Hydro Power Research Articles

A new integrated modelling and control of ternary pumped storage hydro power generation for small signal stability studies

Pumped storage hydro power generation (PSHPG), a reliable renewable energy source with an energy storage feature, can impart efficient damping torque to power system oscillations to improve small signal stability with appropriate modelling and additional compensation through the governor. But ternary PSHPG (T-PSHPG) has the unique feature of hydraulic short circuit (HSC) mode, where both pumping and generating modes operate simultaneously. This study presents a novel fourth-order modified Heffron Phillips (MHP) model of T-PSHPG in coordination with a multi-band Power system stabilizer (MB-PSS) employing 2-way penstock, where primary penstock circulates water from the upper reservoir to the lower reservoir through the turbine and secondary penstock divides primary penstock, thereby creating short-circuit path through the pump. Also, this model includes additional reactive power droop control to maintain the voltage profile. A new state space matrix has been developed for coordinating T-PSHPG in HSC mode with MB-PSS. The control parameters of the proposed coordinated model are set by a new multi-objective differential evolution-improved particle swam optimization (DE-IPSO) algorithm. With variable load, random solar and wind source penetrations, it has been found that the proposed model can provide adequate damping actions. The sensitivity of the proposed model has been observed by varying critical model parameters by ±50 %. For all conditions, the settling time of speed variation is within 2.672 s to 5.951 s and the minimum damping ratio lies within 0.105 to 0.455. The minimum damping ratio is 0.32 and the settling time is found to be 3.1 s for system response subject to sudden solar power variation, which has been observed by shifting system eigenvalues toward the left half of the complex plane. Time and frequency domain parameters with sensitivity analysis predict system oscillations being damped effectively with consistency for the proposed modelling and control strategy. The results are verified in real-time with OPAL-RT real-time digital simulator. It has been justified by the present study that appropriate modelling of T-PSHPG along with coordinated control action provided by MB-PSS can handle critical power system oscillations efficiently and effective damping torque can be imparted in HSC mode.

Evaluating precipitation corrections to enhance high-alpine hydrological modeling

Gridded meteorological data products often fall short in accurately capturing the amount of precipitation and its patterns in regions characterized by high elevations and complex topography. However, realistic precipitation data is crucial for high-alpine hydrological modeling. To address these discrepancies, we analyze possible corrections for solid, liquid and total precipitation of the 1 km2 gridded meteorological INCA-product in the high-alpine catchment of the Kölnbrein hydropower reservoir operated by VERBUND Hydro Power GmbH in the Malta Valley in Austria. By leveraging information from a stereo-satellite-derived snow depth map with physically-based snowpack modeling with Alpine3D, we quantitatively adjust and spatially redistribute solid precipitation, complemented by a multiplicative, stepwise correction model for liquid precipitation. We compare and evaluate five approaches using the hydrological COSERO model to our a) baseline simulation with no corrections on INCA in contrast of correcting, b) the amount and distribution of solely solid precipitation, c) the amount of liquid and solid precipitation, d) the amount of liquid and solid precipitation and the spatial distribution of the latter, e) precipitation inversely by the inflow bias, and f) calibrating the precipitation correction factor. In evaluating these strategies to improve the accuracy of reservoir inflow predictions, we found that separately correcting solid and liquid precipitation yielded the best results (c &d), with a substantial increase of up to 65% over the study period (1.10.2015–30.9.2023), while the other correction variants ranged between 42 and 52%. The inflow predictions by COSERO showed an increase in Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) by 17% and in Kling-Gupta Efficiency by 57% and 59% for variants c and d, respectively, along with an almost complete elimination of model bias. The higher KGE values observed for variant d compared to c during spring, summer, and fall suggest that a more realistic snow distribution enhances the simulation of snowmelt-driven runoff dynamics. In contrast, using a global (i.e., spatially homogeneous) and uniform (i.e., not distinguishing between liquid and solid precipitation phase) correction factor, inversely derived from the inflow bias (e), or solely correcting solid precipitation (b), demonstrated less performance, with a KGE increase of 47% and 49%, respectively, compared to 59% for variant d. Conversely, the calibration of the global and uniform correction factor (f) resulted in significant performance metric improvements (17% NSE, 60% KGE and 90% pBias), similar to variant d, however also led to unrealistic simulations of evapotranspiration, sublimation and glacier net runoff. The simulated water balance components – evapotranspiration and sublimation, as well as glacier runoff – in variant d were deemed plausible based on our comparison with additional simulations using Alpine3D, as well as findings from other high-alpine catchments in Austria reported in the literature. Overall, our results underscore the importance of applying a dual correction strategy for both liquid and solid precipitation, particularly when significant deficiencies are present in meteorological datasets, and suggest that such corrections should be supplemented by a comprehensive analysis of the simulated high-alpine water balance components.

Addressing thermal challenges in hydrodynamic bearings: A contemporary review of strategies and technologies

Hydrodynamic bearings are integral components in various industrial sectors, including aerospace, defense technologies, and power generation units etc. Advancements in modern technology have driven the evolution of bearings to withstand the high temperatures, increased speeds, and additional load demands of contemporary operations. Some of the prime consequences of high temperatures include thermal deformation, misalignment, viscosity degradation, reduced oil film thickness, reduced load carrying capacity and premature failure due to bearing seizure. Researchers have rigorously addressed the persistent thermal challenges posed to hydrodynamic bearings, achieving significant advancements over the years. Key developments include innovative bearing pad designs, optimal materials, coating technologies, advanced computational software, novel lubrication methods, and efficient monitoring techniques. The introduction of materials with tailored properties such as high heat conductivity, high strength, and low-friction coatings has greatly enhanced bearing performance. Additionally, advanced computational software like ANSYS CFX, Fluent, and COMSOL, adaptive lubrication methods, and real-time temperature sensors have significantly improved the performance of critical systems, including hydro power plants. This review paper summarizes significant developments and investigations carried out to mitigate thermal effects in hydrodynamic bearings, and hence provides a comprehensive in depth details of the subject matter. Even though there has been a lot of progress in the field of hydrodynamic bearings, continuous research is important to tackle issues related to sustainability, industry-specific obstacles, developing technologies, and dynamic operating conditions.

Landslide Monitoring and Warning System Based on Wireless Sensor Network

Landslides are common in Indonesia, often caused by factors like heavy rainfall and high soil moisture levels. The Batubrak mini hydro power plant intake area in Lampung province of Indonesia has experienced landslides, prompting the need for an early warning system. This study presents the development of a cost-effective and efficient real-time landslide monitoring and warning system. The system incorporates sensors to measure accelerometer and vibration parameters, enabling real-time data display through a wireless sensor network and SCADA software. Early warnings are issued when triggers are activated. Three sensor nodes were deployed in the intake area for testing, demonstrating their ability to detect, collect, process, and transmit accelerometer and vibration data to the gateway node.

A Study on Energy Production and Consumption Based on Seasonal ARIMA and REAO

In the face of the global energy challenge, this study delves into the intricate landscape of energy dynamics within the rapidly evolving global economy and technological sphere. Recognizing energy as a pivotal driver of societal progress, we present a comprehensive evaluation and optimization model for China's energy sources, emphasizing economic, cost, electric energy, and environmental considerations. Employing time series models, specifically ARIMA and gray scale forecasting, we meticulously analyze wind and solar power generation, as well as overall power consumption. The results showcase nuclear power and hydropower as significant contributors to the energy landscape. Leveraging a linear programming model, we simulate and optimize the future energy development structure, considering constraints such as cost, energy, capacity, and carbon emissions. Our findings reveal the optimal quota contributions of thermal power, hydro power, nuclear power, wind power, and solar power as 13.7%, 14.2%, 17.6%, 54.5%, and 0%. Building upon these insights, we propose strategic recommendations for sustainable electric energy development. Emphasizing wind and solar energy's potential, we advocate for continued interest and increased support for technological advancements. Additionally, we call for the establishment of comprehensive power and energy development plans, integrating economic and environmental goals. To address imperfections in China's electricity tariff system, we recommend ongoing reforms aligned with market dynamics and environmental considerations.

Optimal and simultaneous synthesis of fractional order QFT controllers and prefilters for non-minimum phase hydro power systems

Abstract Ideally, the operating frequency of the power units, working in parallel, must not deviate from its nominal value. However, due to the dynamic nature of the load, operating frequency varies throughout the day; thus, the control of governors in the prime movers is essential to balance out the demand, and prevent any frequency deviation. To address this, present study investigates the design of optimal and robust quantitative feedback theory based (QFT) controllers and pre-filters for single area load frequency control of hydro power systems. Hydropower system model considered in the present study features a right-hand side zero, thus exhibiting non-minimum phase; these characteristics make the control more challenging. Also, the work investigates the optimal design of the QFT controllers and prefilters simultaneously by automating the loop shaping procedure, which else follows a sequential manual process on Nichols charts. The proposed automation also empowers the control designer to predefine the controller structure. In the present work the design of fractional order QFT controllers and pre-filters is considered. The study also compares the proposed work with the methods proposed in the existing literature as well as the optimal controllers obtained using the time domain indices. The obtained results establishes that the developed fractional QFT controller offers good tracking, stability, and robustness to disturbances when compared to existing approaches. The proposed fractional order QFT controllers offer the elimination of the overshoot and the undershoot from the closed loop response of the system; outperforms the existing controllers in terms of disturbance rejection; offers 0% steady-state deviation, while providing improved phase margin (60.1°) for enhanced stability compared to existing controllers. Also, the proposed QFT-GA attains the ideal values for both the peak complementary sensitivity functions; thus, establishing excellent robustness. Also, the proposed controllers ensure adequate tolerance to frequency deviation in case of load change.

Performance of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (pmsg) 3 Phase Radial Flux Results Modification of Induction Motor

Abstract: The demand for electrical energy in Indonesia has experienced a significant surge, becoming indispensable for nearly all modern activities. However, despite this surge, the primary energy source for power plants continues to heavily rely on fossil fuels. Consequently, it is imperative to transition towards renewable energy sources to mitigate environmental impact and tackle the prevailing energy crisis. In response to this need, permanent magnet synchronous generators have emerged as a promising alternative within the electricity industry. These generators operate by utilizing permanent magnets to generate a magnetic field within the coil, thereby eliminating the necessity for excitation current. By leveraging renewable energy sources such as wind or hydro power, these generators strive to optimize electricity production and alleviate the ongoing energy crisis. This research project aims to repurpose materials sourced from used water pump motors, including rotors and stators, to construct permanent magnet synchronous generators. The process involves incorporating permanent magnets into the rotor and modifying the original motor winding. Through rigorous testing involving the application of a 40 Ohm load and varying rotational speeds between 2000 and 1600 rpm, the research reveals that the generator can generate a minimum power output of 0.7 Watts at 200 rpm and a maximum power output of 41.8 Watts at 1600 rpm. The optimal efficiency of 75.78% is attained at 400 rpm. Overall, this research underscores the potential of repurposing existing materials to develop renewable energy solutions, offering a sustainable approach to addressing not only the energy needs of Indonesia but also those of other regions globally.

Design of Microhydro Power Plant Prototype by Utilizing Irrigation Water in Rice Fields Based on IoT

With increasing energy consumption where energy use still comes from fossil energy sources, so that renewable energy development efforts are needed. Utilization of renewable energy with seasonal conditions in Indonesia where rainfall is quite high, besides that there are also many rivers, waterfalls, irrigation water available in Indonesia and almost spread throughout the region. So this condition can be utilized in the water sector where flowing water is used to drive a turbine connected to a DC generator to produce a DC power source. The generating system used is the Micro Hydro Power Plant (MHP) by utilizing irrigation water in rice fields. The methods used in this research are literature study, site observation, system design, testing and data collection. In the data collection and observations made, the river flow is mathematically calculated regarding the water discharge, and also monitors the results using the IoT application.

Case study on analysis and design of power house structure of hydro power plant using Staad Pro.

Case study on analysis and design of power house structure of hydro power plant using Staad Pro.

Socio-economic Development and Carbon Productivity: A Panel Data Analysis of the World’s Largest Carbon-Emitting Countries

AbstractAs global concerns about climate change intensify, assessing the environmental efficiency of production processes through carbon productivity has become increasingly important. This study examines the impact of socio-economic development on carbon productivity in the top 18 CO2-emitting countries, which contribute approximately 82% of global CO2 emissions, over the period 1990–2019. Using a class of econometric tests to address heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence, we employ the Cross-Sectionally Augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lag (CS-ARDL) model for final estimation, ensuring robustness with Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (CCEMG) and Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimations. The empirical findings reveal that GDP per capita, Trade, and FDI increase carbon productivity while energy consumption and urbanization curtail carbon productivity. The country-specific effects indicated that 83% of the sample countries exhibit positive relationships between socio-economic development and carbon productivity, suggesting that these nations can serve as models for effective low-carbon policies. Moreover, the results demonstrate bi-directional relationships for GDP per capita, FDI, and energy use with carbon productivity and uni-causal relationship for trade and urbanization. The study highlights the need for implementing stricter regulations to improve energy efficiency and promote the adoption of renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, hydro, and nuclear power. Additionally, countries should incentivize green technology investments through tax breaks and subsidies, enhance international trade agreements that support the exchange of clean technologies, and develop sustainable urban planning initiatives to mitigate the negative impact of urbanization on carbon productivity.

Planning of Uwe River PLTMH Jayawijaya Regency Capacity 2 X 750 KW

Indonesia has great potential to develop renewable energy, especially through Micro Hydro Power Plants (MHP) that utilize river flow. The Papua region, including Jayawijaya Regency, has significant water resources potential but has not been optimally utilized to meet local energy needs. This study aims to evaluate the technical feasibility of building an MHP in Uwe River, Jayawijaya Regency, with a capacity of 2 x 750 kW as an effort to increase the electrification ratio in Papua Mountains. The research uses a quantitative approach with field survey methods and primary data collection, such as water discharge measurements and interviews with relevant parties. The data were analyzed using the FJ Mock method for water discharge estimation and hydraulic power calculation to assess the technical feasibility of MHP development. The results showed that Uwe River has a potential hydraulic power of 2063.965 kW with a capacity factor of 88%, which is able to support the operation of two turbines with a capacity of 733.76 kW each. The conclusion of this study shows that the construction of an MHP in Sungai Uwe is technically feasible and has great potential to increase the electrification ratio, support local economic development, and reduce dependence on fossil fuels in remote areas. The implication of these results is the importance of investment and policy support in the development of renewable energy projects in Papua to achieve national electrification targets.

MEASUREMENT OF WATER DISCHARGE OF SAKARTEMEN RIVER TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL OF MICRO HYDRO POWER PLANT IN FAKFAK REGENCY

Fakfak Regency, West Papua Province is one of the oldest regencies in Papua. However, electricity problems are still a scourge that has not yet been resolved properly. So far, the mainstay of power plants in Fakfak Regency is the Diesel Power Plant (PLTD) which is highly dependent on the supply of Fuel Oil (BBM) and the reliability of the Diesel Engine. In fact, Fuel Oil (BBM) is one of the natural resources that cannot be renewed. For this reason, it is necessary to conduct a study on New Renewable Energy (EBT) that has the potential to be developed in Fakfak Regency. There are several rivers that have the potential to be developed as Micro Hydro Power Plants (PLTMH) in Fakfak Regency. The existence of Micro Hydro Power Plants (PLTMH) in Fakfak Regency is one of the real solutions to the power outages that still often occur in Fakfak Regency. Through this study, it is hoped that there will be a mapping of the energy potential that can be produced by several rivers in Fakfak Regency if used as Micro Hydro Power Plants (PLTMH). In addition, the potential of Micro Hydro Power Plant (PLTMH) will support the transition of power plants in Fakfak Regency. Another objective is to support environmental conservation efforts (nature and culture) and increase community participation in the management of existing natural resources, thus providing economic benefits to the local community. The research was conducted through surveys and direct measurements where the measurement results will be calculated to determine the potential river flow discharge and the potential for power generation. The results of the measurements and calculations obtained an average discharge of the Sakartemen River of 3.1m3/second which based on the measurement of the effective fall height (Heff) of the flow was obtained at 4 m. With these results, it can be estimated that the electrical power generated is 104,260 kW.

Potential Utilization of Tamblang Dam for Micro Hydro Power Plant to Increase Renewable Energy Mix for Indonesia

Abstract Bali, a prominent tourist destination in Indonesia, faces an increasing demand for electricity, primarily supplied by non-renewable sources. With a target to increase renewable energy mix, Bali focuses on leveraging its water resources, notably Tamblang Dam, for hydroelectric power generation. This research aims to determine the potential utilization of Tamblang Dam as a micro hydro power plant, highlighting its capacity to significantly contribute to renewable energy mix in Indonesia generally and Bali particularly. Analysis reveals a potential electricity generation of 0.52 MW, with an annual hydro power production estimate of 4.57 GWh. Considering discharge availability, height of falling water and efficiency of hydro power system. The research also underscores the project’s economic viability and profitability, emphasizing its role in fostering sustainable energy practices in the region.

Community energy and socio-technical infrastructure resilience: analysis of mini/micro hydro power projects in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Abstract In 2014–15, Pakistan’s provincial government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) launched a decentralised power generation initiative, installing over 356 small hydro power units to provide electricity to over 2.5 million people in its mountainous regions. This initiative built on the foundation of prior community-based mini/micro hydro-power projects (MHPPs) deployed in the region since the 1980s that have experienced mixed success; by 2020, over 150 units were non-operational. This paper investigates the socio-technical factors influencing the success and failure of these projects, focusing on outcomes and processes integral to community MHPPs. The study analyses the critical implications of MHPPs for socio-economic welfare, gender equity and democratic governance through extensive primary research including field observations at 40 sites, questionnaire surveys with community residents in three in-depth case-studies, and expert interviews with local policymakers and project developers. Analysis shows that electricity provision from MHPPs has had positive outcomes for the communities in terms of improved education, poverty alleviation and economic growth, alongside enhanced access to information and gains in women’s entrepreneurship and health. Nonetheless, the study also identifies significant shortcomings in the processes involved in community MHPPs related to inadequate technical assessments, monitoring, and evaluation, as well as challenges arising from undemocratic governance mechanisms and inequitable participation. By teasing out the multiple socio-technical dimensions that shape infrastructure resilience of MHPPs in KPK, this paper contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable community energy projects and informs policy for decentralised energy transitions that ensure democratic alignment and inclusive design.

무선전력전송기술을 적용한 차세대 제품디자인 연구 - 캠핑용 인덕션 버너를 중심으로

The research background was to present a new breakthrough in the current difficult situation in many ways due to the COVID-19 crisis, the war between Ukraine and Russia and the economic downturn. The research method was to present a new concept to the general public as well as companies based on the theoretical and technical foundation through various case studies and statistics and a study on the use of eco-friendly energy through convergence with the new and renewable energy field was also conducted. By receiving and using new and renewable energy such as solar power and hydro power rather than the existing energy supply method it will be able to reduce the risk of fire, flexibly cope with carbon emission regulations, which are one of the causes of environmental pollution and develop safer more efficient and more convenient products and designs than existing products with wireless power transmission technology, it will be an opportunity to inspire designers in the future.

Innovative design for enhancing transient stability with an ATFOPID controller in hybrid power systems

In order to make multi-area power systems more efficient and stable, this study aims to create a new intelligent controller design based on adaptive property. The integrated power grid becomes more unstable as renewable energy sources become more prevalent, and system inertia decreases. Resultant, the penetration of renewable and load variance causes frequency changes to be more pronounced. Keeping frequency stable is essential for the electrical energy transmission system to work reliably and efficiently. This paper presents an adaptive design based on the tilt fractional order proportional integral derivative (TFOPID) controller by using an optimized property of bio inspired tunicate search algorithm (TSA). The gains of the TFOPID controller are continuously updated by utilizing the ancillary TPID controller, which is dependent on changes in area frequency. The suggested control system is implemented in the northern and southern regions, which consist of photovoltaic (PV), wind, redox flow battery (RFB), hydro, and thermal power plants. Therefore, this study contributes in the creation of more resilient and efficient power grids, which are critical for incorporating renewable energy sources and satisfying the increasing need for environmentally friendly power solutions.

Capacity Optimization of Pumped–Hydro–Wind–Photovoltaic Hybrid System Based on Normal Boundary Intersection Method

Introducing pumped storage to retrofit existing cascade hydropower plants into hybrid pumped storage hydropower plants (HPSPs) could increase the regulating capacity of hydropower. From this perspective, a capacity configuration optimization method for a multi-energy complementary power generation system comprising hydro, wind, and photovoltaic power is developed. Firstly, to address the uncertainty of wind and photovoltaic power outputs, the K-means clustering algorithm is applied to deal with historical data on load and photovoltaic, wind, and water inflow within a specific region over the past year. This process helps reduce the number of scenarios, resulting in 12 representative scenarios and their corresponding probabilities. Secondly, with the aim of enhancing outbound transmission channel utilization and decreasing the peak–valley difference for the receiving-end power grid’s load curve, a multi-objective optimization model based on the normal boundary intersection (NBI) algorithm is developed for the capacity optimization of the multi-energy complementary power generation system. The result shows that retrofitting cascade hydropower plants with pumped storage units to construct HPSPs enhances their ability to accommodate wind and photovoltaic power. The optimal capacity of wind and photovoltaic power is increased, the utilization rate of the system’s transmission channel is improved, and the peak-to-valley difference for the residual load of the receiving-end power grid is reduced.

Optimasi Charger Controller Pembangkit Listrik Picohidro Kapasitas 250 Watt

PLTMH is one of the renewable energy power plants that is environmentally friendly. Indonesia has considerable hydropower potential that can be developed into Micro / Mini Hydro Power Plants of 19,385 MW spread throughout Indonesia [2]. PicoHidro Power Plant is part of PLTMH with an output power of < 1 kW [1]. The advantages of this plant are generating electricity without being too influenced by seasons and day and night changes, power generation fluctuations are relatively small, the possibility of electricity generation is high, the impact on the environment is very small and the fast response is suitable for peak load conditions and when there is a disturbance in the network. PLPicohidro uses a DC generator that utilizes a power source for battery charging. The battery is used as an inverter voltage source to turn on the AC load. For that, a Charger Controller is needed which is useful for charging the battery. The DC voltage source coming from the generator is stored using a battery and then goes to the inverter to be converted into AC voltage. In this study, automatic charging of two batteries was used or can be called automatic charging. The way this circuit works is when the battery is full, the charger will automatically stop. The voltage indication during the charger process is 11 Volts and stops when the voltage reaches 14 volts. The use of two batteries in the charger process can work alternately, if battery 1 is full then battery 2 will charge automatically, and vice versa.

Determinants of Capital Structure: A Case of Nepalese Non-Financial Firms

This study examines the determinants of capital structure in the context of Nepalese non-financial firms. Short term debt ratio and long term debt ratio are selected as the dependent variables. The selected independent variables are assets tangibility, liquidity, non-debt tax shields, firm size, profitability, Tobin’s q and firm’s age. The study is based on secondary data with 105 observations from 7 hydro power firms, 3 hotel industries and 4 manufacturing firms listed in Nepal Stock Exchange (NEPSE). The data were collected from annual reports of the selected non-financial firms. The correlation coefficients and regression models are estimated to test the significance and importance of determinants of capital structure in the context of Nepalese non-financial firms. The study showed that assets tangibility has a positive impact on long-term debt ratio and short-term debt ratio. It indicates that higher the assets tangibility, higher would be the long-term debt ratio and short-term debt ratio. Similarly, liquidity has a positive impact on long-term debt ratio and short-term debt ratio. It indicates that increase in liquidity leads to increase in long-term debt ratio and short-term debt ratio. Likewise, non-debt tax shields has a positive impact on long-term debt ratio and short-term debt ratio. It indicates that increase in non-debt tax shields leads to increase in long-term debt ratio and short-term debt ratio. Further, firm size has a positive impact on long-term debt ratio and short-term debt ratio. It indicates that increase in firm size leads to increase in long-term debt ratio and short-term debt ratio. In addition, profitability has a positive impact on long-term debt ratio and short-term debt ratio. It indicates that increase in profitability leads to increase in long-term debt ratio and short-term debt ratio. Likewise, Tobin’s q has a positive impact on long-term debt ratio and short-term debt ratio. It indicates that higher the Tobin’s q, higher would be the long-term debt ratio and short-term debt ratio. Moreover, firm’s age has a negative impact on long-term debt ratio and short-term debt ratio. It indicates that higher the firm’s age, higher would be the long-term debt ratio and short-term debt ratio.

Thermal alterations of hydro power: Modelling the effect on growth of juvenile salmonids

Thermal alterations of hydro power: Modelling the effect on growth of juvenile salmonids