Hydromethanolic Extract Research Articles

UPLC-QToF-MS/MS screening and characterization of Symphorema polyandrum Wight and in vitro assessment of its antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory potential.

Symphorema polyandrum belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is locally known as Badichang or mahasindhu. In this study, we performed Soxhlet extraction to prepare methanolic and hydromethanolic extracts, followed by quantification of their total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. Qualitative analysis of both the extracts was conducted to determine the presence of different phytochemicals. In addition, we aimed to identify the important phytochemical constituents in the methanolic extracts of S. polyandrum (SPM) using ultra-performance liquid chromatography hyphenated with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MSE). Furthermore, this study investigated the antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties of SPM and its safety profile in the normal fibroblastcell line L929. A colony proliferation assay and a Griess assay were performed to evaluate the effects of SPM on colony formation and nitric oxide (NO) production. A total of 13 important phytochemicals were identified and reported. The methanolic extract of SPM demonstrated significant antioxidant activity. SPM also showed substantial antiproliferative activity on MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 45.53± 1.63µg/ml, and also reduced the survival of these cancer cells by promoting nuclear fragmentation and condensation without causing harm to normal cells. SPM inhibits the colony formation and reduces the nitric oxide (NO) production. The anti-inflammatory potential of SPM was assessed utilizing the murine alveolar macrophages (J774.A.1) as an in vitro model, and SPM effectively lowered the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6. These findings emphasized the antiproliferative potential of SPM to cancer cells, along with its anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant capabilities, indicating the therapeutic efficacy of this medicinal plant.

Endemic Plant Rumex balcanicus: Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant Activity, Enzyme Inhibitory Potential and Molecular Docking Analysis.

Although the nutritional and health benefits of Rumex species are well known, little is known about the chemical composition and pharmacological activities of Rumex balcanicus Rech. fil. (Polygonaceae), an endemic plant of the Balkan Peninsula. To the best of our knowledge, this paper represents the first attempt to comparatively analyse phenolic composition, as well as in vitro pharmacological activites of dry hydromethanol extracts of R. balcanicus fruit (RBF), leaf (RBL) and root (RBR), collected in Serbia. The maximum total phenolic content was found in RBF (386.6 mg GAE/g). The RBF was characterized by high amounts of miquelianin (28.8 mg/g) and procyanidin B1 (28.1 mg/g). The RBL was the richest in quercitrin (18.4 mg/g) and miquelianin (15.0 mg/g), while nepodin (54.1 mg/g) and procyanidin B2 (40.6 mg/g) were the major compounds in RBR. The RBF exhibited significant antioxidant activity, evaluated by DPPH (IC50=4.9 μg/mL), ABTS (IC50=0.8 μg/mL) and FRAP (5.9 mmol Fe2+/g) assays. Moreover, RBF showed strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50=1.8 μg/mL), in addition to notable anti-α-amylase, anti-acetylcholinesterase and anti-tyrosinase activities. Molecular docking analysis predicted miquelianin and procyanidin B2 as the greatest inhibitors of these enzymes. Overall, R. balcanicus fruits stood out as the most promising plant material worth further research.

Phenolic Profiling, In Vitro Antiglycation, Antioxidant Activities, and Antidiabetic Effect of Algerian Trigonella Foenum-Graecum L. in Rats Administered a β-Cell Toxicant.

This study sought to quantitatively assess individual and total polyphenols, mineral composition, antioxidant and antiglycation activities of Algerian fenugreek seeds (AFS) as well as the antidiabetic effect of its supplementation on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Forty rats were divided into four groups (i) non diabetic rats, (ii) non diabetic rats +10 % AFS, (iii) diabetic rats, (iv) diabetic rats +10 % AFS. Flame-SAA analysis revealed a rich content in micro-elements, HPLC DAD-FLD analysis revealed twenty components with rutin and ferulic acid being the major compounds in AFS hydro-methanolic extract while spectrophotometric assays scrutinized moderate contents in total phenolics and flavonoids. The extract was potent in scavenging ABTS⋅+ and DPPH+ (42.06±2.14 and 55.84±4.14 mg TE/g), reducing Fe3+ and Mo6+ (35.12±2.45 and 29.89±3.12 mg TE/g) and inhibiting AGEs (IC50=1.03±0.02 mg/ml). In vivo, 10 %AFS- supplemented diet (w/w) was found to elicit a significant reduction in glycemia (66.74 %), TNF α (9.4 %), IL-6 (23.74 %), CRP (31.10 %), liver enzymes, lipid peroxidation (MDA) (47.24 %;30 %), protein carbonyl (PCO) (28.35 %; 27.15 %), improvement in insulin level (79.74 %), reduced glutathione amount (GSH) (41.01 %; 16.55 %), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (45.80 %; 56.37 %), catalase (CAT) (24.44 %; 35.42 %) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) (22.78 %; 22.90 %) activities, in liver and pancreas respectively, along with a rejuvenation of hepatic and pancreatic histological features. These outcomes disclosed that AFS is endowed with biologically effective components which could be decent applicant to attain the objective of mitigating glycation, oxidative stress and diabetes-related complications.

Biomass and Phenolic Acid Accumulation in Salvia austriaca Hairy Roots Grown in Temporary Immersion and Mist-Trickling Bioreactors

Transformed roots of Salvia austriaca were cultivated for 45 days in various systems, including Erlenmeyer flasks, a temporary immersion system (TIS) bioreactor, and a mist-trickling bioreactor, under controlled light conditions. The mist-trickling bioreactor yielded the highest biomass, with fresh and dry weights of 155.4 g/L and 10.2 g/L, respectively. Quantitative UHPLC analysis of hydromethanolic extracts revealed the biosynthesis of significant phenolic acids: caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, and salvianolic acid A. Among these, rosmarinic acid was the most abundant, with its concentration varying based on the cultivation system. The highest total phenolic acid content, 165 mg/L, was obtained in the mist-trickling bioreactor, demonstrating its superiority in both biomass production and phenolic acid biosynthesis. This study highlights the potential of mist-trickling bioreactors for optimizing growth and metabolite production in S. austriaca transformed root cultures.

Variation in the Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant, Antihyperglycemic, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Leaves of Cotoneaster zabelii during Growing Season

Cotoneaster zabelii is a medicinal plant that is beneficial due to its polyphenol-rich leaves. In the course of optimizing the harvest time for C. zabelii cultivated in Poland, the leaf samples were collected monthly during the annual plant vegetation season, and the hydromethanolic leaf extracts were evaluated for their phenolic composition and model biological activities, including antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. The phenolic profiles were analyzed using UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS3, HPLC-PDA, and spectrophotometric methods (total phenolic content, TPC) to understand their seasonal variability and its correlation with bioactive properties. The identified phenolic compounds included caffeic acid derivatives, flavan-3-ols (especially (−)-epicatechin and procyanidins B-type), and flavonoids like quercetin mono- and diglycosides. Leaves harvested in July and October contained the highest polyphenolic levels and demonstrated significant antioxidant activity in most tests. The leaves harvested in July, September, and October showed optimal anti-inflammatory effects, whereas the highest antihyperglycemic activity was observed in the leaves collected from June to July. Regarding polyphenolic levels and bioactivity, the summer and autumn months appear to be the most advantageous for harvesting leaf material of optimal quality for phytotherapy.

Inhibition of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by grape and rice agroindustrial residues

Agroindustrial wastes are generated daily and seem to be rich in bioactive molecules. Thus, they can potentially be used as source of compounds able to control bacterial biofilms. We investigated the potential of extracts from the residues of rice and grape to combat clinically important bacterial biofilms. Extracts of grape pomace and rice bran were obtained using different extractive methodologies and subjected to the evaluation of its antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. After the in vivo toxicity, the chemical characterization of the most promising extract was assessed. The mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of dipeptides, alkaloids and phenolic compounds. Most grape extracts presented antibiofilm and antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14. The hydromethanolic grape pomace extract obtained by ultrasound assisted extraction (MeOH 80 UAE) presented the most promising activity, being able to inhibit in 99% and 80% the biofilm formation of S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa, respectively. Against the gram-negative model, this extract eradicated the biofilm by 80%, induced the swarming motility and displayed a physical effect. It also did not present acute or chronic toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans model. In this way, agroindustrial residues represent a promising source of molecules capable of controlling bacterial biofilms.

Phenolic content, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of hydromethanolic extract of Limnospira fusiformis TL03 isolated from Telamine Lake, Northwest Algeria

Phenolic content, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of hydromethanolic extract of Limnospira fusiformis TL03 isolated from Telamine Lake, Northwest Algeria

Anti-inflammatory activity and molecular docking studies of the hydromethanolic leaf extract of Baphia longipedicellata brumitt in rats

Background: Almost all Baphia species of the Fabaceae family have a long history in traditional China due to their potent anti-inflammatory properties Baphia longipedicellata (B. longipedicellata) is a relatively novel plant comprised mainly of stigmasterol, which has a rich history in Chinese medicine and is a principal active component in numerous Chinese herbs such as maidong, the banxia-baizhu-tianma decoction and Qingfengteng which are all native to China and well known for its use in inflammatory diseases, asthma and diabetes management.Aim of the study: The study was meticulously designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of Baphia longipedicellata in rats. What sets this study apart is its unique approach to predicting the mechanism of anti-inflammatory action through docking studies.Materials and Methods: Preliminary phytochemical screening and oral acute toxicity were carried out for the hydromethanolic extract of Baphia longipedicellata (HMBL). Phytocompounds in the extract were identified using high-performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Carrageenan and egg albumin-induced paw edema models in rats were evaluated to ascertain the extract's anti-inflammatory potential.Molecular docking experiments were carried out to evaluate the binding affinity of HPLC-selected compounds to cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumour necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha).Results and Discussion: Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponin, tannins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, terpenoids, etc. Results obtained from this study showed that the LD50 was greater than 2000 mg/kg, and there were no observable toxic effects or mortality following its acute exposure.HPLC of HMBL profiled, Curcumin, Lutein, Stigmasterol, Beta-Sitosterol, Chrysarobin, Quercetin, and Napabucasin,HMBL extract at all treatment doses showed a significant reduction in both carrageenan and egg albumin-induced hind paw edema in a dose-dependent manner, comparable to the standard drug Diclofenac. Peak anti-oedematogenic activity was observed at the 6th-hour post-carrageenan injection with 28.50, 42.06, and 36.90 % inhibition for HMBL (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg) and 5th-hour post-egg-albumin injection with 61.22, 66.88, and 48.06 % inhibition.The molecular docking study showed that all the isolated HPLC compounds inhibited COX-2 and TNF-alpha.Conclusion Ultimately, the hydro-methanolic leaf extract of B. longipedicellata exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activity via COX 2 and TNF-alpha inhibition. Thus, it would be a viable phytotherapeutic option for treating inflammatory conditions.

Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Carthamus caeruleus L. Rhizome Extracts

The genus Carthamus is recognized as an essential source of traditional medicine due to its immune-enhancing, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties. This study aims to compare and determine the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the hydromethanolic and chloroformic extracts of the rhizome of Carthamus caeruleus L. The antioxidant activity was assessed using three radical scavenging methods, namely 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS+ ), nitric oxide scavenging (NO·) and non-enzymatic radical scavenging (SO·). The potential cytotoxic was evaluated on several tumor cell lines, including gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS), colorectal adenocarcinoma (CaCo2), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), lung carcinoma (NCI-H460), cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa), and one non-tumor cell line of African green monkey kidney (VERO). The hydromethanolic extract was significantly more potent than the chloroformic extract for both activities evaluated, exhibiting IC50 values of 0.14 ± 0.008, 1.39 ± 0.27, and 0.89 ± 0.074 µg/mL in ABTS+, NO·and SO·assays, respectively. As for cytotoxic potential, the hydromethanolic extract was particularly active against the NCI-H460 cells (IC50 value of 177.69 ± 1.90 µg/mL). These results suggest that the hydromethanoic extract of the rhizome of C. caeruleus could be used as an antioxidant and cytotoxic agent, supporting its traditional use as a treatment for burns. Keywords: Carthamus caeruleus L.; antioxidant activity; cytotoxic potential; radical scavenging.

Acute toxicity assessment of bioactive constituents from Salvia algeriensis (Desf.) extracts: a promising natural agent against clinical bacterial isolates and pathogenic fungi

Salvia species are emerging as promising therapeutic agents due to their diverse bioactivity against various pathologies. This study was conducted to investigate the phytochemical profile, antimicrobial activity, and acute Toxicity of hydromethanolic extracts from Salvia algeriensis (Desf.) leaves, flowers, and roots. Chemical reaction tests and chromatographic analysis were employed to determine the chemical composition, while microdilution was used to determine the tested microorganisms' minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The acute Toxicity of the leaf extract was carried out following the rules and guidelines of OECD 425. Toxicity parameters in Swiss albino mice were evaluated after a single dose of 500 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg. According to the preliminary phytochemical screening results, terpenoids and polyphenols (flavonoids and tannins) were found in all plant parts, but coumarins were only found in the root extract. The HPLC-DAD analysis revealed the presence of 16 phenolic compounds in varying amounts across the three extracts, of which rosmarinic acid, quercetin, caffeic acid, and 3-hydroxybenzoic acid were the most abundant. Selective antimicrobial activity was noticed, with the root extract demonstrating the most substantial effect against the two fungal strains tested. MIC values ranged from 0.3 to 10 mg/mL, and Gram-positive bacteria generally showedgreater susceptibility compared to Gram-negative bacteria. The LD50 was found to be greater than 2000 mg/kg. There were no overt clinical symptoms of Toxicity. Body weights, organ weights, and temperatures were not significantly altered, and hematological analysis showed no significant differences. Salvia algeriensis (Desf.) extracts emerge as potential candidates for natural, non-toxic antimicrobial agents. Keywords: Acute Toxicity; antimicrobial; HPLC-DAD; polyphenols; Salvia

Unveiling the phytochemical profile, antioxidant and antibacterial activities, acute toxicity insight and analgesic effect of Retama dasycarpa stems: An unexplored endemic plant from Morocco

Retama dasycarpa is an endemic shrubby leguminous plant of Morocco used in traditional folk medicine. The plant has never been studied for either its phytochemical or pharmacological properties. This study represents the first investigation of the phytochemical profile as well as the antioxidant, the antibacterial, the analgesic effects and the oral acute toxicity of Retama dasycarpa. Watery and hydromethanolic stems plant macerates have been investigated. Secondary metabolites quantitative analysis was achieved through spectrophotometric techniques. Antioxidant effect was explored through DPPH, ABTS and FRAP trials. Antibacterial activity was investigated using a micro-plates dilution assay. Analgesic activity was explored through acetic acid-induced writhing and tail-flick methods. Acute oral toxicity was investigated on mice. Phytochemical analysis was achieved through UHPLC connected to diode array and mass spectrometry detectors.The obtained results showed significant contents in total phenolics, flavonoids and tannins in both extracts especially the hydromethanolic extract whose contents were slighlty higher than the aqueous one resulting in a remarkable antioxidant activity. Compared to the aqueous extract, the H2O:MeOH (1:1) one showed notable antibacterial activity against the tested strains. The acute toxicity in mice revealed the non-toxicity of the extracts along with a promised starting material of central and peripheral analgesics. The UHPLC analysis revealed the presence of several bioactive phytochemicals pertaining to phenolic acids, flavonols, flavones and isoflavones.The obtained results demonstrate the richness of this endemic and unexplored plant in terms of bioactive compounds and their associated activities, making it a promising source of pharmacological ingredients.

Airways Relaxant and Antiasthmatic Activity of Aconitum heterophyllum Wall ex Royle. Roots: A Mechanistic Insight.

Aconitum heterophyllum Wall ex Royle. (Ranunculaceae) is a traditional medicinal herb that has shown extensive pharmacological potential to treat cough, diarrhea, and infectious diseases but no scientific evidence is available to validate its antiasthmatic potential. In this study, we have investigated the tracheal relaxation and antiasthmatic activity of the selected bioactive fraction of A. heterophyllum. Chemical profiling of the most effective fraction obtained via bioassay-guided fractionation was done using LC-MS (Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, a technique utilized in the identification, separation, and quantification of known and unknown compounds). Molecular docking analysis of characterized constituents was performed to recognize the binding receptors, followed by an evaluation of the tracheal relaxation ability of active fraction. An acute oral toxicity study of the most effective fraction was done using OECD guidelines 423. Further, the therapeutic efficacy of the fraction was validated in asthma using a guinea pig model of ovalbumin (OVA) induced allergic asthma. The bio-guided activity revealed that hydro-methanolic extract of A. heterophyllum roots (F-1) was the most active fraction. LC-MS analysis of F-1 showed the presence of six major bioactive compounds in F-1. Molecular docking studies revealed strong binding affinities of identified constituents with histaminic receptor (H1) and muscarinic receptor (M3). The ex vivo study demonstrated smooth muscle relaxant activity of F-1 via dysregulating diverse signal transduction pathways viz. histaminic and muscarinic receptors antagonism (non-competitive), stimulation of β2-adrenergic receptor pathway, and soluble guanylyl cyclase activation. The findings of acute oral toxicity studies revealed that F-1 had no toxicity up to the dose of 2000 mg/Kg. The anti-asthmatic therapeutic efficacy of F-1 was further confirmed by the amelioration of respiratory hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic guinea pigs. This is the first evidence-based study showing the antiasthmatic therapeutic potential of the traditionally used herb A. heterophyllum through, computational and animal studies.

In-depth phytochemical profiling of Roscoea purpurea (Kakoli): Comparative UHPLC-MS/QToF and GC-MS/MS analysis of supercritical CO2 fluid - and conventional solvent - based extractive processes

The remarkable biodiversity of medicinal plants worldwide highlights their significance in traditional and alternative medicine. Astavarga, a group of eight medicinal herbs from the Himalayan region of India, including Roscoea purpurea (commonly known as Kakoli), is esteemed in Ayurveda for its health-promoting and rejuvenating properties. In this comprehensive study, we aimed to develop and optimise robust UHPLC-MS/QToF (Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with quadrupole time of flight) and GC-MS/MS (Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) methods to identify the phytochemicals in R. purpurea root hydromethanolic extract and essential oil. We also conducted a comparative assessment of supercritical fluid extraction and conventional solvent extraction methods for the first time in R. purpurea root, highlighting their relevance to the medicinal field. Using the UHPLC/MS-QToF method, we identified a total of fifty-six phytometabolites, while sixteen volatile constituents were discerned within the essential oil of R. purpurea by GC-MS/MS method. Among the volatile constituents, β-eudesmol (40.84 %), guaiac acetate (10.55 %), and γ-eudesmol (10.31 %) were emerged as the principal components. Our findings were further compared with the volatile constituents extracted via supercritical fluid extraction and conventional solvent extraction methods. Notably, our research unveiled the presence of a carotenoid metabolite, 15-methyl retinol, for the first time. Furthermore, our fatty acid analysis of the supercritical fluid extract revealed elevated levels of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly oleic and linoleic acids. The methods were validated in terms of system specificity also. The discovery of these well-recognised therapeutically active components in R. purpurea significantly enhances its potential, highlighting its unique profile among medicinal plants in the Himalayan region and its suitability for traditional Ayurveda.

Comprehensive phytochemical profiling of Phyllanthus emblica L. flowers on UHPLC/MS quadrupole time of flight, HPTLC, HPLC, and NMR analytical platforms reveals functional metabolites with potent anti-inflammatory effects in human (THP-1) macrophages.

Phyllanthus emblica L., renowned for its pharmacological benefits found in its fruits and leaves, has received considerable attention. However, there is a notable lack of research on its flowers, specifically on metabolite profiling and pharmacological activity. The present study aims to delineate the phytochemical constituents of hydromethanolic extract of P.emblica flowers by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QToF-MS), high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic methods and subsequent evaluation of its anti-inflammatory potential. The identification and characterization of phytochemicals in P.emblica flowers was performed by UHPLC/MS-QToF in both positive and negative ionization modes. Additionally, marker compounds present in flower extract were analyzed using HPTLC, HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR methods. The anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated THP-1 macrophages by evaluating inflammatory biomarkers. UHPLC/MS-QToF analysis facilitated the identification of 51 compounds from P.emblica flowers including gallic acid derivatives, flavonoid glycosides, and tannins based on their fragmentation patterns and previous literature reports. Notably, the study also identified spermidine compounds for the first time in this species. Optimization of HPTLC and HPLC methods marked the presence of corilagin as major compound followed by FT-IR and NMR spectral methods. Moreover, treatment with hydromethanolic extract of P.emblica flowers resulted in decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, alongside modulation of nuclear factor-κB activity in lipopolysaccharide-induced THP-1 macrophages. Chromatographic techniques in conjunction with spectral methods found robust prevalence in the identification of signature phytometabolites present in P. emblica flowers, which sets the basis for its anti-inflammatory potentials. The studies established a foundation for further exploration of potential applications of P. emblica flowers across various domains.

Characterization of Phenolic Profile and Biological Properties of Astragalus membranaceus Fisch. ex Bunge Commercial Samples.

Astragalus membranaceus Fisch. ex Bunge (syn. Astragalus mongholicus Bunge) is one of the notable medicinal and food plants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to calculate the phenolic composition and antioxidant, antimicrobial, as well as enzyme inhibitory [acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and tyrosinase (TYR)] activities with chemometric approaches of the hydromethanolic and water extracts of commercial A. membranaceus samples. Ten individual phenolic compounds were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and only quercetin was found at a level of above 80 µg/g DW in both extracts. Moreover, the highest antioxidant activity in DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, and CUPRAC assays was found in the sample containing the roots in loose form from USA. A. membranaceus extracts displayed the inhibition zone diameters within the range from 10 to 22 mm antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, while there were no inhibition zones in any extracts in case of E. coli. The extracts of A. membranaceous showed an inhibition rate below 40% against TYR, and among tested extracts, only two samples were able to inhibit BChE with IC50 values of above 30 µg/mL. Correlation analysis showed a highly positive relationship between their phenolic composition and antioxidant activity. Concluding, the obtained results confirmed that A. membranaceus commercial samples could be an important dietary source of natural antioxidants.

Modulatory Effects of Morphine and Xylopia aethioica Extract on Kappa Opiod Receptors (KOR), Delta Opioid Receptor (DOR), Pain Hypersensitivity and Motor Functions in Wistar Rats

This study investigates the modulatory effects of morphine and Xylopia aethiopica extract on kappa opioid receptors (KOR), delta opioid receptors (DOR), pain hypersensitivity, and motor functions in Wistar rats. We utilized three experimental groups: a control group receiving distilled water, a morphine group receiving either low (5 mg/kg) or high (10 mg/kg) doses after inducing pain, Xylopia aethiopica group received either 25 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg of hydromethanolic extract following similar pain induction. Pain perception was quantified using the tail flick test and Analgesy-Meter while motor functions were assessed through the Rotarod and Climbing/Beam Walk tests. Additionally, molecular docking studies were performed on selected compounds from Xylopia aethiopica to determine their binding affinities to opioid receptors using Vina. Results demonstrated that morphine and Xylopia aethiopica significantly increased tail flick response times, indicating notable analgesic effects, while improving motor functions particularly in animals treated with higher doses of Xylopia aethiopica. Molecular analysis revealed potential interactions between bioactive compounds and opioid receptors, suggesting further therapeutic applications. These findings highlight the potential of Xylopia aethiopica as a natural analgesic and its implications in managing pain and associated motor deficits, the findings further revealed that Morphine and not Xylopia aethiopica is implicated in pain hypersensitivity after long term exposure. Further research should pay attention on improving the pharmacological profiles of the identified compounds for clinical use.

Modulation of BDNF Expression by Bryophyllum pinnatum Extract: Implications for Oxidative Stress and Cognitive Function in Pain-induced Wistar Rats

This research work investigated modulatory effects of Bryophylum pinnatum extract on BDNF expression, and cognitive functions in repetitive pain-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. Animals weighing between 80–100g were acquired from the animal house of the Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, and all animals received standard laboratory rat feeds and water ad libitum. The study was designed to assess the time dependent effects with a total of 30 rats divided into 6 groups. Group 1(Control), Group 2 (Pain Only), Group 3 (Pain + 5mg/kg Morphine), Group 4 (Pain + 10mg/kg Morphine), Group (Pain + 25mg/kg Bryophylumm Pinnatum), Group 6 (Pain + 50mg/kg Bryophylumm Pinnatum), Hydromethanolic extracts was prepared accordingly, and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis were carried out. Neurobehavioral studies were conducted weekly to assess the effects of the interventions on cognitive and neurological parameters, using radial maze and navigational maze test. Assay of BDNF was done using the Elisa method. The Results showed that Morphine and Bryophyllum pinnatum both significantly improved BDNF expression, showed antioxidant effects, improved cognitive functions, and provided possible mechanisms of pain relief. Pharmacokinetic studies on the binding affinities and drug-likeness properties of the active compounds from these extracts revealed some favorable properties with regard to management of oxidative stress and promotion of cognitive function in states of pain. The study therefore provide indication of the therapeutic potential of Bryophyllum pinnatum in the effective management of Pain, oxidative stress and cognitive functions.

Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Alzheimer, And α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Effect Of Algerian Peganum harmala Seeds Extract.

Peganum harmala seeds crude hydro-methanolic extract and their fractions (obtained with ethyl acetate and butan-1-ol) were analyzed and compared for their chemical profiles of alkaloids and polyphenols content. Moreover, their antioxidant, a-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities were evaluated. The butan-1-ol fraction revealed the highest total phenolic content and exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity. From the inhibitory enzyme evaluations, it should be highlighted the butan-1-ol fraction inhibitory potential of ɑ-glucosidase (the IC50= 141.18±4μg/mL), which was better than the acarbose inhibitory effect (IC50= 203.41±1.07 μg/mL). The extracts' chemical profile analysis revealed several compounds, in which quercetin dimethyl ether, harmine and harmaline emerged as the major compounds. The different solvents used impacted Peganum harmala seed contents and biological responses. Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between bioactive compounds and biological activities. Thus, Peganum harmala seeds could be a promising natural source of bioactive compounds at the crossroads of many human diseases, and its cultivation may be encouraged.

Exploring the phytochemical profile and antioxidant evaluation: Molecular docking and ADMET analysis of main compounds from three Solanum species in Saudi Arabia

Abstract This study aimed to comprehensively assess the phytochemical composition, employing gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analyses, molecular docking, ADMET analysis, and antioxidant activity evaluation, of three Solanum species (Solanum forsskalii [SF], Solanum villosum [SV], and Solanum incanum [SI]) from the diverse flora of Saudi Arabia. Two solvents, hydro-methanolic (HME) and hydro-acetonic extract, were utilized for extraction, finding HME more efficient, especially for SV. GC–MS analysis identified diverse compounds, with palmitic acid, linoleic acid, methyl palmitate, cis-13-octadecenoic acid, and oleic acid as the main constituents. RP-HPLC quantified 12 phenolic compounds, identifying chlorogenic acid, rutin, and p-coumaric acid as abundant. Antioxidant assays showed HME extracts to be more effective in both diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl and ABTS assays, with SV exhibiting the strongest antioxidant effect, followed by SF and SI. Pearson correlation analysis indicated a positive correlation between phenolic content and antioxidant activity (r = 0.6067–0.8927). Molecular docking simulations demonstrated robust binding energies between predominant compounds and Cyt-c, underscoring their potential as effective antioxidants. ADMET analysis showcased varied profiles, suggesting promising pharmaceutical prospects. This study explores the phytochemical profiles of these Solanum species, emphasizing their strong antioxidant capacity as natural sources of phenolic compounds, advancing our understanding of their promising medicinal applicability.

Robust anti-tubercular profile of Solanum virginianum extract in enhancing isoniazid bioavailability and curtailing stress tolerance in Mycobacterium smegmatis.

The formidable survival mechanisms employed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), combined with the low bioavailability of anti-tubercular drugs and their associated hepatotoxicity, worsen tuberculosis management. Traditional medicinal plants offer potential solutions to these challenges. This study focuses on exploring the anti-tubercular potential of Solanum virginianum against Mycobacterium smegmatis, mc2155. HPTLC and UHPLC phytochemically characterized the hydro-methanolic extract of Solanum virginianum (SVE). SVE curtails the growth and viability of mc2155 under normal and in vitro stress conditions. The compromised cell wall integrity of mc2155 with SVE is depicted through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) while EtBr permeability assays and TLC-based comparative changes in lipids extraction addressed the integrity of the cell wall. Furthermore, SVE augmented the susceptibility of mc2155 towards Isoniazid (INH) through enhanced bioavailability. Adjunct treatment of SVE with INH demonstrated a markedly reduced survival of the intracellular bacilli. The study also uncovered the hepatoprotective potential of SVE in HepG2 cells. This research paves the way for deeper exploration into the potential of Solanum virginianum against virulent Mtb strains, emphasizing over the significance of traditional medicinal plants in tuberculosis treatment. Collectively, the findings suggest SVE as a potent candidate for independent or adjunct anti-tubercular therapy.