Hydraulic Conductivity Measurements Research Articles

Diagnosis of Soil Salinity in the Low-Chellif Plain, North-West Algeria, By Joint Measurements Of Electrical And Hydraulic Conductivities

Diagnosis of Soil Salinity in the Low-Chellif Plain, North-West Algeria, By Joint Measurements Of Electrical And Hydraulic Conductivities

Hydropedological Characterization of a Coal Mining Waste Deposition Area Affected by Self-Burning

Coal mining often produces severe environmental effects, including impacts on the soil system and, specifically, on hydropedological conditions that control the leaching of significant ions and Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs). The research objective is to assess changes in the hydropedological conditions in an area with a coal mining waste pile that underwent self-burning. An integrative approach was implemented, starting with the definition of hydropedological zoning based on field observations of soil formation factors (namely, parent material, relief, biological activity, anthropic influence, and time). The soil profile in each hydropedological zone was characterized regarding morphological features. The upper mineral horizons were sampled and characterized in terms of mineralogy and PTE geochemistry. Field measurements of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, soil water content, and hydrophobicity were performed. Afterwards, the hydrogeochemistry of leachates was determined, and the soil leaching potential was evaluated. The research outcomes express substantial differences regarding the hydropedological zones: development of different soil profiles, diverse mineralogy and PTE geochemistry, higher unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and leaching of major ions, and PTEs in soils affected by coal mining activities. Finally, a Principal Component Analysis confirmed the existence of significant contrasts according to hydropedological zoning.

The use of in situ Gamma-Ray Spectrometry to Assess the Environmental Impacts of Intensive Agriculture in terms of Geochemical Mobility in soil and waters

The concentration and mobility of metals in the lithosphere and hydrosphere are led by many physical-chemical parameters and processes from natural and anthropogenic origins, the last one resulting in impacts over many ecosystems around the World, including wetlands. These transitional zones, often characterized by the presence of hydric soils, adapted vegetation, and seasonal or permanent presence of surface water, are commonly under human pressure in terms of land use conversion and contamination, notably in agricultural production areas, where excess of nutrients/organic matter, pesticides, salts, sediments, heavy metals and radionuclides (originated from inorganic fertilizers) can substantially alter the ecological balance of those ecosystems. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the agricultural impact over a tropical geographically isolated wetland in the Brazilian Cerrado by the analysis of geochemical mobility and interaction between surface and groundwater through in situ gamma-ray spectrometry and hydraulic conductivity measurements. The results demonstrated that the margins of this diabase-derived soil wetland are one of the most important and critical compartments due to its capacity of metal immobilization and surface water infiltration, indicated especially by uranium concentrations. Thorium, in turn, was most related to colluvial transport from slopes to the center of wetland. It was also corroborated by low hydraulic conductivity zones as a result of soil compaction due to heavy agricultural machinery and increase in runoff fluxes. Thus, this methodology could be used as an initial fast screening method in wetlands under other climatic and geological/pedological contexts to evaluate the local hydrogeochemical dynamics and impacts of agricultura.

Overcoming inter-dataset discrepancies in the grain size distributions of fine-grained sediments by partial least squares regression: A case study of the Belgian Boom Formation

The grain size distribution is an important property of all clastic sediments: it determines their mechanical properties and is directly related to their mode of transport and origin. Therefore, the accurate measurement and comparability of grain size data are important. The former has been studied in detail in literature and has been demonstrated to be significantly instrument-dependent, while the latter has not been given the same attention. The current study examined in detail a large set of grain size data measured on a single clay formation, the Oligocene Boom Formation, from which the large influence of sample preparation on the grain size distribution can be inferred. Especially the use of sonication to disintegrate silt-sized aggregates was found to be of a particularly big influence on the measured distributions. As a way to still be able to valorize non-comparable datasets, a statistical conversion procedure was introduced based on partial least squares regression in a compositional data space. The converted distributions follow the stratigraphical trends in grain size expected in the Boom Formation, while also being well correlated to hydraulic conductivity measurements performed on Boom Clay samples of similar depths. This is a strong indication that the conversion was successful. In the future, this approach can be used as a tool to harmonize any combination of compositional datasets, not just limited to grain size data, allowing a valorization of the maximal amount of data.

Soil reuse effects on determination of saturated hydraulic conductivity of different loamy soils

AbstractLaboratory measurement of saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ks, of sieved and packed soil is important for many scientific purposes. A given soil mass can be used once or several times. Little is known of the dependence of the Ks data on the reuse of the same soil mass. For three loamy soils, this investigation tested reuse effects of exactly the same soil mass on determination of Ks with the simplified falling head technique. For a given soil, the Ks values of 15 repacked soil samples were determined by using the same soil for a total of eight times. The means of Ks, initially equal to 45–159 mm/h, depending on the soil, decreased by nearly two or three times with the reuse of the same material, and they settled on values of 23–59 mm/h by the end of the experiment. Low, stable and little variable (coefficients of variation ≤15%) Ks values were obtained after the soil was used three to five times although there was some sign that stabilization of Ks could also require more reuses. The soil became finer with more reuses and the textural characteristics of the undispersed soil explained a large amount of the mean Ks results (coefficient of determination between means of Ks and the mean weight diameter = 0.65–0.76, depending on the soil). Taking into account that the best procedure for determination of Ks of sieved and packed soil samples yields the lowest variability of the individual Ks data, the conclusion was that a soil pre‐treatment including several wetting and drying cycles should be realized to obtain a soil mass usable repeatedly. The history of the used soil mass should be reported in the investigations dealing with sieved and repacked soil samples.

A New Highly Parameterized Linear Inversion of Water Table Change and Groundwater Depletion Rate Tested With the High Plains Aquifer, U.S.A.

AbstractUnderstanding groundwater resource dynamics is limited by the sparsity of observations of water levels, pumping rates, and hydraulic properties relative to their spatiotemporal heterogeneity. To address some of this complexity, we proposed a new highly parameterized linear inverse method to quantify water table change and groundwater depletion rate in unconfined aquifers that does not require initial or boundary conditions. The method requires linearization, and we tested the performance of six proposed water table functions with three coordinate systems with synthetic models, finding that water table functions by the dimensionless method achieve the lowest errors. Our inverted water table changes and depletion rates remained stable and accurate with head measurement error of 5%. However, inversions became less accurate when head observations contained large temporal gaps. Next, we applied the inversion for water table changes and depletion rates in the Texas High Plains Aquifer (HPA) and the HPA during 2000–2015. To address sparse water levels and uncertain hydraulic conductivity measurements, two modifications were made to improve data constraints for inversion: (a) calculating winter‐time water levels for wells with >1 head observation by linear interpolation and (b) using hydraulic conductivity geostatistical realizations. The inverted water table change and depletion rate expected mean values and uncertainties were reasonable compared to the known pumping records of the Texas HPA. With relatively minor data curation, the new inverse method can quantify spatiotemporally continuous water table change, depletion rates, and their uncertainty for heterogeneous aquifers with temporally sparse and noisy water level observations.

Experimental study of hydraulic properties of the granite fracture under heating-cooling cycles

The fracture within the surrounding rock will suffer heating-cooling process for the high-level radioactive waste (HLW) geological repository after the disposal of the HLW, and the conductivity variation of fracture to the heating-cooling process is crucial for the long-term safety of the HLW repository. To study the response of hydraulic properties to temperature of granite fracture, the hydraulic conductivity measurement of granite fracture was carried out during heating-cooling cycles (25 °C-120 °C-25 °C) with different confining pressures (3 MPa, 5 MPa and 8 MPa). In addition, the variation of morphology, pore structure and mineral distribution of fractured granite were analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance and digital image processing technology. Results show that the hydraulic aperture continuously decreased with increasing temperature, then slightly recovered with the decrease of temperature during the first heating-cooling process. For the second heating-cooling process, the evolution of the hydraulic aperture with temperature is similar to the first heating-cooling cycle, while the variation magnitude was decreased significantly. The confining pressure affect the recovery ability of hydraulic aperture during the cooling process, the hydraulic aperture recover decreased with the increasing confining pressure. Combined effects of the confining pressure and thermal effect control the plastic deformation and fracture aperture of granite fracture. A formula considering the influence of temperature and confining pressure was developed to characterize the hydraulic aperture of granite fracture. In addition, variations in morphyology and mineral distribution were analyzed of granite fracture before and after the test. Result shows that the roughness of fracture surfaces decreased, and biotite and feldspar increased while quartz decreased after tests. Findings from the study could provide important reference for the HLW geological disposal engineering.

Analysis of Water Volume Required to Reach Steady Flow in the Constant Head Well Permeameter Method

The most common method for in situ measurement of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) of the vadose zone is the constant head well permeameter method. Our general objective is to provide an empirical method for determining volume of water required for measuring Ksat using this procedure. For one-dimensional infiltration, steady state reaches as time (t) → ∞. For three-dimensional water flow from a cylindrical hole under a constant depth of water, however, steady state reaches rather quickly when a saturated bulb forms around the hole. To reach a quasi-steady state for measuring Ksat, we assume an adequate volume of water is needed to form the saturated bulb around the hole and increase the water content outside of the saturated bulb within a bulb-shaped volume of soil, hereafter, referred to as wetted soil volume. We determined the dimensions of the saturated bulb using the Glover model that is used for calculating Ksat. We then used the values to determine the volume of the saturated and wetted bulbs around the hole. The volume of water needed to reach a quasi-steady state depends on the difference between the soil saturated and antecedent water content (Δθ). Based on our analysis, between 2 and 5 L of water is needed to measure Ksat when Δθ varies between 0.1 and 0.4 m3 m−3, respectively.

Dominant factors determining the hydraulic conductivity of sedimentary aquitards: A random forest approach

Aquitards are common hydrogeological features and their hydraulic conductivity is an important property for various groundwater management issues. Predicting their hydraulic conductivity proves challenging, given its dependence on numerous variables. In this study, the dominant factors for predicting aquitard hydraulic conductivity are identified. To this end, a random forest model is trained on a dataset consisting of more than 1000 hydraulic conductivity measurements of core-scale sediment samples from a wide range of stratigraphic units and depths in the Netherlands. The dataset contains textural properties, such as the grain size distribution and porosity, as well as structural data, such as location, sampling depth, stratigraphical unit, lithofacies, organic carbon content, carbonate content and groundwater chloride concentration. Results show that clay fraction, stratigraphic unit, depth, lithofacies and x-coordinate are the most important features for predicting the hydraulic conductivity. Here, x-coordinate is presumably a proxy for distance from marine influence. Using a more detailed grain size distribution or using derived parameters such as the grain size percentiles does not improve the model any further. Our findings indicate that structural properties play a significant role in predicting aquitard conductivity, as they serve as indicators of processes such as compaction and soft-sediment deformation. The model is furthermore an effective method to estimate hydraulic conductivity for sediment samples without conducting costly and time-consuming hydraulic conductivity measurements.

Influence of landscape position and climatic seasonality on soil water and gas conductivity properties in agricultural soils

Agricultural landscape management and climate seasonality can influence soil structure, hydraulic conductivity, and air permeability within the context of soil water and soil gas mobility. To investigate this, in situ and laboratory-based data were collected from three agricultural landscape positions within a watershed in eastern Ontario, Canada during a growing season. Macropore classification, water infiltration tests, and air permeability measurements were conducted in situ and standard soil characterizations were carried out on soil samples. Hydraulic conductivity of the soil matrix, based on grain size data, indicated that the highest values were consistently measured in the B horizon at each landscape setting. Macropores were found to be more abundant within uncultivated drainage ditch bank soils, compared to the adjacent cropped fields. Macropores in the ditch bank soils were exclusively consisted of circular biopores, while both circular and linear macropores were observed in the cultivated field soils. Air permeability, vertical hydraulic conductivity, and horizontal hydraulic conductivity were also greater in the uncultivated soils, relative to the cultivated soils. Field saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements offered evidence of anisotropy, likely due to the vertical nature of the macropore features. Macropore disposition and extent varied over the growing season, especially in the cultivated field soils where tillage and field trafficking are physically disruptive. Seasonality of macropore development will influence temporal changes in advection-based mass exchange of gas and water in the vadose zone. Modeling of mass exchange in agricultural soils should consider time variability in macroporosity to more realistically characterize infiltration and soil gas emissions.

Model of Hydraulic Conductivity, Infiltration Rate, and Permeability at Gold Mine Waste Dump in North Sulawesi, Indonesia

The research area is a gold mine operating in North Sulawesi. The aim of the study was to analyze and calculate hydrological parameters, namely: hydraulic conductivity, infiltration rate, and permeability to find out how strong the soil cover is at one level of waste disposal. The method used is the Measurement of hydraulic conductivity, infiltration rate, and permeability in the field, analysis, and calculation of hydraulic conductivity, infiltration rate, and permeability based on field data. In the designated regions of the waste dump, specifically areas 1a, b, and c, we observed certain hydrological patterns that are worth noting. Firstly, the hydraulic conductivity in these areas, which is a crucial determinant of the rate at which water can move through the soil, consistently showcased low average values. This is further supported by the similarly slow infiltration rate identified in the same zones. The ability of the soil to transmit water, i.e., its permeability, also followed this trend, with values leaning towards the lower end of the scale, indicating very slow permeability. One major contributory factor to these patterns appears to be the soil's composition. Predominantly made up of sandy loam, the soil in these areas exhibits high water retention capabilities. Sandy loam, by its nature, binds and retains water effectively, which could potentially explain the observed hydrological behaviors in waste dump areas 1a, b, and c.

The effect of sawdust on the pore structure and properties of low-cost ceramic water filter materials

Low-cost ceramic water filters are a very effective point-of-use technology for removing bacteria and protozoa from drinking water. The filters are made from locally sourced clay and a porogen materials such as sawdust. It is recommended that the sawdust be sieved to 30-sieve (600 μm) to make reliable filters. However, the size distribution of sawdust is usually broad and can extend below 100 μm. This study divided 30-sieve sawdust into four narrower size distributions and made filter disks for measurement of hydraulic conductivity and bulk density. Additionally, the microstructure of the materials was examined in three dimensions by micro-CT. The results showed that, independent of sawdust particle size, the void volume fraction in the filter increased linearly with the weight fraction of sawdust. In contrast, the permeability coefficient increased non-linearly as the fraction of sawdust increased. The magnitude of the permeability was higher for the larger sawdust particles when the sawdust fraction was 10 wt% or higher. Three-dimensional imaging of the pore structure in the filters suggested that the non-linear increase in permeability with increasing weight fraction of sawdust may be associated with increased interaction of the cavities created by the sawdust.

Estimating hydraulic conductivity correlation lengths of an aquitard by inverse geostatistical modelling of a pumping test

Aquitards are common hydrogeological features in the subsurface. Typically, pumping tests are used to parameterize the hydraulic conductivity of heterogeneous aquitards. However, they do not take spatial variability and uncertainty into account. Alternatively, core-scale measurements of hydraulic conductivity are used in geostatistical upscaling methods, for which their correlation lengths are needed, but this information is extremely difficult to obtain. This study investigates whether a pumping test can be used to obtain the correlation lengths needed for geostatistical upscaling and account for the uncertainty about heterogeneous aquitard conductivity. Random realizations are generated from core-scale data with varying correlation lengths and inserted into a groundwater flow model which simulates the outcome of an actual pumping test. The realizations yielded a better fit to the pumping test data than the traditional pumping test result, assuming homogeneous layers are selected. Ranges of horizontal and vertical correlation lengths that fit the pumping-test well are found. However, considerable uncertainty regarding the correlation lengths remains, which should be considered when parameterizing a regional groundwater flow model.

Repeated falling-head method for in situ measurements of saturated hydraulic conductivity using a single cylinder

A simple, repeated falling-head (RFH) method, which uses an inexpensive portable cylinder to quickly determine field-saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs), is presented. A cylinder of radius r, inserted vertically from the soil surface to a depth d, is used as a water supply tank, through which water infiltrates into the soil. The falling-head test is repeated without allowing the cylinder to be drained entirely to eliminate the effects of the initial soil moisture conditions. Either change in the water level (H) in the water supply cylinder or strong linearity between the infiltration flux (qs) and H can be used to determine Kfs directly or by multiplying the slope with an empirical ring-installation scaling length, Lg; thus, no soil-dependent variable is necessary. To obtain the Lg value for various conditions, we carried out numerical experiments using HYDRUS (2D/3D) with a recently implemented reservoir boundary condition for six different soil textures, ranging from coarse soil (e.g., sand) to fine soil (e.g., silty clay loam), and two different ranges of water levels, 15 ≤ H ≤ 25 cm and 2 ≤ H ≤ 6 cm. Numerical results showed that the Lg has a strong linear dependence on d and r, where Lg increases as d and r increase. We propose a new linear model to determine Lg with optimized coefficients for each H range. Numerical results showed no significant differences in the estimated Kfs after the second repetition, confirming that repeating the falling head test twice is sufficient. The newly obtained Lg values were then applied to the experimental data obtained at multiple fields having different soil textures. The Kfs values determined using the RFH method agreed well with those measured using the field two-ponding depths steady-state method and/or the FH method in the lab. These results demonstrate the reliability of the proposed RFH method.

Hydraulic conductivity of fine-grained soils subjected to freeze-thaw cycles

This paper presents laboratory data from tests on four fine-grained soils: reconstituted Kaolinite, destructured Bothkennar clay, reconstituted Bothkennar clay, and reconstituted Gault clay. The soil samples were conditioned in an oedometer cell while being subjected to varying numbers of freezing and thawing cycles. The influence of freeze-thaw cycles on key soil parameters, including the hydraulic conductivity, Atterberg limits, compression and swelling index was studied. The experimental results were then compared with the analysis of a previously published database of hydraulic conductivity measurements on fine-grained soils called FG/KSAT-1358. The paper demonstrates that while multiple cycles of freezing and thawing affect some of the studied soil parameters, such as the Atterberg limits and the compression characteristics, the effects on the hydraulic conductivity transformation model parameters, linking the water content ratio to hydraulic conductivity are less apparent. The results are useful for geotechnical and pavement engineers when making assessments of freeze-thaw effects on subgrade materials in cold regions.

Dentin permeability after pretreatment with titanium tetrafluoride and self-etching or universal adhesive systems

Aim: To evaluate dentin permeability after pretreatment with 2.5% aqueous solution of titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4), followed by a self-etching universal adhesive system. Methods: Forty dentin discs (1.5 mm thick) were randomly divided into groups according to the application or non-application of a pretreatment, and the type of adhesive system to be tested (two-step self-etching/ Clearfil SE Bond/ Kuraray Medical, or universal adhesive system/ Single Bond Universal/ 3M ESPE). Both sides of the discs were conditioned with 37% phosphoric acid to remove the smear layer. The first hydraulic conductivity measurement (L1) was performed in a permeability machine, under 5 PSI pressure. The samples were sanded again to form a standardized smear layer. The teeth designated for pre-treatment with TiF4 received the TiF4 solutions applied actively for 60 seconds, and the adhesive systems were applied according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Then, a new hydraulic conductivity measurement (L2) was performed for the purpose of calculating the hydraulic conductance at a later time, considering the water viscosity and the thickness of the specimen. The percentage (L) of dentin permeability after application of the adhesive system was obtained (L (%) = [(L1-L2) x100] / L1). The Mann-Whitney non-parametric test was applied. Results: There was no difference between the two adhesive systems, or between the groups with or without pretreatment, as regards dentin permeability (p>0.05). Conclusion: Pretreatment with 2.5% TiF4 did not influence dentin permeability, irrespective of the adhesive system used.

The difference in the functional water flow network between the stem and current-year root cross-sectional surfaces in Salix gracilistyla stem xylem.

The dye injection method has been applied to many species to analyze the xylem water transport pathway in trees. However, traditional dye injection methods introduced dye tracers from the surface of cut stems, including several annual rings. Furthermore, the traditional dye injection method did not evaluate radial water movement from the outermost annual rings to the inner annual rings. In this study, we assessed the difference in radial water movement visualized by an injected dye, between stem base cut and current-year root cut samples of Salix gracilistyla Miq., with current-year roots grown hydroponically. The results showed that the number of stained annual rings in the root cut samples was smaller than that in the stem cut samples, and the percentage of stained vessels in the root cut samples was significantly smaller than that in the stem base cut samples in the second and third annual rings. In the current-year root cut samples, water transport mainly occurred in the outermost rings from the current-year roots to leaves. In addition, the theoretical hydraulic conductivity of stained vessels in the stem cut samples was higher in the current-year root cut samples in the second and third annual rings. These findings indicate that the previously reported dye injection method using stem cut samples overestimated the water transport pathway in the inner part of the stems. Moreover, previous hydraulic conductivity measurement methods might not have considered the effects of radial resistance through the annual ring boundary, and they might have overestimated the hydraulic conductivity in the inner annual rings.

Spatio-temporal variability of hydraulic conductivity in the floodplain riverbank of a hyporheic zone

A detailed measurement of floodplain riverbank sediment hydraulic conductivity (K) is the first step in analyzing the hydraulic relationship between streams and aquifers. Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China and has historically been a flood-prone area. A detailed field experiment was conducted in the Xiushui River, China, before and after the flood season. The grain-size distribution analysis method was used to determine the hydraulic conductivity of the riverbank. A total of 116 sediment samples were collected from the test site. An in situ permeameter test was used to confirm the consistency of the spatial distribution trend of the estimated hydraulic conductivity based on the grain-size distribution analysis. A Kruskal–Wallis test of the riverbank sediment K values obtained before and after the flood season showed that they belong to different populations. The probability distribution illustrated the strong heterogeneity of the riverbank sediments before and after the flood season. Previous studies have confirmed the presence of strong hyporheic exchange and biological processes at this study site. Following the flood season, the K values had a higher mean, median, and coefficient of variation, confirming that the flood process enhanced the heterogeneity of the riverbank sediments. Overall, the hydraulic conductivity of the three areas changed with distance from the river; the closer the area was to the river, the smaller the hydraulic conductivity and weaker the heterogeneity. An experimental framework of spatio-temporal variability in riverbank sediments is proposed, providing recommendations for researchers on conducting an integrated experiment.

Leaves as bottlenecks: The contribution of tree leaves to hydraulic resistance within the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum.

Within vascular plants, the partitioning of hydraulic resistance along the soil-to-leaf continuum affects transpiration and its response to environmental conditions. In trees, the fractional contribution of leaf hydraulic resistance (Rleaf ) to total soil-to-leaf hydraulic resistance (Rtotal ), or fRleaf (=Rleaf /Rtotal ), is thought to be large, but this has not been tested comprehensively. We compiled a multibiome data set of fRleaf using new and previously published measurements of pressure differences within trees in situ. Across 80 samples, fRleaf averaged 0.51 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.46-0.57) and it declined with tree height. We also used the allometric relationship between field-based measurements of soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance and laboratory-based measurements of leaf hydraulic conductance to compute the average fRleaf for 19 tree samples, which was 0.40 (95% CI = 0.29-0.56). The in situ technique produces a more accurate descriptor of fRleaf because it accounts for dynamic leaf hydraulic conductance. Both approaches demonstrate the outsized role of leaves in controlling tree hydrodynamics. A larger fRleaf may help stems from loss of hydraulic conductance. Thus, the decline in fRleaf with tree height would contribute to greater drought vulnerability in taller trees and potentially to their observed disproportionate drought mortality.

Investigation of Groundwater Potential Using Geological, Hydrogeological and Geophysical Methods in Federal University of Technology, Minna, Bosso Campus, North Central, Nigeria

Groundwater exploration and extraction in challenging hard rock formations with inherent heterogeneity is addressed comprehensively in this study through geological, hydrogeological, and geophysical investigations. Hydrogeological studies assess existing borehole recharge rates and provide an overarching groundwater potential assessment. A 1D Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) survey, employing the Schlumberger method, acquires sounding data analyzed with WINRESIST software to extract groundwater controlling parameters, revealing distinct geoelectric layers and illuminating groundwater and aquifer system structural control. Geological mapping, employing detailed topographical data, revealed the prevalence of granitic rocks exhibiting quartz vein and joint intrusions, primarily oriented in the NE-SW direction. These geoelectric layers encompassed the topsoil, weathered/fractured granite, and fresh granite, each characterized by apparent resistivity values ranging from 14 Ωm to 572 Ωm, 10.0 Ωm to 408 Ωm, and 1468 Ωm to 19,031 Ωm, accompanied by varying thicknesses. Further insights were gained from isopach and resistivity maps at depths of 10 m and 30 m, identifying areas with low apparent resistivity values and substantial overburden. These findings pinpointed zones with potentially high groundwater potential, particularly in the northeastern and southeastern regions. Additionally, the results from the weathered layer analysis aligned with the isopach and resistivity outcomes. Hydraulic conductivity measurements, falling within the range of 7.00 × 10–5 m/s to 4.31 × 10–4 m/s, confirmed the subsurface materials' capacity to transmit water. Moisture content ranged from 12% to 20%, while infiltration rates varied from 2.675 × 10–4 L/s to 1.259 × 10–5 L/s. Yield test results from three borehole locations yielded production rates ranging from 56.52 m3/day to 364.26 m3/day, although other boreholes returned indeterminate results. Based on the groundwater potential classification, 25% of the area demonstrated high potential, 45% moderate potential, and 30% low potential. Accordingly, the recommendation is to prioritize well or borehole drilling in high-potential areas to ensure optimal water supply management.