Hydraulic Model Research Articles

Spatio-temporal analysis of geomorphic recovery along an altered ephemeral stream using automated image processing

Ephemeral rivers in the Mediterranean region have been exposed to significant human disturbance over the last century. Recently, there has been a growing interest in restoring their morpho-sedimentary condition, backed by the European Water Framework Directive. Previous research has highlighted the severe geomorphic impacts of sediment extraction, such as reduced channel width and riverbed incision, but the recovery of these channels during annual flows remains poorly understood. This study presents a methodological framework to investigate geomorphologic recovery (signs of landform change) and constraints in the Rambla de Cervera (eastern Spain) from 2018 to 2021. Aerial imagery, LiDAR topography, and field surveys were used for stream segmentation, fluvial landform classification, temporal landform change, and comparison with flow characteristics from a 2D hydraulic model. The study identified three groups of segments with different channel types and recovery mechanisms. Upstream (G1), unconfined valley settings showed minor changes, indicating morphological stability. Middle segments in confined valleys (G2) showed greater alluvial channel recovery and vegetation encroachment in response to flood/no-flood periods. Downstream segments (G3), incised on cemented gravel, were highly responsive to floods but lacked landform stability due to high energy conditions. The findings suggest that channel recovery during annual floods is slow and occurs mainly downstream in degraded areas (G3). Increased sediment flux from upstream and additional sediment storage in new forms are required to recover these channels. This analysis underscores the challenge of interpreting short-term morpho-dynamic changes for long-term river recovery, but provides insight into the morpho-sedimentary conditions required to accelerate recovery of ephemeral streams.

General numerical method for hydraulic and thermal modelling of the steam superheaters

Two methods for modelling high-temperature tubular cross-current heat exchangers are presented. Superheated steam flows inside the tubes, and flue gas flows outside perpendicular to the axis of the tubes. The methods proposed are based on the conservation equations of momentum and energy. In both methods, the heat exchanger is divided into finite volumes. The fluid temperatures at the outlet of the finite volume are calculated using closed-form explicit formulas. This makes the computer calculation time for the entire superheater very short. The pressure distribution in the superheater is determined from the numerical solution of the momentum conservation equation. A power correlation was determined to calculate the limiting Reynolds number above which the friction factordepends only on the relative roughness of the tube surface. Convective and radiative heat transfer were taken into account in the calculation of the heat flow rate on the gas side. The results of the calculation of a two-pass co-current heat exchanger were compared to assess the accuracy of the two methods, finding that the two methods give very similar results. The strength of method I is that the steam and flue gas temperatures inside a given finite volume can be determined. A model of a two-pass live steam superheater in a supercritical pressure boiler is presented. The calculated average steam and flue gas temperatures downstream of the superheater show good agreement with the corresponding temperatures determined using the heat exchanger's effectiveness and the measured results.

A Pragmatic Approach for Chlorine Decay Modeling in Multiple-Source Water Distribution Networks Based on Trace Analysis

Providing water with adequate quality to users is one of the main concerns for water utilities. In most countries, this is ensured through the introduction of disinfectants, such as chlorine, which are subjected to decay over time, with consequent loss of disinfection action and the possible formation of harmful by-products. In this context, water quality models can be a useful tool to support management and, thus, ensure sufficient standards in all network points, but most of these models require the input of reaction parameters which could be difficult to obtain based on the information available to water utilities, especially in the case of complex water distribution networks (WDNs) supplied by more than one source. This study proposes a pragmatic, interval-number-based method to model chlorine decay in complex WDNs by relying on the use of the network hydraulic model and the results of trace analysis, which are exploited to obtain overall reaction rates. The method is applied to the case of a real WDN supplied by water sources with different qualitative features. The results obtained highlight that the method can help water utilities in the identification of overall water quality parameters.

Integrating Ensemble Weather Predictions in a Hydrologic-Hydraulic Modelling System for Fine-Resolution Flood Forecasting: The Case of Skala Bridge at Evrotas River, Greece

Ensemble weather forecasting involves the integration of multiple simulations to improve the accuracy of predictions by introducing a probabilistic approach. It is difficult to accurately predict heavy rainfall events that cause flash floods and, thus, ensemble forecasting could be useful to reduce uncertainty in the forecast, thus improving emergency response. In this framework, this study presents the efforts to develop and assess a flash flood forecasting system that combines meteorological, hydrological, and hydraulic modeling, adopting an ensemble approach. The integration of ensemble weather forecasting and, subsequently, ensemble hydrological-hydraulic modeling can improve the accuracy of flash flood predictions, providing useful probabilistic information. The flash flood that occurred on 26 January 2023 in the Evrotas river basin (Greece) is used as a case study. The meteorological model, using 33 different initial and boundary condition datasets, simulated heavy rainfall, the hydrological model, using weather inputs, simulated discharge, and the hydraulic model, using discharge data, estimated water level at a bridge. The results show that the ensemble modeling system results in timely forecasts, while also providing valuable flooding probability information for 1 to 5 days prior, thus facilitating bridge flood warning. The continued refinement of such ensemble multi-model systems will further enhance the effectiveness of flash flood predictions and ultimately save lives and property.

Hydraulic Modelling for Leakage Reduction in Water Distribution Systems Through Pressure Control

Background Leakage in a water distribution network makes up a significant amount of loss. In certain countries, this loss represents 40% to 50% of the supplied water, whereas the global average for most systems is estimated at around 30%. Furthermore, water demand is increasing as a result of population growth, while resources are dwindling. Methodology This study used hydraulic modelling for leakage reduction through pressure control. For this purpose, a hydraulic model was created using the software EPANET for a selected water distribution network in a district-metered zone in Jeddah. The model was calibrated and validated for the district-metered zone using data obtained by SCADA. Pressure management using a pressure-reduction valve was then implemented to control the amount of leakage in water distribution systems. Results The preliminary findings show that pressure optimization was required as there were nodes within the network that had excessive pressure. Application of pressure management to the district metered zone showed that the reduction in water pressure from 5 bar to 2 bar resulted in an immediate reduction in water losses. The leakage volume through the district-metered area at the time of maximum pressure dropped by 10% after pressure reduction. Simultaneously, the minimum required pressure was upheld at each demand node, preventing any lack of pressure in the water distribution system. Conclusion The results indicated that pressure control should be integrated with hydraulic modelling for effective leakage reduction. This research could help water-supply companies as a support tool for planning and managing leakage in water distribution systems.

ERT data assimilation to characterize aquifer hydraulic conductivity heterogeneity through a heat‐tracing experiment

AbstractGeothermal energy systems, such as heat pumps relying on aquifers, use renewable sources of energy that are accessible in urban areas. It is necessary to characterize the subsurface hydraulic properties prior to the installation of such systems. In this context, a heat‐tracing experiment is a typical field test that can help with the characterization of the subsurface. During a heat‐tracing experiment, monitoring with downhole temperature sensors, water‐level pressure transducers and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) can be used to help characterize the hydrogeological properties. Previous monitoring tools have shortcomings, such as low‐resolution data and over‐smoothing; thus, they fail to reproduce the heterogeneity of hydrogeological properties. Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is a promising tool that can overcome the over‐smoothing problem to replicate the hydrogeological property heterogeneity. In this work, we proposed a new procedure to assimilate time‐lapse cross‐borehole ERT data into a numerical model of groundwater flow and heat transfer, where the groundwater is extracted and heated water is reinjected into an unconfined sandy‐gravel aquifer. The finite element model (FEFLOW 7.3) of groundwater flow and heat transfer is integrated with petrophysical relationship and electrical forward modelling (ResIPy) to estimate cross‐borehole ERT measurements. Then, the estimated apparent resistivity is assimilated to update the hydraulic conductivity model using EnKF. The results of the application of the proposed approach to an experimental site located in Quebec City (Canada) demonstrate that the heterogeneity of K is correctly reproduced as the updated K model is reasonably consistent with the lithological log. In addition, the proposed approach was able to replicate the cross‐borehole ERT field and temperature measurements. The comparison between prior and posterior distribution of K with slug test results shows that the EnKF made the final (assimilated) distribution of K move towards K values inferred with slug tests.

A comprehensive review of numerical simulation methods for hydraulic fracturing

AbstractHydraulic fracturing unlocks previously inaccessible hydrocarbons in unconventional reservoirs by creating artificial pathways in the unconventional reservoir. Numerical simulation expands the scope of hydraulic fracturing design for various reservoir conditions. This review paper explores the synergy between numerical simulation and hydraulic fracturing modeling, focusing on critical elements like geomechanical behavior, geological conditions, and fluid dynamics. Analytical models in hydraulic fracturing design are discussed to underscore their foundational importance. The assumption of constant fracture height limits the application of Perkins–Kern–Nordgren model (PKN) and Kristianovich‐Geertsma‐de Klerk model (KGD). Radial models assume 3D flow but lack reliability in nonradial settings, and the Pseudo 3D model (P3D) shares PKN's assumptions with variable fracture height, sacrificing some details for efficiency. Planar 3D model (PL3D) enhances accuracy by discarding PKN's elastic response assumption but requires extended computation. Unconventional fracture model is effective for complex scenarios but relies on DFN modeling parameters for accuracy. The choice of numerical simulation method in hydraulic fracturing depends on the specific aspect studied, each with its strengths and limitations. For instance, boundary element methods are efficient for exterior problems, finite element modeling suits 3D nonplanar fractures, and the extended finite element method excels in hydraulic and natural fracture interactions. Peridynamics shows potential but needs further development for cost‐effectiveness. PFC and UDEC/3DEC‐based simulations can explore microscopic mechanisms. Combining these methods with other approaches provides a comprehensive study of realistic reservoir conditions. This review guides the selection of a suitable numerical simulation methodology based on the study's scope.

Social distancing, water demand changes, and quality of drinking water during the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic changed daily routines for people around the globe due to the adoption of social distancing measures, such as working from home and restricted travel. Changes in daily routines created new water demand patterns, and the spatial redistribution of water demands in urban water distribution systems affected water quality. A range of factors can influence individual decisions to social distance, including demographics, risk perceptions, and prior experience with infectious disease. This research develops an agent-based modeling framework to simulate decisions to social distance, the effect of social distancing on water demands, and effects on the performance of water infrastructure and the quality of delivered drinking water. This framework couples a hydraulic model, a COVID-19 transmission model, and Bayesian belief network (BBN) driven decision-making models within an agent-based modeling framework. The model is applied for a virtual city, Micropolis, to explore the effects of social distancing decisions on water age. Results demonstrate an increase in average water age and changes to the expected flow directions in pipes under scenarios of increasing social distancing. Nodes near industrial areas experience higher degradation of water quality. This research provides a new framework to develop and evaluate water infrastructure management strategies during pandemics.

Model studies for desilting basin for Teesta-VI H.E. project, Sikkim – a case study

Desilting basins play an important role in run-of-river hydro power projects on Himalayan Rivers. These rivers carry huge amount of sediment with them, due to steep slopes and fragile geology of the region. The suspended sediment enters through the power intake and ultimately the power house. This causes heavy damage to the turbines and other under water parts. Therefore, desilting basins are provided to eliminate suspended sediment from the water conductor system. The design of desilting basin is verified on a physical model for 90% removal of suspended sediment coarser than 0.2 or 0.3 mm and efficacy of flushing tunnel below in transporting the settled sediment. Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune has conducted physical model studies for desilting basin for various hydro power projects in India and neighbouring countries. One such study, Hydraulic model studies for desilting basin for 500 MW Teesta-VI Hydro Electric Project, Sikkim is presented in this paper. Various design parameters such as length of desilting basin, length and bed slope of inlet transition, outlet transition, size of silt flushing tunnel, size and spacing of openings connecting main basin with silt flushing tunnel etc. were tested during the model studies. The results in terms of settling efficiency for 0.3 mm size particles were obtained.

A Coupled Rock-Pipe Hydraulic Model for Predicting Groundwater Pressure on Tunnel Linings with Embedded Drainage Networks

A Coupled Rock-Pipe Hydraulic Model for Predicting Groundwater Pressure on Tunnel Linings with Embedded Drainage Networks

A New Open Channel Flow Correction Method Based on Different Boundary Combinations in Hydraulic Modeling

In open-channel water transfer projects, hydrodynamic modeling has been one of the tools commonly used by the scheduling staff to perceive the changes in the water condition of the channel. The reliability of the flow monitoring data has not been guaranteed due to restrictions in the flow monitoring method. Flow monitoring errors directly reduce the accuracy of hydrodynamic modeling calculations, making it impossible to accurately grasp the real-time changes in the internal water conditions of the channel. In this paper, by utilizing the characteristics of the hydrodynamic model itself, which can be solved discretely with multiple boundary conditions, the method of correcting the boundary anomaly data is proposed by changing the combination of hydrodynamic boundaries. This solves the problem of the inaccuracy of hydrodynamic model calculations due to errors in the monitoring data and improves the accuracy of the hydrodynamic model calculations. In the actual operation process, it is found that the method proposed in this paper solves the problem of hydrodynamic model misalignment caused by flow observation errors by correcting the flow during the flow adjustment period, which greatly improves the calculation accuracy of the hydrodynamic model. Secondly, for a stable flow period, the method proposed in this paper can quickly capture and correct the local monitoring of abnormal data and improve the overall hydrodynamic simulation accuracy.

Suitability of the height above nearest drainage (HAND) model for flood inundation mapping in data-scarce regions: a comparative analysis with hydrodynamic models

AbstractUnprecedented floods from extreme rainfall events worldwide emphasize the need for flood inundation mapping for floodplain management and risk reduction. Access to flood inundation maps and risk evaluation tools remains challenging in most parts of the world, particularly in rural regions, leading to decreased flood resilience. The use of hydraulic and hydrodynamic models in rural areas has been hindered by excessive data and computational requirements. In this study, we mapped the flood inundation in Huron Creek watershed, Michigan, USA for an extreme rainfall event (1000-year return period) that occurred in 2018 (Father’s Day Flood) using the Height Above Nearest Drainage (HAND) model and a synthetic rating curve developed from LIDAR DEM. We compared the flood inundation extent and depth modeled by the HAND with flood inundation characteristics predicted by two hydrodynamic models, viz., HEC-RAS 2D and SMS-SRH 2D. The flood discharge of the event was simulated using the HEC-HMS hydrologic model. Results suggest that, in different channel segments, the HAND model produces different degrees of concurrence in both flood inundation extent and depth when compared to the hydrodynamic models. The differences in flood inundation characteristics produced by the HAND model are primarily due to the uncertainties associated with optimal parameter estimation of the synthetic rating curve. Analyzing the differences between the HAND and hydrodynamic models also highlights the significance of terrain characteristics in model predictions. Based on the comparable predictive capability of the HAND model to map flood inundation areas during extreme rainfall events, we demonstrate the suitability of the HAND-based approach for mitigating flood risk in data-scarce, rural regions.

Model predictive control of a Lab-Scale thermal energy storage system in RELAP5-3D

Increased renewable energy penetration of an electrical grid generally creates more supply fluctuations. Traditional base-load systems, such as nuclear power, can be retrofitted with thermal energy storage (TES) systems to meet supply demand fluctuations. These systems can store energy during low electricity demand times to allow the reactor to operate at constant power while simultaneously fluctuating electricity output. The control of these systems is of vital importance and Model Predictive Control (MPC) is a leading control mechanism for optimized production plans with forecast information. This study combines high fidelity RELAP5-3D models with MPC to control an experimental benchtop system that approximates expected nuclear power thermal-hydraulics. RELAP5-3D is a high-fidelity code utilized for thermal–hydraulic phenomenon simulations for nuclear applications. The United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has supported the use of this code for licensing purposes. The NRC requires in depth testing before nuclear plants can be built or changed. The use of MPC with RELAP5-3D is used here to demonstrate the potential of a lab-scale TES coupled with a high-fidelity thermal–hydraulic model for use in the NRC licensing process.

Efficient hydraulic and thermal simulation model of the multi-phase natural gas production system with variable speed compressors

The natural gas production system is a very complex system, involving pipelines, compressors and valves with different structures and calculation parameters. It can be divided into two different parts: gas production and collection pipe networks. Fluid flow in the gas production pipe network is multi-phase flow. Fluid flow in the gas collection pipe network is single-phase flow. It is imperative to consider gas production and collection pipe networks in conjunction to ensure accurate operation simulation. The complexity of the network structures and flow statuses can cause computational instability or even divergence problems in simulations when coupling these two types of pipe networks. To address this issue, an automatic and practical node numbering method is proposed for the large-scale pipe network, which can ensure the full rank of the solution matrix and computational stability. On the other hand, due to the need for frequent adjustments of the pipe networks to satisfy the production demand, computational boundary treatments of constant inlet/outlet pressure, constant flow rate or constant pressure ratio for the compressor stations are not suitable. To address this issue, the characteristic curves of compressors are coupled into the simulation of pipe networks to represent the variable-speed centrifugal and reciprocating compressors.The accuracy and robustness of the proposed models and numerical methods are validated through comparisons with software results and field data. The simulation time is only within 0.5 s for the natural gas production system with 210 nodes and 176 pipelines. Our model has relative deviations within 3% in both pressure and flow rate compared to field data and within 10% compared to software.

Investigating Flood Characteristics and Mitigation Measures in Plain-Type River-Connected Lakes: A Case Study of Poyang Lake

The flow of plain-type river-connected lakes is affected by both upstream and downstream rivers, and the hydrological conditions are very complex. Poyang Lake, situated in Jiangxi Province, is the largest river-connected lake in the Yangtze River Basin. Its unique geographical features and complex hydrological conditions have made it a heavy disaster area and a frequent area of floods since ancient times. As typical mitigation measures of Poyang Lake, semi-restoration polder areas and flood storage and detention areas play a crucial role in the flood control of Poyang Lake. Taking Poyang Lake as an example, this article studies the flood characteristics of Poyang Lake based on the measured hydrological data. Furthermore, by using the weir (gate) outflow formula to construct the hydraulic model of semi-restoration polder areas and DHI MIKE to construct the hydrodynamic model of Kangshan flood storage and detention area, the flood diversion capacity of the two, and the flood diversion effect under the super-historical flood in 2020 are analyzed. The results show that compared with the non-use of mitigation measures, the maximum cumulative reduction in Xingzi water level can be reduced by 0.68 m and 0.48 m when semi-restoration polder areas and Kangshan flood storage and detention areas are used alone. Finally, the article puts forward some thoughts and suggestions on the flood control of Poyang Lake. The research results can offer some reference to the flood risk management of plain-type river-connected lakes.

Investigation on failure behavior and hydraulic fracturing mechanism of Longmaxi shale with different bedding properties

Research on the failure behavior and hydraulic fracturing mechanism of Longmaxi shale is vital for deep shale gas exploitation. The anisotropic properties of shale, especially bedding properties, significantly affect its cracking behavior. In this study, by embedding the smooth joint model (SJM) into the parallel bond model (PBM) in two-dimensional particle flow code (PFC2D), uniaxial compression and fluid–solid coupling hydraulic fracturing models with different bedding properties were quantitatively established, and the effects of bedding properties on the failure behavior and hydraulic fracturing mechanism of Longmaxi shale were investigated. The results demonstrated that bedding properties significantly affect the failure pattern, strength response and hydraulic fracture propagation of shale. Shale failure is controlled by bedding inclination, bedding strength, and maximum principal stress, which mainly depends on their competition mechanism. In addition, it is found that the secondary induced fractures associated with primary through-bedding fractures tend to have larger fracture networks compared with those associated with primary along-bedding fractures.

Comprehensive wheel cylinder pressure estimation based on systematic hydraulic control unit model

Wheel cylinder pressure (WCP) is a crucial state for vehicles, directly influencing safety, comfort, and fuel economy. Serving as the foundation for sensor-less control and sensor redundancy, WCP estimation is a promising work for brake-by-wire systems (BBW). Nevertheless, WCP estimation is a challenging problem due to the nonlinear characteristics and intricate coupling within the hydraulic control unit (HCU). To enhance the performance of BBW, this paper proposes a comprehensive WCP estimation scheme based on the systematic HCU model. Component models including direct current (DC) motor pump and normally open valve (NOV) are established first. Considering the pulsation of the plunger pump, a modified nonlinear observer (MNO) is used to observe the angular speed of the DC motor. Inspired by the critical state, the linear pressure-drop relationship of NOV is analyzed and the NOV is simplified as a relief valve model expressed by algebraic equations. Dividing the HCU into the pump front part, pump rear part, and cylinder part, the systematic HCU model is then established, based on which, the comprehensive cause-based WCP estimation scheme is proposed. Next, simulations utilizing Amesim validate the angular speed estimator, while bench experiments prove the NOV model. Finally, vehicle tests under active and passive pressure regulating conditions are conducted. The results indicate the proposed scheme exhibits satisfactory performance while preserving computational efficiency.

Comparison of Xylem Anatomy and Hydraulic Properties in Black Locust Trees at Two Growth Stages in Semiarid China

Tree species transitioning between different developmental phases requires homeostatic adjustments in order to maintain the integrity of the tree hydraulic system. Hence, adjustments related to hydraulic traits (e.g., xylem conduit diameter) are of key functional significance. However, critical information on the differences between different developmental stages is rare. Using sapwood samples from 36 black locust trees with different growth stages (actively growing and declining stages) and a soil water gradient along a hillslope, xylem conduits at stem apexes and breast height (1.3 m above ground) stems were measured. The results showed marked differences in vascular traits between actively growing and declining trees. In contrast to actively growing trees, declining trees exhibited a reduction in conduit diameters accompanied by increased frequency with a positively skewed distribution and a subsequent decline in cumulative theoretical hydraulic conductivity. Across all sampled trees, the hydraulically weighted mean conduit diameter tapered acropetally from breast height to the stem apex. The extent of conduit tapering in actively growing trees (0.244, 95% CI 0.201–0.287) aligned with predictions from the hydraulic optimality model. Conversely, trees in a declining status displayed significantly reduced conduit tapering (0.175, 95% CI 0.146–0.198), indicating an elevation in hydraulic resistance with increasing tree height. Variations in hydraulic properties predominantly resulted from differences in tree height rather than variations in stem diameter or soil water content. The correlation between conduit diameter and soil water content in both actively growing and declining trees stemmed indirectly from variations in tree height rather than presenting a direct response to drought stress.

Exploring the Impact of Future Land Uses on Flood Risks and Ecosystem Services, With Limited Data: Coupling a Cellular Automata Markov (CAM) Model, With Hydraulic and Spatial Valuation Models

Land use changes can majorly affect many parameters that are directly or indirectly interlinked to various human-environmental systems, including hydrological processes and flood risks. The knowledge of future land cover changes is crucial for better managing human-environmental interactions and addressing potential environmental challenges, such as floods. In this work, the impact of future land cover changes in flood inundation is assessed, using a case study in northeast Indiana, US. A Cellular Automata Markov (CAM) model is applied, combining Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Python, to predict land changes and provide future land cover maps, along with statistical validation measures. The land use map outputs are then used in a HEC-RAS hydraulic model, to test the different flooding impacts under a design storm, using the rain-on-grid routine. The results indicate that even slightly more urbanized and deforested areas can increase the potential flood extent. Furthermore, the impacts of these forecasted land cover changes are quantified in monetary terms, based on a spatial Ecosystem Services Valuation (ESV) model. The findings indicate that as certain land uses (mainly wetlands, followed by forests) give their place to build-up areas, barren land, or even agricultural lands, the ‘lost’ value due can reach 1.5 million USD in 2051. The novelty of this study lies in int integrated character, combining for the first time to our knowledge land cover forecast with hydrologic-hydraulic modelling and spatial ESV, showing thus the future changes, risks, and potential economic losses, respectively. This application uses the minimum necessary input data to perform the analyses, and all data and codes are publicly available, contributing thus to the transferability and reproducibility of the approach.

Integrated sand management: modeling of sand erosion in a mature oil field in Malaysia

Sand production can lead to various problems, including erosion in production flow lines that may lead to total production loss for extended periods and costly workover operations. The extent of erosive damage is determined by many factors, among which the flow and sand rates are the most significant. Three main issues must be addressed to ensure an efficient production operation: Sand erosion estimation, Sand monitoring (settling and deposition), and maintaining optimum production rates. If sand production exceeds certain levels, i.e., allowable sand rate, the erosion in the production network becomes problematic. Sand production has been problematic in some wells in Reservoir X. Core, and historical production data was used to build a comprehensive model using Schlumberger PIPESIM™ hydraulic modelling. The software allows for detailed modelling of the production network by which erosion rate, erosion hotspots, and deposition of the produced sand can be quantitatively analyzed. Considering an allowable erosion rate of 0.3 mm/year, the model outcomes indicate that sand erosion is critical in wells J-1, J-2, and L-2. The next step was identifying the hotspots where the produced sand is deposited in the abovementioned wells. The modelling results indicated that sand deposition is primarily severe in the teeline between the platforms. Moreover, the gas-oil ratio was identified as the most influential factor in the sand deposition. Lastly, a sensitivity analysis was conducted on the allowable flow rates and maximum (technical) allowable sand production and erosion rates to find optimum production rates from reservoir X.