Hydrocarbon Part Research Articles

ALGORITHM FOR DETECTING HYDROCARBON LEAKS IN PIPELINE TRANSPORT WITH INTERMEDIATE REMOVAL OF PART OF HYDROCARBON

Currently, the main part of hydrocarbons consumed both in the Russian Federation and in the world as a whole is transported through pipelines. This type of transport has many advantages, however, despite this, problems arise during operation related to ensuring the integrity of the pipelines themselves and providing settlements located along the linear part with fuel using intermediate branches to local oil depots. It is worth noting that in this case there is a problem of ensuring constant and highquality monitoring of the state of the oil product pipeline-branch pipeline system, for which constant monitoring methods based on mathematical modeling are often used to solve, which make it possible to investigate the integrity without changing the pumping mode. However, in order to improve the accuracy of these methods, it is necessary to constantly improve existing or develop new mathematical models of pipeline systems.The main aim of the research. Improvement of mathematical modeling methods for detecting leaks or unauthorized tie-ins during intermediate scheduled discharges of hydrocarbons on the linear part of the main pipeline.Mathematical modeling of the operating mode of the technological section of the main pipeline, taking into account the discharge on the linear part, the need to regulate the operating modes of pumping stations.An algorithm has been developed to determine the location of a leak or illegal tie-in on a trunk pipeline with an intermediate branch to a local oil depot. A graph of the hydraulic slope line is constructed in the presence of damage to the integrity of the pipeline. A preliminary economic assessment of the damage to the supplier company from the loss of the pumped product was carried out.

Organically Templated Uranyl Sulfates and Selenates: Structural Complexity and Crystal Chemical Restrictions for Isotypic Compounds Formation.

This paper reviews the state of the art in the structural chemistry of organically templated uranyl sulfates and selenates, which are considered as the most representative groups of U-bearing synthetic compounds. In total, there are 194 compounds known for both groups, the crystal structures of which include 84 various organic molecules. Structural studies and topological analysis clearly indicate complex crystal chemical limitations in terms of the isomorphic substitution implementation, since the existence of isotypic phases has to date been confirmed only for 24 compounds out of 194, which is slightly above 12%. The structural architecture of the entire compound depends on the combination of the organic and oxyanion parts, changes in which are sometimes realized even while maintaining the topology of the U-bearing complex. An increase in the size of the hydrocarbon part and number of charge functional groups of the organic cation leads to the formation of rare and more complex topologies. In addition, the crystal structures of two novel uranyl sulfates and one uranyl selenate, templated by isopropylammonium cations, are reported.

Investigating the Change Pattern in Adsorption Properties of Soil Media for Non-Polar Organic Contaminants under the Impact of Freezing and Thawing

The adsorption of petroleum hydrocarbons by soils in the unsaturated zone determines the amount that goes into the groundwater. However, the intricate behavior of petroleum hydrocarbon adsorption in soil media under the influence of freeze–thaw conditions in globally prevalent seasonally frozen regions remains unclear. Alkanes as a non-polar compound are an important part of petroleum hydrocarbons. We conducted field-scale seasonal freeze-thaw experiments using n-dodecane to quantify the dynamic patterns and influencing factors of the physicochemical properties of soil media and their adsorption capacity for petroleum hydrocarbons during different freeze–thaw cycles. Our findings demonstrated that, as the number of natural freeze–thaw cycles increased, the proportion of soil micro-agglomerates rose rapidly, thereby expanding the available adsorption sites and enhancing the adsorption capacity for non-polar organic pollutants. The rise in sorption capacity for the outdoor freeze–thaw experimental group surpassed that of the indoor room-temperature control group by an impressive 75.57%, showing the enhancement of the adsorption capacity for non-polar organic pollutants. Conversely, the decline in soil organic matter content during the later stages of the freeze–thaw process hampered its adsorption performance for non-polar organic pollutants. The decrease in sorption capacity for the outdoor freeze–thaw experimental group surpassed that of the indoor room temperature control group by 77.97%. By shedding light on the adsorption mechanisms of non-polar organic pollutants in soils subjected to freeze–thaw conditions, our research facilitated a comprehensive understanding and predictive modeling of this process. Furthermore, our study provided a scientific foundation for exploring the convergence and migration transformation patterns of other organic compounds in petroleum-contaminated areas within seasonally frozen regions.

USE OF UREA FOR CLEANING USED SEMI-SYNTHETIC MOTOR OILS

During the operation of motor vehicles with gasoline or diesel internal combustion engines, motor oil is exposed to high temperatures, is constantly in contact with metals, its hydrocarbon part undergoes chemical transformations, is contaminated by wear products of metal surfaces, decomposition of additives, and residues of incomplete combustion of fuel. As a result, motor oil undergoes irreversible changes in its high-quality chemical composition and loss of operational properties. The paper describes the results of the study of the process of cleaning exhausted semi-synthetic motor oils in the presence of crystalline urea. Castrol 10W-40 oil, widely used in truck diesel engines, and ELF Evolution 700 STI oil, used in passenger car gasoline engines, were chosen as used semi-synthetic motor oils. The influence of the main factors of process control (the amount of urea, duration, and temperature) on the change in the functional properties of refined motor oils was studied. It was established that the lowest values of defective indicators (acid number, water content, ash content, content of mechanical impurities) were obtained at 140 ºС, duration of 80 min., and 5 mass. % of crystalline urea. In addition, there is a slight increase in the values of kinematic viscosity and viscosity index. The method of X-ray fluorescence analysis confirmed that the content of metals decreased in urea-treated oils compared to used ones. IR spectroscopic research demonstrated that under the established optimal conditions of the purification process with crystalline urea, the content of oxygen-containing "aging" products (aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, ethers, esters, organic acids) in purified semi-synthetic motor oils significantly decreased. It is proposed to use the process of cleaning used semi-synthetic motor oils in the presence of crystalline urea as an intermediate stage of the combined technological cycle of regeneration of used motor oils.

Peroxygenase‐Promoted Enzymatic Cascades for the Valorisation of Fatty Acids

AbstractUtilisation of fatty acids generally relies on pre‐existing functional groups such as the carboxylate group or C=C‐double bonds. Addition of new functionalities into the hydrocarbon part opens up new possibilities for fatty acid valorisation. In this contribution we demonstrate the synthetic potential of a peroxygenase mutant AaeUPO−Fett for selective fatty acid oxyfunctionalisation. The ω‐1 hydroxy fatty acid (esters) produced are further transformed into lactones, alcohols, esters and amines via multi‐enzyme cascades thereby paving the way for new fatty acid valorisation pathways.

Effect of heating rate on oil yield and composition in co-pyrolysis of polypropylene and triglycerides from refined palm oil using ZrO2.Al2O3.TiO2 catalyst

Polypropylene is major contributor to waste plastics, but its pyrolysis produces hydrogen radicals beneficial for deoxygenation of carboxylic acids. Fatty acids can be obtained by pyrolysis of triglycerides from refined palm oil. To investigate the possibility of the use of polypropylene as hydrogen donor and as part of hydrocarbons for producing hydrocarbons by deoxygenation of triglycerides, the present research works on catalytic co-pyrolysis of refined palm oil and polypropylene in a semibatch reactor. Two heating rates, i.e. 10℃/min and 6℃/min, were chosen to investigate their effect on liquid yield and remaining oxygen content. The C abundance in liquid product are analysed by C-NMR. The present catalyst of ZrO2.γAl2O3.TiO2 has succeeded in suppressing content of oxygen atoms in liquid product with carbon abundance associated with oxygen not more than 2%. The catalyst contains high basicity which hinders high contribution of polypropylene to the co-pyrolysis by leaving high yields of wax and non-condensable gas. By comparison of primary and secondary alkyl contents in liquid phase, catalytic pyrolysis of refined palm oil produces liquid phase with higher proportion of secondary alkyl while that of polypropylene produces liquid fraction with higher proportion of primary alkyl.

Enhanced gas recovery and storability in a high CO2 content gas reservoir

Benefits of CO2 injection into a gas-condensate reservoir were examined based on a real-field data. The observed natural gas reservoir has high content of CO2, therefore it is desirable to inject the produced CO2 back to the reservoir in order to reduce the emissions at the natural gas processing plant and possibly increase hydrocarbon production. Simulation was made as to compare hydrocarbons production with and without CO2 injection. Since the CO2 source is the reservoir itself, CO2 injection is limited by the produced gas quantities. Investments in low-risk projects on already producing natural gas fields can be feasible compared to investments in completely new and high-risk/high-gain projects, as the highest storability, and additional recovery of hydrocarbon part of the gas is achieved near the end of production. As in late production periods the process can be carbon-negative, i.e., more CO2 is injected than produced, such an enhanced gas recovery scheme can be considered as an advantageous preliminary step before converting the reservoir to CO2 storage facility.

Facies models of hydrocarbon-bearing formations of Podneytinskiy reservoir at Bovanenkovskoye and Kharasaveyskoye fields

Background. Significant part of hydrocarbons at Bovanenkovskoye and Kharasaveyskoye fields are contained in Podneytinskiy reservoir, and study of geological features of its productive strata is important for development planning for the fields in a whole. 
 
 Aim. The paper reflects the results of integrating well and seismic data to characterize the formations of Podneytinskiy reservoir at Bovanenkovskoye and Kharasaveyskoye fields. 
 
 Materials and methods. As part of the study, sedimentological description of core was analyzed, the core, well logging and seismic survey information were assessed, and the facies schemes were prepared. 
 
 Results. As a result of the work, the reservoir architecture features and the distribution of reservoir properties of the target interval were revealed. It has been established that the considered formations of Podneytinskiy reservoir can be divided into two parts, the lower one is represented by deposits of predominantly deltaic origin, and the upper one is of continental and subcontinental genesis. The sedimentary conditions of rocks influenced the complexity of their architecture, so, in the formations referred to the lower part of the studied interval, the reservoirs, as a rule, are laterally continuous, in contrast to the deposits of the upper part of the section, which are typically characterized by extremely high lateral heterogeneity. Depositional conditions also influenced the reservoir properties of productive sediments. As a result of the work, it was revealed that the reservoirs of better quality are formed in fluvial and tidal channels, distributary channels and proximal parts of deltas, they have higher reservoir properties, are characterized by thicker sandstone interlayers and lower portion of carbonated interlayers in comparison with reservoirs formed in other conditions. 
 
 Conclusions. The article provides quantitative characteristics of reservoir properties depending on sedimentary conditions. The results obtained form the basis for creation of geological models of Bovanenkovskoye and Kharasaveyskoye fields.

Study on calcium catalyzes coal spontaneous combustion

Metal elements are good catalysts for oxidation reactions. In order to explore the influence of metal elements in coal on the reaction of organic matter in coal with oxygen, this paper studies the influence of the macro-element calcium in coal on the spontaneous combustion of coal. Using experiments to simulate the spontaneous combustion reaction process of coal, the results show that CaO, CaCO3 and Ca(Ac)2 have a catalytic effect on the oxidation of organic matter in coal. In-situ infrared spectroscopy is used to analyze the changes of characteristic functional groups in the process of calcium catalyzed by coal oxidation. It is believed that calcium enters the coal structure by ion exchange and has a catalytic effect in the form of calcium oxide. The calcium oxide in the coal structure cracks the alkyl side chains on the condensed aromatic hydrocarbons to generate aliphatic hydrocarbons and a part of small molecular hydrocarbons. The catalytic effect of calcium-containing catalysts is determined by the content of moisture and carboxyl groups in the coal. The results can provide new ideas for preventing the spontaneous combustion of coal.

Application of two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS) for the thorough study of hydrocarbons in lignite pyrolysates

Two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS) was applied to analyze the complex molecular compositions of hydrocarbons in the four tars produced from the slow pyrolysis of a low-maturity lignite without and with the post cracking of volatile matter. The liquid (EL-tar) extracted from the lignite with the mixture solvent of acetone and dichloromethane was analyzed by way of contrast. Up to 866 hydrocarbons were identified in a lignite pyrolysis tar, in contrast to only 64 hydrocarbons found in EL-tar. It was revealed that the lignite was enriched with fatty acids and isoprene moieties, most of which were tightly incorporated in the macrostructures. The pyrolysis with the post cracking at 500 °C allowed the lignite to liberate a wide variety of biomarker hydrocarbons, which comprised a significant part of open-chain and cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons. GC × GC-TOFMS was capable of distinguishing between various isomers of terpenoid hydrocarbons and a large array of homologues of cyclopentane/cyclopentene and cyclohexane/cyclohexene. The work has discussed the possible origins of typical biomarker hydrocarbons for the lignite studied, and also provided an insight on the variations of hydrocarbon compounds with the volatile matter cracking at different temperatures.

Dimesitylborylethynylated Arenes: Unique Electronic and Photophysical Properties Caused by Ethynediyl (C≡C) Spacers.

Herein, we report the synthesis and electrochemical and photophysical properties of aromatic hydrocarbons having one or two dimesitylborylethynyl peripherals. The mono- (1) and diboryl compounds (2), readily prepared by nucleophilic substitution reaction, are fairly stable to air and moisture in the solid state. The inserted ethynediyl (C≡C) spacer cancels the steric hindrance between the bulky dimesitylboryl groups and aromatic rings, leading to effective π conjugation over the B-C≡C-Ar linkages, as revealed by cyclic voltammetry. Despite the small structural differences, the photophysical properties of the benzene, naphthalene, and anthracene derivatives are different. Virtually no emission was observed from the benzene derivatives, whereas the anthracene derivatives emitted with high quantum yields both in solution and in the solid state. Notably, the naphthalene derivatives showed aggregation-induced emission behavior. Unlike the common sterically congested triarylborane derivatives reported so far, the anthracene derivatives showed π-π*-type absorption and emission bands, which derive from efficient intramolecular orbital interactions between the boron centers and anthracene moieties, as supported by DFT calculations. As a result, the dimesitylborylethynyl substituents effectively lower the LUMO levels of the aromatic hydrocarbon parts, whereas the HOMO levels are almost unaffected, thereby leading to materials with controllable HOMO-LUMO gaps.

The interaction of a thiosemicarbazone derived from R - (+) - limonene with lipid membranes

As a potential drug, 2-nitrobenzaldehyde-thiosemicarbazone (2-TSC), a thiosemicarbazone derived from the terpene R-(+)-limonene, was studied through calorimetric and spectroscopic techniques. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) data showed that 2-TSC causes structural changes in a 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) membrane, strongly decreasing the cooperativity of the bilayer gel-fluid thermal transition. Optical absorption spectroscopy showed that 2-TSC is more soluble in ethanol and lipids than in water medium, and that the drug displays different structures in the different environments. Though 2-TSC displays no fluorescence, time resolved fluorescence showed that the drug is an effective quencher of the fluorescent probe 6-dodecanoyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene (Laurdan). As it is well accepted that Laurdan is positioned into the bilayer close to the membrane surface, that is possibly the localization of 2-TSC in a bilayer. Electron spin resonance (ESR) of the probe 1-palmitoyl-2-stearoyl-(14-doxyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (14-PCSL) revealed that 2-TSC is inserted into the hydrocarbon part of the bilayer, fluidizing the lipid bilayer gel phase and rigidifying or organizing the bilayer fluid phase. Similar effects are found for other lipophilic molecules, including cholesterol. These results are useful to improve the understanding of the processes that govern the interaction of thiosemicarbazones with cell membranes, related to the activity of the drugs and their cytotoxicity.

Ethylene polymerization by hydrocarbon-reduced Cr/silica catalyst

The Phillips Cr(VI)/silica catalyst, used worldwide to manufacture polyethylene, must first be reduced and alkylated to display polymerization activity. This is accomplished commercially by exposure to ethylene, in a reaction that is still uncertain after 60 years of investigation. Here we report that other non-olefinic hydrocarbons can also be used in this self-alkylation mechanism, and we track, through isotopic labeling and other analyses, the fate of such hydrocarbons when used to initiate (reduce and alkylate) Cr(VI). A part of the reductant hydrocarbon is converted into oxygenated ligands, which remain attached as a permanent component of the active catalyst, thus influencing its behavior. Another part is used to alkylate the Cr, and it becomes incorporated into the first polymer chain. Each hydrocarbon reductant produces a unique catalyst, with unique ligands, displaying its own activity and sometimes producing distinctive polymer. The implication of this situation, in contrast to more traditional findings from the field, is one of opportunity to create novel varieties of new Phillips catalysts.

Oil slurries-raw materials in construction chemicals

Oil slurries are a complex organic mixture consisting of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon parts formed during oil and gas production, processing and transportation of oil and petroleum products, and are dangerous environmental pollutants. The purpose of this work is to study the physical and chemical composition of oil sludge taken from various sampling sites of Pavlodar petrochemical plant LLP to study the possibility of their further effective utilization.

ВЫДЕЛЕНИЕ ПЕТРОФИЗИЧЕСКИХ ТИПОВ КАРБОНАТНЫХ ПОРОД ПО ДАННЫМ ЯДЕРНОГО МАГНИТНОГО РЕЗОНАНСА С УЧЕТОМ ИХ ЛИТОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ

Актуальность. Значительная часть мировых запасов углеводородов приурочена к карбонатным резервуарам, характеризующимся сложным строением пустотного пространства. Подсчет запасов и проектирование разработки таких залежей требуют детального изучения структуры пустотного пространства, которая напрямую определяет коллекторские свойства пород. Выделение петрофизических классов пород является неотъемлемой частью построения петрофизической модели залежи углеводородов. Метод ядерного магнитного резонанса (ЯМР) является одним из методов изучения структуры пустотного пространства горных пород и имеет ряд преимуществ перед другими методами. Однако в опубликованной литературе отсутствует информация о применении данного метода для решения задач петротипизации. Результаты выделения петрофизических классов на основе комплексирования данных ядерного магнитного резонанса и микролитологического описания шлифов позволят значительно улучшить качество петрофизического обеспечения геологического и гидродинамического моделирования залежи и, следовательно, повысить точность подсчета запасов углеводородов и эффективность их разработки. Цель: выделение петрофизических типов карбонатных пород на основе комплексирования данных ядерного магнитного резонанса и микроописания шлифов, а также оценка правильности выделения классов методами математической статистики. Объект: карбонатные породы формации Мишриф, являющейся продуктивной в разрезе одного из месторождений Месопотамской нефтегазоносной провинции. Методы: анализ результатов ЯМР-исследований образцов керна, микроописания шлифов и стандартных лабораторных исследований керна, методы математической статистики. Результаты. На основе комплексного анализа результатов ЯМР-исследований керна и микроописания шлифов выделены три петрофизических класса в разрезе изучаемой скважины, вскрывшей продуктивные отложения: образцы со структурами породы вакстоун и вакстоун/флаутстоун объединены в 1 класс, со структурами пакстоун, грейнстоун и рудстоун – во 2 класс, и со структурой фреймстоун – в 3 класс. Данная петротипизация подтверждена результатами статистического анализа.

Damage assessment at depressurization of oil tank and spill oil product into water

A significant part of hydrocarbons is transported by rail. At the same time, oil products are considered dangerous goods, accidents during transportation of which can lead to emergency situations. The emergency situation caused by the depressurization of the tank car with gasoline was considered, as a result of which gasoline got into the river Volkhov (Kirishi, Leningrad Region). Presents the calculation of damage from emergency situations when transporting gasoline in a tank car. Defined the economic losses, as well as damage to the environment: atmospheric air, water and land resources. The total environmental damage is calculated. When the damage assessment analysis of the relationship between damage caused to the environment from the time elapsed from the moment of an emergency, prior to commencement of works on localization and liquidation of emergency transport. It was revealed that the least environmental damage would be if proceed to emergency response within the first hour. In the second hour, environmental damage increases by 68 %, and in the third hour it increases by another 23 %.The conclusion is made about the effectiveness of rapid response and work on localization of an emergency situation related to the spill of petroleum products into a water body.

Molecular aspects of the role of groove and stacked regions of DNA in binding with lipids: Spectroscopic and docking studies

Lipid-DNA complexes are one of the major nonviral vectors which have been used extensively for the drug delivery. However, molecular level understanding about the interaction of different kind of lipids with the groove as well as stacked regions of DNA is not well understood. We have investigated the role of groove as well as stacked regions of DNA in the complexation with positively, zwitterionic as well as negatively charged lipids using spectroscopic and docking studies. It has been found that positively charged lipid interacts strongly with the groove and stacked regions of DNA. Surprisingly, we found evidence of the interaction of negatively charged and zwitterionic lipids with DNA. However, unlike to positively charged lipid, negatively charged as well as zwitterionic lipids only interact weakly with the stacked region of DNA. The electrostatic interaction between the phosphate group of DNA with the head group of positively charged lipid helps in binding with the groove region of DNA as well as cooperates for the hydrophobic interaction between the hydrocarbon part of lipid with the stacked region of DNA. The hydrophobic interaction between the chain of negatively charged and zwitterionic lipids with DNA is extremely weak due to the absence/weaker electrostatic interaction.

Hydrocyclone Settler (HCS) with Internal Hydrogen Injection: Measure of Internal Circulation and Separation Efficiencies of a Three-Phase Flow

A gas–solid–liquid separator and settler (HCS) was designed and tested in a pilot plant to determine the optimal dimensions and best operating conditions for the new solid alkylation process. The HCS uses a hot hydrogen stream to reduce density and viscosity, vaporize a part of hydrocarbons, and preheat a solid. Different geometries were tested, and underflow and overflow streams were characterized; different calibrated sensors determine the flow pattern, radial and axial velocities, particle size distribution, temperature, and pressure. Separation efficiencies depend upon the inlet slurry flow rate and temperature, cone length, hydrogen flow rate and temperature, solid content, and particle size distributions. The best gas, solid, and liquid separation was observed for a base case set of dimensions and operating conditions that produce less than 20 kHz of vibration at the tail pipe and less than 20 kPa of the delta of pressure in the steady state. Effects of hydrogen are discussed.

The ability of clay-cement hydraulic binders to accumulate aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons

Environmental pollution by oil derivatives is one of the most important ecological problems. The penetration of insuffi ciently treated refi nery-petrochemical wastewater into lands, open water reservoirs, arable lands, as well as failures and accidents involving petroleum products, can cause serious consequences resulting from the highly toxic and carcinogenic nature of these substances. The article presents the possibilities of clay and cement binders application to reduce the migration of organic pollutants from heavily contaminated soils. The conducted research showed that in the case of heavily contaminated soils (e.g. from the Glasgow waste landfi ll) the penetration of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons can be signifi cantly reduced. The part of aliphatic hydrocarbons, that migrated into the penetrating solutions during whole measurements time, did not exceed the standard requirements.

Effect of Tetrahydrofuran Extraction on Surface Functional Groups of Coking Coal and Its Wettability.

Coking coal was extracted with tetrahydrofuran solvent using ultrasonic and microwave-assisted method at 50°C and atmospheric pressure. Wettability of raw coal and its residue (residual coal) was tested with capillary penetration method. The raw and residual coals were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) with curve-fitting analysis. The variation of main surface functional groups of coking coal before and after extraction and its effect on wettability were analyzed. The results were obtained as the following: after extraction with tetrahydrofuran, hydroxyl, ether oxygen, and carbonyl in the coal structure were dissolved, the content of hydrophilic functional groups reduced, and then the hydrophobicity of coal enhanced. At the same time, part of aliphatic hydrocarbon dissolved, the length of aliphatic chains (I2) decreased from 3.961 of raw coal to 3.636 of residual coal, the length of aliphatic chains became shorter, aliphatic CH2 side-chains decreased and aliphatic CH3 side-chains increased, and hydrophobic functional groups content increased. In the aromatic structure, four hydrogens per ring increased and two, three, and five hydrogens per ring decreased. Reduction of substitution functional groups and aliphatic hydrocarbon decreased with the side-chains breakage produce more active sites, which increases the degree of condensation of the aromatic ring (I3). The combined action of the decrease of the hydrophilic functional groups and the increase of the hydrophobic functional groups made the wettability of the coking coal become weak.