Hydration In Athletes Research Articles

All-in-One, Wireless, Multi-Sensor Integrated Athlete Health Monitor for Real-Time Continuous Detection of Dehydration and Physiological Stress.

Athletes are at high risk of dehydration, fatigue, and cardiac disorders due to extreme performance in often harsh environments. Despite advancements in sports training protocols, there is an urgent need for a non-invasive system capable of comprehensive health monitoring. Although a few existing wearables measure athlete's performance, they are limited by a single function, rigidity, bulkiness, and required straps and adhesives. Here, an all-in-one, multi-sensor integrated wearable system utilizing a set of nanomembrane soft sensors and electronics, enabling wireless, real-time, continuous monitoring of saliva osmolality, skin temperature, and heart functions is introduced. This system, using a soft patch and a sensor-integrated mouthguard, provides comprehensive monitoring of an athlete's hydration and physiological stress levels. A validation study in detecting real-time physiological levels shows the device's performance in capturing moments (400-500s) of synchronized acute elevation in dehydration (350%) and physiological strain (175%) during field training sessions. Demonstration with a few human subjects highlights the system's capability to detect early signs of health abnormality, thus improving the healthcare of sports athletes.

Hydration In Athletes: A Literature Review

The aim of this study to review the most recent research on the factors that most influence hydration. This study review using the literature research from google scholar, PubMed, and Elsevier. Many athletes after training experience dehydration due to not consuming enough fluids and electrolytes before, during training, and competition. To assess hydration status cannot be determined by just one factor. The general recommendation of hydration status measures using accurate biomarkers to detect body water fluctuations of 3% of total body water (TBW), using dehydration index, body mass, or color of urine. Therefore, monitoring hydration status is very important to maintain athlete performance. Exercise increases hypohydration due to fluid losses so that should be given to fluid supplementation and intake from certain food for each athlete. The factor that most influences the athlete's hydration is sweat loss and fluid intake.

Perbedaan Pengaruh Dehidrasi 2.2 % Dan 2.8% Terhadap Prestasi Lari 400 Meter

Dehydration is a case that will happen when exercising. The allowed dehydration level for a single exercise for health is still uncertain. Based on a review of research, dehydration up to 2% can lower mood but has not decreased aerobic performance. Information on the allowed level of dehydration to maintain exercise and performance still needs to be done. The research method used was an experimental pre-test post-test method. This study compared 2.2% and 2.8% dehydration levels on 400 meters running performance. The population of this study was all Sports Coaching Education students class of 2017 and 2018. The sample grouping was administered randomly into two groups. The first group was the 2.2% dehydration group consisted of 16 students. The second group was the 2.8% dehydration group consisted of 25 students. The dehydration process was conducted passively by doing sunbathing while using a raincoat. Bodyweight was measured before dehydration up to several times to reach the desired level of dehydration. The measurement of the 400-meter run was carried out before weight measurement and after dehydration. The data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test. The results of the data analysis concluded that there was no difference in the 400-meter run performance at the two levels of dehydration. Dehydration between 2.2% level and 2.8% level equally lowered the 400-meter running performance. This study suggests that the athlete's hydration level when exercising should be kept below 2.2% to achieve optimal performance. During training, athletes should be provided with drinks to maintain hydration levels.

Social Habits, Oral Hygiene Practices, and Hydration in Athletes

Introduction: Social habits, oral health and lifestyle are important, not only from the perspective of sport development, but also from public health. Objectives: To investigate social habits, oral hygiene practices, and hydration in athletes. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive, survey study was conducted of 647 athletes from different sports disciplines. The variables researched were as follows: sports practiced, consumption of soft drinks and alcoholic beverages, smoking, mouth-breathing habit, use of medicines, oral hygiene practices, and intake of water, isotonic and energy drinks. Results: Of the total athletes, 313 (48.53%) breathed through their mouths during sports practice, 381 (58.89%) did not drink soft drinks, 618 (95.52%) did not smoke, and 98 (15.15%) consumed alcoholic beverages at least twice a week. The majority (85.63%) drank only water, while 138 (21.33%) consumed energy drinks during exercise. The highest proportion of athletes trained between 3 and 5 days a week (67.08%), for 2 to 4 hours a day (76.05%). Dental floss was not used by 212 (32.77%) athletes. The use of medicines was reported by 114 athletes (17.62%), and majority of these medicines were medically prescribed. The majority of athletes reported been unaware of the fact that the medicines could be doping. Conclusions: A large portion of the athletes had mouth-breathing habit during sports practice, and although all of them performed tooth brushing, a considerable number lacked knowledge regarding the use of dental floss. The consumption of soft drinks and alcoholic beverages, use of medicines, and smoking was low.

Practices of Athletic Trainers Using Weight Charts to Determine Hydration Status and Fluid-Intervention Strategies

Determining an athlete's hydration status allows hydration-related concerns to be identified before significant medical or performance concerns arise. Weight charts are an accurate measure of hydration status changes, yet their clinical use by athletic trainers (ATs) is unknown. To investigate ATs' use of weight charts in athletic settings and describe their subsequent clinical decisions. Cross-sectional survey. High schools and National Collegiate Athletic Association Divisions I, II, III and National Association Intercollegiate Athletics colleges. A total of 354 ATs (men = 162, women = 175; 17 respondents did not answer the demographic questions) responded across athletic settings (Division I [45.7%]; Division II, Division III, National Association Intercollegiate Athletics combined [n = 19.9%]; and high school [34.4%]). The 26-question online survey was developed by content experts and pilot tested before data collection. Participants answered questions focused on weight-chart use (implementation, timing, and calculations) and clinical decision processes (policies, interventions, and referral). Frequency statistics were calculated. The majority of ATs (57.2%) did not use weight charts. Of those who did, most (76.0%) used charts with football, soccer (28%), and wrestling (6%) athletes. They calculated changes as either an absolute (42.2%) or percentage (36.7%) change from prepractice to postpractice; only 11.7% used a baseline weight for calculations. Of those who used the percentage change in body mass, 66.0% selected a threshold of -3% to -4% for an intervention. Most ATs (97.0%) intervened with verbal education, whereas only one-third (37.0%) provided specific fluid amounts based on body mass changes. Typically, ATs in athletic settings did not use weight charts. They considered a body mass change of -3% the indication for intervention but did not specify rehydration amounts for hypohydrated athletes. Educational workshops or technology applications could be developed to encourage ATs to use weight charts and calculate appropriate individual fluid interventions for their athletes.

Sex differences in hydration status among adolescent elite soccer players

Hydration of athletes may affect performance and health status likely with differences among sexes. We studied the impact of sex on hydration behaviour in adolescent athletes. Hydration status and urine markers were investigated in 7 female and 7 male elite 16 years-old soccer players in temperate climate (21-24°C). Participants consumed water ad libitum during the first training session (LIB), whereas in the second session (HYD) they drunk a water amount matching 70% of sweat loss from the LIB session. Post-training performances were evaluated by Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (IR1) test and countermovement jump (CMJ). Body mass values were recorded and urine samples were collected before and after each experimental session. Males drunk a double amount of water in HYD (1.19±0.21 kg) compared to LIB (0.62±0.19 kg; p=0.001; ES=2.88), resulting in a lower percentage body mass loss (HYD -0.95±0.63% versus LIB -1.59±0.33%; p=0.044; ES=-1.35); total distance of Yo-Yo IR1 was higher, albeit not significantly, in HYD (2953±779 m) than in LIB (2103±939 m); CMJ performance was unchanged. In females, water drunk, body mass, Yo-Yo IR1 and CMJ did not vary in HYD versus LIB sessions. In adolescent males a 70% sweat replacement personalized hydration regimen reduced body mass loss and tended to improve performance, whereas in females ad libitum water drinking allowed to maintain hydration status (<1% body mass loss). Our results suggest that coaches and athletes themselves should consider a personalized hydration regimen for adolescent male soccer players, whereas ad libitum drinking seems suitable for females.

The effect of mineral-based alkaline water on hydration status and the metabolic response to short-term anaerobic exercise.

Previously it was demonstrated that mineralization and alkalization properties of mineral water are important factors influencing acid-base balance and hydration in athletes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of drinking different types of water on urine pH, specific urine gravity, and post-exercise lactate utilization in response to strenuous exercise. Thirty-six male soccer players were divided into three intervention groups, consuming around 4.0 l/day of different types of water for 7 days: HM (n=12; highly mineralized water), LM (n=12; low mineralized water), and CON (n=12; table water). The athletes performed an exercise protocol on two occasions (before and after intervention). The exercise protocol consisted of 5 bouts of intensive 60-s (120% VO2max) cycling separated by 60 s of passive rest. Body composition, urinalysis and lactate concentration were evaluated – before (t0), immediately after (t1), 5’ (t2), and 30’ (t3) after exercise. Total body water and its active transport (TBW – total body water / ICW – intracellular water / ECW – extracellular water) showed no significant differences in all groups, at both occasions. In the post-hydration state we found a significant decrease of specific urine gravity in HM (1021±4.2 vs 1015±3.8 g/L) and LM (1022±3.1 vs 1008±4.2 g/L). We also found a significant increase of pH and lactate utilization rate in LM. In conclusion, the athletes hydrated with alkaline, low mineralized water demonstrated favourable changes in hydration status in response to high-intensity interval exercise with a significant decrease of specific urine gravity, increased urine pH and more efficient utilization of lactate after supramaximal exercise.

Knowledge and Attitudes towards Fluid Hydration of Athletes by Jamaican Track and Field High School Coaches

Knowledge and Attitudes towards Fluid Hydration of Athletes by Jamaican Track and Field High School Coaches

Changes in Muscles Hydration for Training Dues

PURPOSE: Physical training may induce changes in muscle hydration. Hydration in athletes is studied mainly after a single bout of training session. Muscles mostly trained in soccer players are those in the lower limbs. Recently a new approach in hydration assessment is represented by muscle bio impedance analysis. The purpose of this study is to verify the effects of 50 days training on muscle hydration in athletes. METHODS: 97 elite soccer players (age 21.3±5.1 yrs, height 180.2±0.1 cm) were enrolled. Total hydration status and muscle hydration of quadriceps, hamstrings and calf were evaluated before starting the first training session of the season and before the first official match of championship. Bio impedance analysis (BIA 101 Sport Edition - Akern - Italy) was carried out in the morning and no physical activity in the previous 12 hours. The values of Resistance (Rz) and Reactance (Xc) were normalized per height for total assessment (Rz/h, Xc/h), per thigh length for quadriceps and hamstrings and per leg length for calf (Rz/l, Xc/l). Phase Angle (PA) was also studied. Data before and after 50 days of soccer training were compared (t-test for paired data). RESULTS: Anthropometric parameters showed an increase in BMI (22.9±1.8; 23.0±1.7; p<0.01). Total bio impedance didn’t show any statistical difference: -Rz/h from 262.3±26.3 to 263.1±25.1ohm/m; -Xc/h from 35.9±4.0 to 35.0±3.8 ohm/m; -PA from 7.8±0.6 to 7.6±0.6°. Muscle bio impedance showed a significant reduction in Rz/l in all muscles: -quadriceps from 125.2±17.6 to 116.6±15.8 ohm/m, p<0.001; -hamstrings from 122.7±19.6 to 116.8±16.4 ohm/m, p<0.001; -calf from 206.2±26.8 to 199.8±26.1 ohm/m, p<0.001. No differences were found in Xc/l and PA in muscle impedance. CONCLUSIONS: A simple assessment of body weight could provide some information in athletes. Total body assessment does not seem to be sensitive enough to investigate changes in hydration for training dues. Muscle hydration assessment seems to provide specific information in elite athletes. The reduction of Rz/l related to physical training indicates an increase in muscle water. Further research is needed in order to understand the behavior of muscle hydration changes in different populations.

Hydration, nutrition, and energy expenditure of female collegiate gymnasts at Southern Utah University

Good nutrition and hydration of athletes is vital to injury prevention, performance, and physical health. The purpose of this study was to examine hydration, energy expenditure, and nutritional status of collegiate female gymnasts. Fifteen gymnasts, mean age 19.3 ± 1.1 years, participated. Seven‐day food records were collected. Urine specific gravity (USG) was determined for five practices and one meet. Body Media® armbands were used to measure caloric needs. The armband continuously monitored movement, heat flow, skin temperature, ambient temperature, and galvanic skin response. Armband data revealed that on average gymnasts burned 613.4 more calories on practice days compared to days with no scheduled practices. Gymnasts had a low caloric intake (66% of recommended), which resulted in low macronutrient and micronutrient consumption. Diet analysis indicated that nutrients of concern were water, vitamin D, vitamin E, omega‐3 fatty acids, magnesium, and potassium. Paired t‐test revealed a significant difference (p&lt; 0.001) in the mean USGs before and after practices as well as the meet. USG indicated athletes came to practices minimally dehydrated and left significantly dehydrated. This population may benefit from nutrition education and implementation of strategies to help them meet their nutrient recommendations.

Urine specific gravity in exercisers prior to physical training

Urine specific gravity (USG) is used as an index of hydration status. Many studies have used USG to estimate pre-exercise hydration in athletes. However, very little is known about the pre-exercise hydration status of recreational exercisers. The purpose of the present study was to measure the pre-exercise USG in a large sample of recreational exercisers who attended 2 different fitness centers in the United States. In addition, we wanted to determine if factors such as time of day, geographic location, and gender influenced USG. We tested 166 subjects in Chicago and 163 subjects in Los Angeles. Subjects completed a survey on their typical training regimen and fluid-replacement habits, and thereafter voided and delivered a urine sample to the investigators prior to beginning exercise. Samples were measured on site for USG using a hand-held refractometer. The mean (SD) USG was 1.018 (+/- 0.007) for all subjects. Males had a higher average USG (1.020 +/- 0.007) when compared with females (1.017 +/- 0.008; p = 0.001). Despite differences in climate, no difference in mean USG occurred based on location or time of day. Based on standards used for athletes (USG > or = 1.020), 46% of the exercisers were likely to be dehydrated.

408 A new tool for monitoring hydration in athletes

408 A new tool for monitoring hydration in athletes