminated with spent hydrocarbon from auto mechanic workshop in Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Petroleum hydrocarbon is a major environmental pollutant throughout the world today because exploration and downstream utilization are associated with economic development. This work focus on effect of animal waste on bioremediation of soil contaminated spent hydrocarbon from auto mechanic workshop in Keffi. Isolation of bacteria and studies on utilized spent hydrocarbon supplemented with animal waste was carried out using standard microbiological methods and identified using 16s rRNA molecular techniques. The total spent hydrocarbon utilization was determined using Gas Chromatographic methods. The highest total bacteria count was recorded from High court (2.1 x105 cfu/g) and the lowest was from Keffi garage2 (1.2 x105 cfu/g). bacteria isolated and molecularly identified were Pectobacterium wasabiae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Priestia aryabhattai. The utilization of spent hydrocarbon after 4weeks of the experiment set up at ambient temperature Pseudomonas fluorescens recorded highest utilization of spent hydrocarbon amended with Poultry dropping and Cow dunk with 16.23±1.21 mg/ml and 13.44±0.23 mg/ml and Pectobacterium wasabia recorded the least with 8.12±0.20 mg/ml and 10.00±1.43. At temperature of 35 ℃ Pseudomonas fluorescens recorded highest utilization of spent hydrocarbon amended with Cow dunk and Poultry dropping with 17.13±1.11 mg/ml and 15.14±1.13 mg/ml while Priestia aryabhattai recorded the lowest from Poultry dropping with 6.10±0.06 mg/ml and Cow dunk with 8.23±0.03 mg/ml. at 40 ℃ the highest utilization was recorded by Priestia aryabhattai from Cow dunk amended spent hydrocarbon with 18.13±1.01 mg/ml and Poultry dropping with 16.24±1.33 mg/ml. from the findings of this study temperature plays a key role spent hydrocarbon that containment our environmental

Microbiological Evaluation of Various Oilfield Wastewaters from Oben Land Rig Location in Edo State, Nigeria

Oilfield wastewater contains poisonous and dangerous compounds that harm microorganisms and the quality of the water. According to estimates, Nigerian oil industry operations generate significant amounts of wastewater that are improperly treated before being released into the environment. For a period of two months, biweekly analyses of the microbiological effects of various oilfield wastes on the microbial population and variety of aquatic environments were conducted. Water samples collected 10 cm from pit 1, pit 2, pit 3, camp pit 1, and camp pit 2 were analyzed for total heterotrophic bacterial count, hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial count, total fungal count, and hydrocarbon utilizing fungal count, and for microflora using standard microbiological methods. Total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) counts ranged from 4.0×104 Log10cfu/ml to 4.4×104 Log10cfu/ml, total fungal (TF) count ranged from 2.0×104 Log10cfu/ml to 2.2×104 Log10cfu/ml. The total hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial (THUB) count ranged from 3.0 ×104 Log10cfu/ml to 3.1 ×104 Log10cfu/ml, while the total hydrocarbon utilizing fungal (THUF) count ranged from 1.0×104 Log10cfu/ml to 1.1×104 Log10cfu/ml. Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the THB between the pits and the sampling stations. The types of bacteria isolated in the study included Kurthia spp, Bacillus spp, Pediococcus spp, Enterococcus spp, Aeromonas spp, Micrococcus spp, Pseudomonas spp, Escherichia coli, Alcaligenes spp and Lactobacillus spp. The fungi isolated included Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium brevicompactum, Rhizopus oryzae and Fusarium spp. The study's bacterial and fungal counts showed how oilfield effluent affected aquatic microorganisms. According to the significant frequency of hydrocarbon-using bacteria, the water under investigation contained active native hydrocarbon utilizers that might be used in the bioremediation process.