Hydration Temperature Research Articles

Heterogeneous temperature characteristics considering rainfall effect during construction of an integrally-poured rock-filled concrete arch dam

Integrally-poured arch dam with the material of rock-filled concrete (RFC) is a new and rapid construction technology for mass concrete structures. There is still limited literature regarding the heterogeneous temperature field of RFC, especially under special weather conditions. In this study, a novel mesoscale model of heterogeneous RFC was generated through a combination of the discrete element method (DEM), the finite element method (FEM), and the background grid mapping method (BGMM). Based on the monitoring experiments at the Longdongwan project, this study greatly enhances the simulation precision and details by incorporating a two-phase material of heterogeneous RFC model, i.e. the stochastic pre-laid rocks and layered SCC (self-compacting concrete), and refining the analysis time step to an hourly basis. The results show that: (1) An infinite heat convection coefficient on the exposed RFC surfaces was effective in simulating the rainfall effect, and the mesoscopic simulation results aligned well with the monitoring data. (2)The cold wave with rainfall can cause a notable drop of around 10 °C in the placement temperatures of both rocks and SCC, and lowered the temperature rise by about 5°C for the subsequent freshly poured RFC lift. (3) The hydration temperature rise was recorded the highest (13–14°C) in the areas near the dam abutment, due to challenges of placing rocks. These findings can provide insights and advice for similar construction scenarios.

Enhancing chemical heat storage performance of nanocarbon porous particle based MgO/Mg(OH)2 composite by calcination method

The application of MgO/Mg(OH)2 in heat storage technology has been limited due to slow hydration rate and easy agglomeration. In this paper, nanoporous carbon particle (NCP) as a carrier was used to prepare NCP/MgO chemical heat storage composite materials by impregnation and calcination methods, respectively. The microstructure characterization, hydration reaction, and simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis experiments were carried out on the prepared composite materials. The results showed that the internal distribution of MgO in the composite material prepared by calcination method was more uniform, and the particle size of MgO was smaller. Under the conditions of 110 ℃ hydration temperature and 57.8 kPa water vapor partial pressure, the hydration conversion ratio of the composite material prepared by calcination method after 120 min of hydration conversion ratio reached 93 %, which was 17.7 % higher than that of the impregnated composite material and 50 % higher than that of pure MgO. Under the comprehensive influence of specific surface area, pore structure, and active component particle size, compared with pure materials and impregnated composite materials, the dehydration rate of the composite material prepared by calcination method at 300 ℃ was twice that of impregnated method and 6 times that of pure MgO, and the heat storage density reached 1039kJ/kg. After 10 cycles, the heat storage density still maintained an initial state of 95.8 %. Compared with pure materials and impregnated composite materials, NCP/MgO composite materials prepared by calcination method had better heat storage performance and higher cyclic stability.

New Methodology for Evaluating Strength Degradation from Temperature Increase in Concrete Hydration under Adiabatic Conditions

Cement-based construction materials, commonly known as “cement concrete”, result from the hydration reaction of cement, which releases heat. Numerous studies have examined the heat of cement hydration and other thermal properties of these materials. However, a significant gap in the literature is the assessment of the impact of the hydration temperature on the material’s strength, particularly compressive strength. This work presents an experimental methodology that consistently estimates the temperature evolution of a mixture used to manufacture concrete or mortar during the first hours of Portland cement hydration. The methodology aims to ensure results that correspond to an infinite medium (adiabatic conditions), where there are no heat losses to the surroundings. Results obtained under adiabatic conditions (simulating an infinite medium) indicate that a ready-made mortar (Portland cement: sand: water; 1:2.5:0.5) can reach temperatures of approximately 100 °C after 48 h of hydration. Under these conditions, compressive strength decreases by up to 20%.

Investigation on a sustainable magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) with recycled waste MPC powders

Magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) has been used for the structure rapid-repair of damaged buildings. To reduce the cost and resource consumption during MPC preparation, recycled MPC powders were used to prepare an environmental-friendly MPC by replacing the dead burned MgO powders. The workability and early hydration temperature development of MPC paste with recycled powders were investigated. To characterize the effect of recycled powders on the performance of the MPC paste, the mechanical properties, volume stability, phase developments and microstructures were determined. The results showed that due to the small particle size and the large specific surface area, the recycled powders absorbed part of the water during the mixing and reduced the fluidity of the MPC paste. The chemical reaction activity of recycled powders was lower than that of MgO powders, resulting in the reduction of the hydration reaction rate and hydration products of MPC. With the recycled powder content increasing, the mechanical strength and volume stability of MPC decreased. The decreased strengths could be attributed to the poor MPC paste structure with increased pores and microcrack content caused by recycled powders. Nevertheless, when the recycled powder content was 40 %, MPC paste obtained a workability of 20.8 cm, setting time of 24.75 min, 3-h compressive strength of 30.9 and 28-d compressive strength of 50.3 MPa. Therefore, under this replacement rate, the MPC paste still had acceptable properties, which could still meet the rapid-repair requirements.

Research on high-strength and rapid-hardening magnesium phosphate as a novel bonding material for limestone artifacts

Due to natural erosion and human interference, limestone artifacts often suffer from cracks and gradual detachment. There is a critical need for new bonding materials that possess excellent aging resistance and high compatibility with the artifact substrates. This study investigates the effects of varying proportions of citric acid (CA) and borax (B) as composite retarders on the fundamental properties of magnesium phosphate cement (MPC). Through the application of X-ray diffraction techniques and cold field emission scanning electron microscopy, this research elucidates the mechanisms by which the retarders affect MPC. It was found that a 5 % addition of CA and B significantly reduces the hydration temperature during the early stages of MPC setting, enhances the unconfined compressive strength (reaching 44.3 MPa at 28 days), and allows for controllable setting times (17 minutes). Additionally, the presence of CA was found to delay crystal growth, resulting in an increased quantity of the amorphous phase and higher density of MPC. The optimal MPC formulation was selected as a bonding and repair material for limestone artifacts. For comparative analysis, traditional glutinous rice lime mortar (GL) and commercially available epoxy resin (EP) were tested under wet-dry cycling and UV aging conditions. Results indicated that EP materials demonstrated significant aesthetic incompatibilities and progressive cracking and detachment as aging tests progressed. GL materials exhibited significantly lower bonding strength compared to EP and MPC. In contrast, MPC displayed excellent aging resistance, moderate bonding strength, and a Shore hardness value closely matching that of the limestone substrates. Therefore, high-strength, rapid-hardening MPC represents a valuable and forward-looking solution for the conservation of limestone artifacts.

Study on the thermo-mechanical properties of adaptive thermal control anchoring materials in high-geothermal tunnels

The heat conduction of the rock in high-geothermal tunnels can damage the grout during the initial hardening process, which directly affects the effectiveness of the anchoring support of the surrounding rock. This paper proposed the incorporation of phase change materials in grout to provide the new modified grouting material with the ability to control temperature by exploiting the phase change absorption and exothermic properties of the material. The changes in thermomechanical parameters of anchoring grout containing microencapsulated phase change material (m-PCM) under high geothermal environment were investigated. The influences of m-PCM content on the temperature control effect and mechanical properties of modified grout under different high geothermal environments were explored through macro-mechanical, micro-structural, and thermo-physical property tests on the specimens. The results indicated that m-PCM can effectively control the early hydration temperature of the grout in a high temperature environment, which can slow down the rate of change of the hydration temperature and reduce the peak temperature. The temperature control performance of modified grouts improved as the phase-change content increased, but the mechanical properties showed a significant decline after the initial increase. The results of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis indicated that the high curing temperature had a negative impact on the internal structural integrity of the grout. The addition of a small amount of m-PCM reduced the fractal dimension and irregularity of the pore space in the grouting material, ultimately improving the strength of the grout body. The addition of a certain amount of m-PCM could significantly reduce the thermal conductivity of the grout, with the thermal conductivity of the specimens decreasing as the temperature increased. These study results provided valuable experimental data and theoretical support for the design of cement-based grouting materials in high-geothermal tunnels.

Experimental Study and Neural Network Predictions of Early-Age Behavior of Microexpansion Concrete in Large-Diameter Steel Tube Columns

The improved mechanical performance of concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) components has led to their widespread application in megastructures. Therein, CFST hybrid arch bridge has become an optimal selection of large span bridges. Nonetheless, for massive concrete poured in CFST members with large diameter, the thermal cracking and sustained rising temperature caused by early hydration heat of core concrete are urgently required to be studied. The two large-diameter CFST columns in this work, each having a diameter of 2.1 m, had their temperature and strain fields recorded in-situ. An existing CFST arch bridge served as the model for the two CFST columns’ design. Additionally, early-age characteristics of several scaled CFST columns with varying diameters were documented. A multi-field finite element (FE) model that combines linked chemical (hydration), heat, and mechanical fields is suggested in order to properly characterize the evolutions of temperature and strain fields. The model is validated by comparing the in-situ measurements with the numerical results. Finally, to investigate the affect factors on the hydration temperature of core concrete in CFST columns, early-age hydration behaviors of CFST columns was simulated using the validated FE models input parameters as water to cement ratio (w/c), cement dosage, heat release of cement and diameter of CFST columns. Based on the numerical results under the input parameters mentioned, the LSTM neural network was constructed, and the hydration temperature variances computed by FE models were selected as the input dataset. Afterwards, the temperature variance of core concrete of CFST columns was predicted using the established LSTM network. It is discovered that the LSTM neural network that was previously constructed was able to predict the peak temperature of CFST columns as well as the hydration temperature of CFST specimens with respect to time.

Damage localisation in fresh cement mortar observed via in situ (timelapse) X-ray μCT imaging

This paper presents the outcome of a study focused on the evolution of internal damage in fresh cement mortar over 25 h of hardening. In situ timelapse X-ray computed micro-tomography (μXCT) imaging method was used to detect internal damage and capture its evolution in cement mortar hardening. During μXCT scans, the temperature released during the cement hydration was measured, which provided insight into the internal damage evolution with a link to a hydration temperature rise. The measured temperature during cement mortar hardening was compared with an analytical model, which showed a relatively good agreement with the experimental data. Using 20 CT scans acquired throughout the observed cement mortar hardening, it was possible to obtain a quantified characterisation of the porous space. Additionally, the use of timelapse μXCT imaging over 25 h allowed for studying the crack growth inside the meso-structure including its volume and surface characterisation. The results provide valuable insights into cement mortar shrinkage and serve as a proof-of-concept methodology for future material characterisation.

Modelling In Situ Concrete Temperature Development: The Impact of Ambient Temperature and GGBS Replacement

The rise in early-age temperature concrete structures, driven by the exothermic reactions during cement hydration, significantly increases the risk of thermal cracking. To address this issue, the construction industry employs several strategies, including the partial substitution of cement with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) due to its lower heat of hydration. Accurately predicting the hydration temperature of concrete is critical for preventing thermal cracking. This task becomes more complex, with fluctuating ambient temperatures influencing hydration kinetics and heat dissipation. Previous studies often assume adiabatic or isothermal conditions, thus overlooking the impact of ambient temperature variations. This paper presents an innovative finite element modelling (FEM) approach to simulate the hydration temperature progression in in situ concrete slabs, incorporating the effects of ambient temperature fluctuations. Isothermal calorimetry curves were adjusted using the Arrhenius-based approach to express the cement hydration rate as a function of ambient temperature. The FEM outcomes, validated with semi-adiabatic calorimetry tests, demonstrate the model’s capability to forecast temperature development in in situ concrete under varying ambient conditions. Additionally, the study examines the influence of partial cement replacement with GGBS on thermal behaviour, revealing that while GGBS effectively reduces thermal reactions at higher contents, its efficacy diminishes with rising ambient temperatures.

Hydration mechanism of hydrated magnesium citrate: The effects of MgCl2

AbstractIn this study, the evolutions of kinetic parameters, such as hydration temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity, were observed to investigate the hydration mechanism of hydrated magnesium citrate (HMC). Additionally, the effects of MgCl2 on the hydration behavior of HMC and the working performance of its bonded castables were also investigated. The results show that the hydration mechanism of HMC is dissolution–precipitation, and its hydration product is magnesium citrate tetrahydrate [Mg(H2O)6] [MgC6H5O7(H2O)n]2∙(8‐2n)H2O. The hydration process of HMC is controlled by the concentration of the C6H6O72− ions. MgCl2 could inhibit the ionization of HMC, thereby delaying the hydration progress of HMC. The second exothermic peak was delayed from 1 to 4.8 h with increased MgCl2 content to 1.0 wt.%. The working performance of HMC‐bonded castables could be improved by adding MgCl2. After adding MgCl2, the setting time, flow value, and cold modulus of rupture of HMC‐bonded castables increased by 26.7%, 25.2%, and 8.8%, respectively, while the porosity decreased by 12%.

The Influence of Silica Fly Ash and Wood Bottom Ash on Cement Hydration and Durability of Concrete.

This research addresses a notable gap in understanding the synergistic effects of high carbon wood bottom ash (BA) and silica fly ash (FA) on cement hydration and concrete durability by using them as a supplementary material to reduce the amount of cement in concrete and CO2 emissions during cement production. This study analyses the synergistic effect of FA and BA on cement hydration through X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (TG, DTG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), density, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), compressive strength, and temperature monitoring tests. In addition, it evaluates concrete properties, including compressive strength, UPV, density, water absorption kinetics, porosity parameters, predicted resistance to freezing and thawing cycles, and results of freeze-thawing resistance. The concrete raw materials were supplemented with varying percentages of BA and FA, replacing both cement and fine aggregate at levels of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 10% and 15%. The results indicate that a 15% substitution of BA and FA delays cement hydration by approximately 5 h and results in only a 6% reduction in compressive strength, with the hardened cement paste showing a strength similar to a 15% replacement with FA. Concrete mixtures with 2.5% BA and 2.5% FA maintained the same maximum hydration temperature and duration as the reference mix. Furthermore, the combined use of both ashes provided adequate resistance to freeze-thaw cycles, with only a 4.7% reduction in compressive strength after 150 cycles. Other properties, such as density, UPV and water absorption, exhibited minimal changes with partial cement replacement by both ashes. This study highlights the potential benefits of using BA and FA together, offering a sustainable alternative that maintains concrete performance while using waste materials.

Effect of temperature and superplasticizer on hydration of C3S and carbonation products of C-S-H

This study investigated the effect of different C3S hydration temperatures and the addition of superplasticizer on the microstructure of C-S-H and the polymorphy of subsequent carbonation products. Various analytical methods, including XRD, TG, 29Si NMR, and SEM, were employed. The results showed that increasing the hydration temperature elevated the polymerization degree of C-S-H and altered its morphology. This change consequently influenced the polymorphy of carbonation products, primarily calcium carbonates (calcite, aragonite, and vaterite) generated in the subsequent carbonation process. The amount of aragonite and vaterite increased from 5.20 % to 13.39 % as the hydration temperature rose from 20 ℃ to 85 ℃. The addition of naphthalene sulfonate gormaldehyde condensate (NSF) also elevated the polymerization degree of C-S-H and increased the amount of aragonite and vaterite by 4.8–7.35 %. Hydration temperature and NSF are found to be responsible for the different morphology of C-S-H and its carbonation products. Fiber-like C-S-H gels formed at high temperatures are more likely to produce aragonite and vaterite, while foil-like C-S-H gels formed at normal or low temperatures are more likely to generate calcite during carbonation.

Properties of self-curing and self-cooling eco-friendly novel green cement-based mortar

In this study, mullein plant (MP) (Verbascum Thapsus) was replaced with cement at a dosage of 300 (the amount of cement in mortar for producing 1 m3 mortar) in cement-based mortars at different weight ratios (0%, 1.5%, 3%, 4.5% and 6%). To investigate the impact of MP on the hydration (internal) temperature and the formation time of hydration products in mortars, the mortars' interior temperature and moisture ratios were measured and recorded every minute for one day. It was concluded that the MP had a high-water absorption capacity and delayed the initial and final setting times. The optimum ratio of MP as a replacement for cement was found to be 1.5%. The study also investigated the effects of direct current (DC) application on fresh mortars (both with and without MP). The results showed that the 7-day mechanical strength of the reference mortars exhibited a significant increase with the application of DC. Previous studies have not explored the use of MP in cementitious composite materials. This study concluded that adding a specific amount of MP to cement-based materials can provide self-curing and self-cooling properties. This research is critical for water conservation as it develops a novel self-curing method.

Static and dynamic properties investigation of modified polyethersulfone membrane for direct methanol fuel cell applications

The present study's main focus is understanding the impact of modification, especially through phosphoric acid and acetic acid, on polyethersulfone (PES) membranes for direct methanol fuel cell application, as sulfonation is the preferred modification method. The cross-linking introduces the sulfonate, phosphonate, and carboxylate group in the polymer matrix, while the membrane's semi-crystalline nature and homogeneous surface are confirmed through instrumental analysis. The high ion exchange capacity and water retention capacity of the phosphoric acid cross-linked PES membrane (PPES-2) reveal its potentiality. The impact of different hydration levels and temperatures on proton conductivity indicates that based on the operating conditions, the cross-linked membrane can be used, such as at high temperatures and 50 % hydration level, the PPES-2 membrane shows high proton conductivity as well as has low methanol crossover due to the presence of hydroxyl group. At the same time, the acetic acid-treated PES (CPES-2) membrane shows high proton conductivity at 50 % hydration level and low temperature. The same is confirmed through molecular dynamic simulation by understanding their dynamic and static properties. The PPES-2 membrane shows maximum power density (0.34 Wcm−2). In conclusion, the study indicates that PES modification can be done through phosphorylation and carboxylation, apart from sulfonation.

Low-heat & early-strength well cement system: Application of HSA in hydrate layer cementing

Aiming at the problem that cement hydration heat release easily leads to hydrate decomposition when cementing deep water hydrate layer in the ocean. Heat storage agent (HSA) was prepared, and a cementing system that can be used in hydrate layer was proposed by using early-strength cement and heat storage agent. The research objective is to reduce the hydration temperature of cement on the basis of ensuring the early strength of the cement system so as to meet the cementing needs of the hydrate stratigraphic. In this study, a new heat storage agent was invented and its performance tested. The properties of different proportions of early-strength cement and Class G cement were compared. The performance changes of the cement system after adding heat storage agent were tested. The test results show that heat storage agent can resist the corrosion of seawater and alkali. After heat storage agent is added to the early-strength cement system, the hydration temperature of the cement can be greatly reduced, and the low-temperature (4 °C 24h) compressive strength can reach 5.1 MPa. The microscopic test shows that heat storage agents only affect the hydration rate and temperature of cement without affecting its stability. The results proved that the heat storage agent can be used as an environmentally friendly regulator of the heat of hydration for oil well cement. The results proved that the heat storage agent can be used as a regulator of the heat of hydration of oil well cement.

An annealing-free method for processing high-moisture iron-containing sludge of metallurgical production

The purpose of this study was to study the possibility of producing high-strength briquettes from high-moisture iron-containing slimes by hydration with quicklime (chemical dehydration) in combination with dolomite dust from a degusting system and carbon-containing pulverized materials and developing a drainless technology for the production of complex self-healing briquettes. The physicochemical conditions of the hydration process, temperature and time parameters of the process were studied, and the choice of active dehydrating materials significantly increased the degree of hydration of the composite system and their optimal ratios, and the period of the beginning and end of self-hardening were determined. The conditions of combining the processes of dehydration, and self-hardening with the processes of melding, when applying external pressure to a hardening mixture in a meld to obtain a coated material in the form of a briquette in one technological cycle are considered, which is one of the main provisions of the scientific novelty of the proposed method. Optimal conditions for the production of high-strength briquettes suitable for metallurgical production technologies, excluding the stages of thermal drying and firing, have been established, and a set of strength properties occurs in the air. The method allows obtaining a self-healing dipped material by introducing a carbon-containing reducing agent into a slurry-lime self-hardening mixture. Cheap waste pulverized limestone and dolomite roasting wastes are used as a dehydrating material, and pulverized carbonaceous materials (coke and coal screenings) are used as a reducing agent. Unlike well-known technical solutions, the proposed technology and the method incorporated in it eliminates the storage of iron-containing sludge in a sludge storage facility and allows you to organize a drainless scheme of non-annealing and the production of complex self-healing iron-containing material for the production of steel and rolled products. The technology will make it possible to organize production for the processing of high-moisture iron-containing sludge, pulverized calcium- and magnesium-containing and carbon-containing pulverized waste and also solves the problems of environmental pollution and land allocation for the storage of industrial waste.

Investigations on the Environmental Characteristics and Cracking Control of Plateau Concrete

In the present study, first, the environmental challenges and cracking characteristics during the construction of plateau concrete on the Sichuan–Tibet route were revealed. Then, using a multi-field coupled shrinkage model with hydration temperature humidity constraints, the early and long-term cracking risks in the core of plateau pier bodies were investigated. Later, the effects of tensile strength, pouring interval age and adiabatic temperature rise on the cracking risk were analyzed. Finally, various control measures for high-altitude concrete cracking were proposed. The results indicated that the complex environment of the plateau led to different forms of cracks in the pier body, especially vertical cracks in the straight sections. The long-term risk of core cracking in the plateau pier body is significantly greater than the risk of early cracking. This risk was strongly influenced by factors such as the concrete tensile strength, pouring interval age and adiabatic temperature rise, which should be given more attention. Deformation compensation can significantly enhance the peak and residual deformation capacities of plateau concrete, with peak values greater than 900 με and residual deformation greater than 200 με at day 60, as well as its resistance to cracking. Strategies such as adopting radiant cooling techniques, improving construction techniques and implementing effective management measures can all play a vital role in improving the cracking resistance of highland concrete.

Study on the mechanism of controlling the morphology of basic magnesium carbonate prepared under different hydration conditions

Basic magnesium carbonate is gaining prominence in flame retardant materials due to its excellent flame-retardant properties and clean decomposition products. This study investigates a hydration-carbonation method to address challenges related to the preparation, morphology control, and stability of magnesium basic carbonate. The impact of hydration conditions on the morphology of the carbonate was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicate that spherical magnesium basic carbonate with regular morphology and uniform particle size can be achieved at a hydration temperature of 50°C for 1.5 hours. However, extending the hydration time and increasing the temperature resulted in irregular morphologies. Molecular dynamics simulations using the CASTEP and Forcite modules of Materials Studio were employed to understand the influence of hydration-carbonation conditions on the carbonate's morphology. The simulations revealed that the (1 1 1) and (2 0 0) crystal faces of MgO, with higher surface energies, promote the formation of precursor magnesium hydroxide nuclei, leading to heterogeneous magnesium alkali carbonate at elevated temperatures. Prolonged hydration time resulted in fragmented carbonate structures. To control the morphology of magnesium alkali carbonate, it is essential to optimize hydration temperature and duration. The simulation results corroborate experimental findings, providing deeper insights into the liquid-gas-solid adsorption relationships during the carbonation process. This study offers valuable guidelines for the controlled synthesis of magnesium basic carbonate, enhancing its applicability in flame retardant materials.

Effect of functional groups of hydration heat controlling materials on cement hydration and its mechanism

In this study, three hydration heat controlling materials (HHCMs), respectively, containing pure hydroxyl (polyvinyl alcohol, PVA), carboxylic (polyacrylic acid, PAA) and ester groups (maleic acid-ethylene glycol ester, P(MA-EG)) were synthesized and mixed with cement-based materials, and the hydration heat and setting time of cement pastes and the SEMI adiabatic temperature rise and strength of mortars were tested. The results showed that PAA and P(MA-EG) reduced the peak value of hydration exothermic rate by 77.45% and 62.28%, respectively, and prolonged 54.14 h and 15.56 h, respectively. Mechanism studies showed that HHCMs containing carboxylic or hydroxyl groups adsorbed on cement particles by Ca2+ complexation, while HHCMs containing ester groups hydrolyzed to carboxylic groups in alkaline cement pastes, which hydrolysis rate changed with the hydration temperature of cement-based materials to regulate the hydration process. This study aims to provide technical feasibility and theoretical basis for exploring new avenues of synthesizing HHCMs with different functional groups.

Current developments in Niosomes: Brand new extended release- An Introduction to Nonionic Stable Vesicular Systems

Vesicular systems are an innovative way to distribute drugs in a controlled way, improving bioavailability and achieving a longer-lasting therapeutic effect. When non-ionic surfactant vesicles self-assemble, niosomes are formed. The niosome formation is influenced by a number of variables, including the kind of non-ionic surfactant utilized, the preparation technique, the hydration temperature, etc. We have tried to include all the fundamental information about niosomes in this review article, including the different preparation techniques, types of niosomes, Advantages and disadvantages, niosome characterization, applications, and Drug delivery via niosomes. Lastly, the delivery system's limitations and prospects have also been covered.