Hydraulic Braking System Research Articles

Efficiency enhancement of bicycle anti-lock braking systems (ABS): Design and optimization of solenoid actuators through finite element analysis and performance simulation

The rising popularity of cycling underscores the need for enhanced safety, particularly under challenging braking conditions. This study introduces a novel high-power switch valve designed explicitly for Bicycle Hydraulic Disc Brakes (BHDBs), incorporating Hydraulic Anti-lock Braking Systems (ABS). Comprehensive Finite Element Analysis (FEA) modeling and subsequent optimization of an existing solenoid valve’s internal geometry were performed through 2D and 3D simulations to evaluate magnetic flux. The improved design achieved a maximum output force of 280 N with a linear stroke of approximately 3.5 mm. Notably, the enhanced system exhibited a 28% reduction in required current, from 5.0 to 3.6 A, a result validated through LabVIEW-equipped custom tests, which stress the credibility of the research. This study underscores significant advancements in high-power switch valves for BHDBs, promising enhanced braking efficiency and safety in high-performance, battery-powered bicycles. These findings not only promise enhanced safety for cyclists but also suggest the potential for broader application in energy-efficient and sustainable bicycle ABS technology, contributing to improved cyclist safety without compromising the environmental and health benefits of cycling. The potential impact of this research extends beyond the immediate context, offering insights that could be applied to other areas of technology and safety.

Regenerative braking fault compensation control of distributed electric vehicle considering random wheel fault degree

Distributed drive electric vehicles can reduce range anxiety through regenerative braking. However, if the wheel motor torque output fails, it will form an additional yaw moment to the vehicle, causing instability, or deviation and threatening its safety. To solve this problem, the research object is an electric vehicle driven by a four-wheel hub motor. A braking force compensation distribution strategy for front and rear axles is proposed, which combines electronic hydraulic braking (EHB) system compensation control and deviation auxiliary control. Firstly, a fault detection module is established, and the motor’s output torque is estimated by designing a torque observer to obtain the fault degree information of the motor. Secondly, to fully use the motor’s regenerative braking force, the fault-free and faulty electro-hydraulic braking force distribution strategies are designed in the coordinated distribution layer of the electro-hydraulic braking system. The corresponding electro-hydraulic braking force compensation method is selected according to the fault degree of the regenerative braking function, the position of the faulty wheel, and the braking strength. Then, a deviation auxiliary controller is designed based on the model predictive control, and the intervention time of the auxiliary controller is determined according to the vehicle’s state. Finally, the control method is verified based on CarSim/Simulink co-simulation and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) platform. The test results show that the designed control method can effectively compensate for the regenerative braking failure of random wheel and ensure the braking safety of the vehicle.

A Study on the Design of Hydraulic Auxiliary Braking System for Commercial Vehicles

A Study on the Design of Hydraulic Auxiliary Braking System for Commercial Vehicles

RBS and ABS Coordinated Control Strategy Based on Explicit Model Predictive Control.

During the braking process of electric vehicles, both the regenerative braking system (RBS) and anti-lock braking system (ABS) modulate the hydraulic braking force, leading to control conflict that impacts the effectiveness and real-time capability of coordinated control. Aiming to enhance the coordinated control effectiveness of RBS and ABS within the electro-hydraulic composite braking system, this paper proposes a coordinated control strategy based on explicit model predictive control (eMPC-CCS). Initially, a comprehensive braking control framework is established, combining offline adaptive control law generation, online optimized control law application, and state compensation to effectively coordinate braking force through the electro-hydraulic system. During offline processing, eMPC generates a real-time-oriented state feedback control law based on real-world micro trip segments, improving the adaptiveness of the braking strategy across different driving conditions. In the online implementation, the developed three-dimensional eMPC control laws, corresponding to current driving conditions, are invoked, thereby enhancing the potential for real-time braking strategy implementation. Moreover, the state error compensator is integrated into eMPC-CCS, yielding a state gain matrix that optimizes the vehicle braking status and ensures robustness across diverse braking conditions. Lastly, simulation evaluation and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing manifest that the proposed eMPC-CCS effectively coordinates the regenerative and hydraulic braking systems, outperforming other CCSs in terms of braking energy recovery and real-time capability.

Variable Universe Fuzzy-Proportional-Integral-Differential-Based Braking Force Control of Electro-Mechanical Brakes for Mine Underground Electric Trackless Rubber-Tired Vehicles.

Currently, the main solution for braking systems for underground electric trackless rubber-tired vehicles (UETRVs) is traditional hydraulic braking systems, which have the disadvantages of hydraulic pressure crawling, the risk of oil leakage and a high maintenance cost. An electro-mechanical-braking (EMB) system, as a type of novel brake-by-wire (BBW) system, can eliminate the above shortcomings and play a significant role in enhancing the intelligence level of the braking system in order to meet the motion control requirements of unmanned UETRVs. Among these requirements, the accurate control of clamping force is a key technology in controlling performance and the practical implementation of EMB systems. In order to achieve an adaptive clamping force control performance of an EMB system, an optimized fuzzy proportional-integral-differential (PID) controller is proposed, where the improved fuzzy algorithm is utilized to adaptively adjust the gain parameters of classic PID. In order to compensate for the deficiency of single-close-loop control and adjusting the brake gap automatically, a cascaded three-closed-loop control architecture with force/position switch technology is established, where a contact point detection method utilizing motor rotor angle displacement is proposed via experiments. The results of the simulation and experiments indicate that the clamping force response of the proposed multi-close-loop Variable Universe Fuzzy-PID (VUF-PID) controller is faster than the multi-closed-loop Fuzzy-PID and cascaded three-close-loop PID controllers. In addition, the chattering of braking force can be suppressed by 17%. This EMB system may rapidly and automatically finish the operation of the overall braking process, including gap elimination, clamping force tracking and gap recovery, which can obviously enhance the precision of the longitudinal motion control of UETRVs. It can thus serve as a BBW actuator of mine autonomous driving electric vehicles, especially in the stage of braking control.

Research on the Comprehensive Allocation Method for a Vehicle Hydraulic Braking System Based on Partial Fuzzy Ratings and Considering Failure Correlation

Research on the Comprehensive Allocation Method for a Vehicle Hydraulic Braking System Based on Partial Fuzzy Ratings and Considering Failure Correlation

Enhanced Estimation of Clamping-Force for Automotive EMB Actuators Using a Switching Extended State Observer

The automotive intelligence and electrification require the braking system to cooperate with the controller to achieve regenerative and active braking functions. Hence, the range and driving safety of the electric vehicles are improved. Electromechanical Brake (EMB) systems completely abandon the fluid and hydraulic elements and replace the traditional hydraulic braking system with a wire harness and electromechanical parts. The braking torque adjustment is achieved entirely by controlling the four-wheel EMBs. At present, reliability and fault tolerance are the key technical issues associated with EMBs. To eliminate the need of any clamping-force sensor due to its vulnerability and high cost, in this paper, a switching extended state observer (SESO) is presented to provide rapid force estimation with higher precision. The substrates of the internal linear and nonlinear structures have been unified into a single form by using an equivalent gain method. The SESO is effective to detect the initial contact between the braking disk and pad by estimating the load torque. It is experimentally verified that the developed force sensorless control strategy is accurate and superior to the existing techniques.

Simulation Study on Hydraulic Braking Control of Engine Motor of Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Abstract Taking the hybrid electric vehicle as the research object, under the premise of ensuring braking safety, aiming at maximizing the use of motor regenerative braking force and improving the coordination performance of motor hydraulic braking, a simulation study of motor hydraulic braking control based on hybrid electric vehicle engine is proposed. According to the dynamic model and ideal braking force distribution curve of the hybrid electric vehicle, combined with the common idea of electro-hydraulic compound braking force distribution, a three-layer braking control structure of the hybrid electric vehicle is constructed. The management determines the braking intention through the driver's pedal action and calculates the expected torque, and the control layer obtains the target braking force distribution relationship through the logic gate limit control method based on the expected torque. According to the actual motor torque signal fed back by the executive layer and the wheel cylinder pressure signal of the hydraulic braking system, the braking force and regenerative braking force of the hydraulic system are dynamically coordinated and controlled to ensure that the state switching of each component can be rapid, stable, and timely, and the control instruction is transmitted to the motor hydraulic braking system of the executive layer through the vehicle controller to complete the motor hydraulic braking of the hybrid electric vehicle engine. The experimental results show that this method can realize the reasonable distribution of motor hydraulic braking under different braking intensities, different initial braking speeds, and different pedal dip amplitudes, which makes the reaction speed of the hybrid electric vehicle in the braking process faster, the braking switching more stable and safe, effectively improves the energy utilization rate of the hybrid electric vehicle, and ensures the economy and safety of braking control of the hybrid electric vehicle.

Estimation of Wheel Pressure for Hydraulic Braking System by Interacting Multiple Model Filter

Estimation of Wheel Pressure for Hydraulic Braking System by Interacting Multiple Model Filter

Analysis of vehicle braking dynamics with hydraulic braking system

The stopping distance in vehicle is the distance require to safely stop after the driver has applied the brakes of vehicle. The stopping distance varies from road types to experience of driver. The objective of this study is to determine the stopping distance of vehicle for two different road condition: dry asphaltic and wet asphaltic. The methodology includes studying various factors involve in braking dynamics and validating the analytical calculation with Numerical methods. The velocity in which vehicle is travelling, coefficient of friction between road and vehicle tire plays important role in calculation of stopping distance. It was found that during wet season the stopping distance increased from 89 m to 99 m for vehicle travelling at 100 km/hr. The stopping time obtained from simulation in CarSim was 5.1 seconds for dry road and 6.4 seconds for wet road conditions.

Simulation of motor vehicle brake pressure monitoring system

The braking system is a system that is always evolving to improve safety and security in driving so as to minimize the number of accidents. The braking system aims to reduce speed and stop the vehicle. This study uses a simulation on the MATLAB Simulink. The purpose of this research is to find out how the braking system works to improve safety for riders. The principle of the hydraulic braking system is to work according to Pascal's law where fluid is used to continue the braking force of the brake pedal being pressed towards the master cylinder to produce brake pressure. This research begins by making equations in hydraulic braking followed by making a Simulink block braking system. Based on the research, data on the comparison of the number of vehicle loads on the braking system and comparison data on the variation of road conditions on the braking system show that if the vehicle load is heavier, the time needed to stop is longer, the braking pressure is greater, and the distance needed to stop is greater. If the road adhesion coefficient is smaller, the time needed to stop is longer and the distance needed to stop is greater.

Electro-hydraulic composite stability control for regenerative braking failure of in-wheel motors drive electric vehicle

The in-wheel motor simplifies the structure of drive system and improves dynamic performance of vehicle. However, the regenerative braking failure of unilateral motor could greatly reduce braking strength and cause the instability of vehicle. The existing control methods are difficult to guarantee the braking performance and driving stability at the same time. To resolve this fail-safe problem, an electro-hydraulic composite stability control method is proposed and verified. Firstly, the vehicle model, the in-wheel motor model, and the hydraulic braking system model are built. Secondly, the electro-hydraulic composite stability control method is proposed and a stability controller based on model predictive control algorithm is designed to solve the problems of model uncertainty and external interference in the control process. Thirdly, the control effect of proposed method is compared with torque truncation control, hydraulic compensation control, and yaw stability control. Finally, the electro-hydraulic composite stability control method proposed in this paper is verified and tested on the real vehicle. The results show that the combination of the torque truncation control, the hydraulic compensation control, and yaw stability control could improve the driving stability of vehicle and meet the demand of braking intensity.

Design and Development of a Prototype for a Pascal’s Law & IoT applied Automatic Hydraulic Braking System

The widespread adoption of autonomous vehicles continues to increase along with various scientific and technological advancements, and this is necessitating the application of essential accident prevention measures. This research presents the design and development of an innovative hydraulic braking system utilizing readily available components and materials. The Pascal’s law of pressure is very applicable in modern hydraulic braking mechanisms. The system employs an ultrasonic sensor, a repurposed disk, a motor, and a solenoid lock controlled by a relay to create an effective braking mechanism. The primary objective of this research is to demonstrate the feasibility of constructing a functional braking system based on Pascal’s law of pressure, using locally sourced materials, catering to resource-constrained environments. The proposed hydraulic braking system functions as follows: when the ultrasonic sensor detects an object within its proximity (approximately 20 centimeters), it triggers the relay, which activates the solenoid lock. The solenoid lock's action initiates the movement of a syringe compressor, exerting pressure on the hydraulic fluid. This pressure is then transmitted to the repurposed DVD (Digital Versatile Disk), which serves as the braking element. As the disk is pressed against a surface, the resulting friction decelerates the system, effectively applying the brake. Finally, data is evaluated in the IoT (Internet of Things) platform ThingSpeak to identify safe and harmful states.

Recovery and Control Strategy of Electro-Hydraulic Composite Braking Energy for Electric Loader with Braking Intention Recognition

The loader has a lot of recoverable braking energy due to its larger mass and frequent starts/stops. For a 5-ton pure electric drive loader, an emergency braking intention recognition strategy based on hydraulic braking pressure was proposed. The braking intention recognition strategy of an acceleration pedal and brake pedal was used to distinguish different braking intentions, and the hydraulic braking system pressure was used as a feedback parameter for emergency braking intention recognition to improve braking safety. Aiming at electro-hydraulic composite braking mode switching, a collaborative control strategy of walking regenerative braking and mechanical braking is proposed. Simulation analysis by AMESim and vehicle test results show that the proposed control strategy can realize driver braking intention recognition and electro-hydraulic braking force distribution under different working conditions and improve braking smoothness. According to the calculation of the energy recovery effect evaluation index, the energy recovery efficiency is up to 71.64%, the braking recovery rate is above 42.50%, and the maximum energy saving for the whole vehicle is 7.58% under one cycle condition. The proposed strategy has a good energy-saving effect.

Optimal design and control of hybrid synchronous generator regulating turbine angular speed for turbine protection

In this paper is presented a methodology of systemic design and control of a synchronous generator with hybrid excitation for the generation of wind energy. The design of the generator is made by the analytical method taking into account the interactions of the global system. Indeed, the regulation of the speed of the turbine is ensured by adjustment of the excitation current to regulate the electromagnetic torque and in this case the excitation current is limited to a fixed value since the increase of excitation current leads to an increase generator’s phase currents magnitude. The increase of the phase’s currents of the generator is linked to the increase of the amplitude of the electromotive forces depending on the excitation current. Therefore, to limit the amplitude of the phase’s currents to the value of the design current fixed by the note book specifications for a given power of the wind turbine, it is necessary to limit the excitation current by limiting the supply voltage of the DC-DC converter used to vary the excitation current for the regulation of the electromagnetic torque. This technique of speed adjustment is simpler and less expensive than techniques using mechanical and hydraulic braking systems.

Design and analyze the hydraulic braking system in the master cylinder

Design and analyze the hydraulic braking system in the master cylinder

Fault diagnosis and analysis of hydraulic brake based on friction vibration signal

The friction vibration signal corresponding to different fault types of brakes is significantly different, thus a hydraulic disc brake fault diagnosis and judgment scheme based on vibration signal detection was proposed and validated in the paper. According to the composition and electric control principle of hydraulic brake, the vibration signal detection and brake pressure control strategies were established. The key hardware and isolation circuit of the detection system were designed, which can effectively improve the stability and anti-interference ability in the process of vibration data acquisition and transmission with SPI and CAN bus communication scheme. In order to eliminate noise interference in friction vibration signal and improve the accuracy of fault diagnosis with advantage, wavelet threshold denoising method was applied to brake disc vibration signal processing. The denoised signal can be obtained by inverting the selected wavelet coefficients to separate the useful components of the signal from the invalid noise. For the research on the correlation between fault types and vibration signal characteristics, a friction vibration test bench for hydraulic braking system was built to obtain and process the output signal from vibration sensor. The frequency spectrum response laws of vibration signals were compared and analyzed when the brake disc was normal and had surface defects, including microcracks, excessive wear and fatigue peeling. The external parameters such as brake pressure and spindle speed were keeping constant, thus eliminating the influence of working factors on vibration characteristics. In order to study the influence of brake pressure failure on friction vibration, the variation law of vibration signal is compared and analyzed under the condition of hydraulic valve leakage and pressure maintaining failure. The results show that the friction vibration signal can be used as an effective basis for judging the surface defects and brake pressure faults of brake discs. Under the condition of wavelet threshold denoising, accurate and effective vibration parameters can be obtained, which is of great significance to the safety and reliability of the braking system.

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A DISK BRAKING SYSTEM FOR A SINGLE SEATED SOLAR ELECTRIC STUDENT RACING VEHICLE

The following work encompasses the design of a disc braking system for a single seated solar electric racing vehicle and serves as a guide for developing a desired braking system for various student racing competitions. The basic aim of this work is to design and fabricate a safe, reliable and an efficient hydraulic braking system according to the required standards .Reliability, lightweight materials, manufacturing ease and costs, maximum braking force, safe stopping distance and manageable temperature are some of the considerations done for the braking system. Modelling and simulation are done in Spaceclaim 2020 and Ansys 2020R2.Topology optimization of brake disc is done to reduce the weight of the braking system done. This brake system is designed according to the rules and regulations of ESVC organized by ISIE and accredited by Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India and Ministry of MSME, Government of India.

Regenerative Braking Algorithm for Parallel Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles Based on Fuzzy Q-Learning

The use of regenerative braking systems is an important approach for improving the travel mileage of electric vehicles, and the use of an auxiliary hydraulic braking energy recovery system can improve the efficiency of the braking energy recovery process. In this paper, we present an algorithm for optimizing the energy recovery efficiency of a hydraulic regenerative braking system (HRBS) based on fuzzy Q-Learning (FQL). First, we built a test bench, which was used to verify the accuracy of the hydraulic regenerative braking simulation model. Second, we combined the HRBS with the electric vehicle in ADVISOR. Third, we modified the regenerative braking control strategy by introducing the FQL algorithm and comparing it with a fuzzy-control-based energy recovery strategy. The simulation results showed that the power savings of the vehicle optimized by the FQL algorithm were improved by about 9.62% and 8.91% after 1015 cycles and under urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS) cycle conditions compared with a vehicle based on fuzzy control and the dynamic programming (DP) algorithm. The regenerative braking control strategy optimized by the fuzzy reinforcement learning method is more efficient in terms of energy recovery than the fuzzy control strategy.

Efficient Regenerative Braking Strategy Aimed at Preserving Vehicle Stability by Preventing Wheel Locking

This paper presents a regenerative braking logic to be adopted on full electric vehicles with front, rear-drive or all-wheel drive with one motor for each axle, which aims at maximizing energy recovery under braking, avoiding wheel locking thus preventing vehicle instability. The logic implies the adoption of a brake-by-wire system i.e., the hydraulic braking system can be activated independently from the brake pedal. As a matter of fact, with the pedal pressed, the logic gives priority to the braking action of the electric motor(s) which acts as a generator, thus maximizing energy recovery, however taking into account various limitations, including the wheel locking limit, ensuring the stability of the vehicle. When the electric motor cannot satisfy the regenerative torque request, braking is integrated with the help of the hydraulic brakes, whose contribution aims to bring the braking towards a condition of optimal braking distribution. The front and rear hydraulic systems must therefore be independent of each other and controllable separately. This logic was tested via simulation, and it emerged that, on the WLTC driving cycle, the logic saved about 30% in consumption compared to the same vehicle without regenerative recovery, and about 23% compared to a logic commonly adopted on the market. On cycle US06, it saves about 24% and 19%, respectively.