Hybrid Process Research Articles

Hybrid Process Flow Diagram for Separation of Fusel Oil into Valuable Components

Ethanol production by fermentation results in obtaining, in addition to the main product, ethyl alcohol, by-products and secondary products, which include carbon dioxide, fusel oil, and ester–aldehyde cut. Fusel oil, despite its low yield and the large volume of ethanol production, accumulates at distilleries, which ultimately raises the question of its disposal or the rational use of this by-product. Fusel oil, being a complex mixture, can serve as a source of technical alcohols used in various sectors of the economy, including the food industry, pharmaceuticals, organic synthesis, perfume, and cosmetics industries, as well as the production of paints and varnishes. However, the complexity of using fusel oil lies in its difficult separation. The reason for this is the presence of water, which forms low-boiling azeotropes with aliphatic alcohols. Our study aimed to develop a process flow diagram (PFD) that allows individual components from fusel oil to be obtained without extraneous separating agents (not inherent in fusel oil). This condition is necessary to obtain products labeled as natural for further use in the food, perfume, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. The distinctive feature of this work is that the target product is not only isoamyl alcohol but also all other alcohols present in the composition of fusel oil. To achieve this goal and create a mathematical model, the Aspen Plus V14 application, the Non-Random Two Liquid (NRTL) thermodynamic model, and the Vap-Liq/Liq-Liq phase equilibrium were used. Fusel oil separation was modeled using a continuous separation PFD to obtain ethanol, water, isoamyl alcohol, and raw propanol and butanol cuts. The Sorel and Barbet distillation technique was used to isolate ethanol. The isolation of isopropanol and 1-propanol, as well as isobutanol and 1-butanol, was modeled using the batch distillation method. The isolation of fusel oil components was based on their thermodynamic properties and the selection of appropriate techniques for their separation, such as extraction, distillation, pressure swing distillation, and decantation. The simulation of fusel oil separation PFD showed the possibility of obtaining the components of a complex mixture without separating agents, as discussed earlier. Ethanol corresponds to the quality of rectified ethyl alcohol, and 1-butanol and isoamyl alcohols to anhydrous alcohols, whereas isopropanol (which contains an admixture of ethanol), 1-propanol, and isobutanol are obtained as aqueous solutions of different concentrations of alcohols. However, due to a distillation boundary in the raw propanol and butanol cuts, these mixtures cannot be separated completely, which leads to the production of intermediate fractions. To eliminate intermediate fractions and obtain anhydrous isopropanol, 1-propanol, and isobutanol in the future, it is necessary to solve the dehydration problem of either fusel oil or the propanol–butanol mixture.

Detecting hybridization in Chilean species of the genus Baccharis L.

The genus Baccharis in Chile is an extraordinary example of admixture, previously described only morphologically and chemically. In Chile, the genus forms a homoploid complex with at least 16 species and 21 hybrids. Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) was used to clarify the hybrid character of Baccharis × intermedia, which originated from the species B. macraei and B. linearis. Additionally, B. vernalis, another species with a morphological resemblance to B. macraei, was subjected to analysis to ascertain its role in the hybridization process. A total of 11,006 SNPs and 72 individuals were analysed using Treemix, D- and f-statistics, which revealed genetic evidence of hybridization between B. macraei and B. linearis. Furthermore, other genetic indicators, such as a high level of heterozygosity, also provided evidence of the hybrid nature of Baccharis × intermedia. Additionally, one individual exhibited strong genetic proportions derived from B. vernalis, B. macraei, and B. linearis. Distinct individuals were clustered using sparse Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (sNMF) into five distinct groups, representing the described species and the hybrid. B. macraei exhibited division into a northern and a southern subpopulation. The morphological and chemical evidence of the hybrid character of Baccharis × intermedia is corroborated by genetic data. Further, the most likely evolutionary scenario is a hybrid swarm. Genetic differentiation between B. linearis and B. macraei indicates separation prior to secondary contact. The close relationship of B. macraei and B. vernalis was confirmed, suggesting that it may emerge as a vicariant species on different soil types.

Patterns of linguistic simplification on social media platforms over time

Understanding the impact of digital platforms on user behavior presents foundational challenges, including issues related to polarization, misinformation dynamics, and variation in news consumption. Comparative analyses across platforms and over different years can provide critical insights into these phenomena. This study investigates the linguistic characteristics of user comments over 34 y, focusing on their complexity and temporal shifts. Using a dataset of approximately 300 million English comments from eight diverse platforms and topics, we examine user communications' vocabulary size and linguistic richness and their evolution over time. Our findings reveal consistent patterns of complexity across social media platforms and topics, characterized by a nearly universal reduction in text length, diminished lexical richness, and decreased repetitiveness. Despite these trends, users consistently introduce new words into their comments at a nearly constant rate. This analysis underscores that platforms only partially influence the complexity of user comments but, instead, it reflects a broader pattern of linguistic change driven by social triggers, suggesting intrinsic tendencies in users' online interactions comparable to historically recognized linguistic hybridization and contamination processes.

Hybridization of Religious Institutions as Indicator of Spiritual and Moral Crisis

In this paper, the phenomenon of social crisis is studied within the framework of the institutional approach supplemented with the theory of institutional matrices (IM). It is shown that the crisis of the social system constitutes an irreparable disbalance in the institutional matrix, which leads to its inability to develop along the established trajectory. The existence of a historically invariant indicator of the crisis of the sociocultural subsystem has been established - the hybridization of religious institutions. This phenomenon is discussed in detail using the example of crises during the Middle Ages in Byzantium and Western Europe. Christianity, when in crisis, is determined to face, independently of the matrix type, hybridization with pre-Christian practices and elements of the religions of the societies in contact (in particular, Islam). The purpose of such hybridization, initiated either from the above (by the authorities) or from the below (by the grass roots), is in strengthening the dominant (determining the social identity of society) or the complementary (performing the compensatory function) institutions in the institutional matrix. It is shown that upon strengthening the dominant institutions in the institutional matrix with the aim of overcoming the crisis the complementary institutions cannot be totally eradicated. Besides, the formed institutional hybrid is more sustainable and its formation helps to solve the crisis in the long run only when the process of hybridization takes into account the geographical factors of the environment in which society lives. The hybridization, studied in this paper, indicates that religions in their development interpenetrated each other much more than is commonly recognized, and the experience of such hybridization is the most solid foundation for fruitful interfaith dialogue.

Molecular self-assembly of stable and small branched DNA nanostructures: Higher than a helical turn is enough for hybridization

The Watson-Crick base pairing property of DNA is widely used for fabricating DNA nanostructures with well-defined geometry. Moreover, DNA nanostructures can be easily modified in terms of shape, size and function at the nanoscale level. Therefore, investigation on smaller and stable branched DNA (bDNA) is of critical significance for biomedical applications. In the present communication, we report smaller and stable branched DNA (bDNA) which is of critical significance for biomedical applications. In the present study, a novel strategy has been used in identifying stable bDNA nanostructures with a minimum number of Watson-Crick base pairings. The importance of hybridizing regions and helical twists between multiple oligonucleotides has been explored using various biophysical techniques. The electrophoretic analysis demonstrated that hybridizing regions with ≥12 nt nucleotides can form stable bDNA structures. Substantial negative enthalpic contributions determine the significance of base stacking and the length of oligonucleotides in the hybridization process. Finally, thermal melting investigations confirmed the creation of bDNA nanostructures with ≥12 nt long hybridizing regions. In general, our findings indicate that bDNA oligonucleotides do not undergo hybridization if the number of base pairs is lesser for a single helical turn. Furthermore, the yield and stability of smaller bDNA nanostructures in physiological conditions are comparable with the earlier reported higher-order structures. Hence, smaller bDNAs are more stable which may be preferred over conventional bDNA nanostructures for advanced biomedical applications.

Organics removal from a hypersaline wastewater in epichlorohydrin production via electrochemical oxidation and resin adsorption: Performance and process optimization

Epichlorohydrin (ECH) as a raw material is widely used as an indispensable intermediate in the production of synthetic glycerin and epoxy resin. However, epichlorohydrin wastewater (EW) with high salinity and concentration of organics was generated during ECH production process. In this work, the removal of organics in EW by single electrochemical oxidation (EO), resin adsorption, and their hybrid process were explored. Effects of operating parameters such as current density, time, initial pH on EO and adsorption process were comprehensively optimized by single-factor experimental method. The optimal reaction parameters of combined EO-adsorption process were pinpointed: an initial pH of 4, a current density of 100mA/cm2, a solid-liquid ratio of 1:4 and a temperature of 298.15K. The combined EO-adsorption process achieved an excellent organic removal rate of 90.24%, while reduced the energy consumption and increased current efficiency. Additionally, the results of excitation-emission matrix (EEM) confirmed that the organics was removed efficiently by combined EO-adsorption process. The mechanism of organics removal by EO was elucidated, which mainly reacted with organics by oxidizing active substance produced by anode. The results of adsorption kinetic showed that the adsorption process was suitable for the pseudo-second-order model. The results above demonstrated that the combined EO-adsorption process was a potential technology for organics removal in EW.

Synergistic removal of ultra-fine coal particles and Ca2+/Mg2+ from mine wastewater via dual-stage adsorption prior to membrane filtration

Mining effluent cannot be directly employed for de-dusting purposes in the mines, on account of containing suspended solids (SS), Ca2+, and Mg2+. Although extant methods can eliminate them, yet no facile method has been contrived to simultaneously eradicate ultra-fine coal particles (∼4 μm) and hardness from the mining effluent. As such, a dual-adsorption process prior to membrane filtration was proffered by availing the preliminary adsorption of Ca2+ and Mg2+ to ultra-fine coal particles in the bulk solution and the secondary adsorption of Ca2+ and Mg2+ onto the cake layer. Experimental findings revealed that in contradistinction to the standalone membrane process, the hybrid process could attain a higher SS removal escalating from 99 % to 99.9 % and higher Ca2+ and Mg2+ removal rates (the removal rate for Ca2+ increased from 11.26 % to 22.12 % by 96.45 %, and the removal rate for Mg2+ increased from 11.73 % to 23.02 % by 96.25 %). Compared with other four commercial membranes (PES, CA, PTFE, and PP), the PVDF membrane with an average pore size of 0.22 μm performed the best with respect to the simultaneous removal of SS, Ca2+, and Mg2+. Thereafter, all SS removals exceeded 99.9 % and bore a tenuous connection to operating temperature, flow rate, and transmembrane pressure. Nevertheless, the removal rates of Ca2+ and Mg2+ diminished with the increase of transmembrane pressure, but exhibited a tendency of initially ascending and then descending as accelerating the flow rate. The optimal operating temperature fell within the purview of the acceptable operational temperature (<30 °C) in the coal mine. Hence, the proposed hybrid system provides one novel approach to concomitantly eliminate SS, Ca2+, and Mg2+ by availing not additional chemical reagents but the wastes (ultra-fine coal particles) encompassed in mine wastewater.

Membrane-cryogenic hybrid CO2 capture—A review

The membrane-cryogenic hybrid process is a promising CO2 capture process, which combines the advantages of membrane and cryogenic, such as high efficiency (up to 98 % CO2 captured) and low energy consumption (specific energy consumption around 1.7 MJ/kg CO2 avoided). Through pretreatment by membranes, CO2 concentration can be increased, which makes it possible to separate CO2 via phase change in the cryogenic unit. This work reviews the current status of the development of membrane-cryogenic hybrid processes. The synergy between membrane and cryogenic separation is summarized to identify the bottleneck of such processes and provide insights for process improvement. It was found that cold temperatures would be beneficial to reduce CO2 activation energy and then improve CO2 selectivity of membranes. To further improve the CO2 separation performance, the potential intensification methods of the membrane-cryogenic hybrid process including cold-membrane synthesis, process optimization via heat integration are discussed and envisioned.

Surface- and substrate-coated catalytic membrane for mitigating interference of water matrix species in intensified micropollutant confinement oxidation

The integration of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) with membrane technology offers benefits for catalyst recovery and reducing membrane fouling. However, the application of the hybrid process could be hampered by the background species in water matrix. This study addresses this challenge by developing catalytic ceramic membranes (CCMs) with dual mechanisms to intensify acetaminophen (ACT) removal in water. The CCMs effectively activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS), achieving ACT degradation of 85% and 93% in real water matrices (reverse osmosis retentate and settled water, respectively) and 99% in MQ water. The CCMs demonstrated consistent performance across multiple operational cycles, even in the presence of humic acid (HA) (96% ACT reduction). The CCM design features Co3O4 catalytic layer on CCM surface, facilitating surface oxidation, reducing fouling, and TiO2 intermediate rejection layers serving as barrier for bulk organic pollutants, achieving 50% HA removal through rejection and 70% with 1.5mM PMS. This design facilitates catalytic degradation at the membrane surface, allowing retention and degradation of bulk organic pollutants and intermediates, while ACT permeates into CCM substrate. The surface oxidation and rejection enhanced confinement oxidation within the Co3O4-coated macropores, minimizing interference from background species. LC-QTOF analysis identified multiple degradation pathways, including hydroxylation, acetyl-amino group cleavage, side chain oxidation and benzene ring cleavage, with intermediates showing reduced toxicity. Reactive oxygen species involved in the system were identified and PMS activation mechanism was proposed. This research highlights the potential of the hybrid process, enhancing micropollutant removal by mitigating interference from background species, providing practical implications in water treatment applications.

Photocurrent and electrical properties of SiGe nanocrystals grown on insulator via solid-state dewetting of Ge/SOI for Photodetection and solar cells applications

In this study, we present the photocurrent and electrical characterization of silicon-germanium nanocrystals (SiGe NCs) on an insulator (SiO2). The SiGe NCs were grown through a hybrid process combining solid-phase dewetting of an ultra-thin silicon-on-insulator (UT-SOI) film with the epitaxial deposition of a thin germanium layer using ultra-high vacuum molecular beam epitaxy (UHV-MBE). These SiGe NCs were successfully integrated into the insulator layer of a metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structure for optoelectronic applications. The enhanced MIS structure, featuring integrated SiGe NCs, exhibited notable transport and optoelectric properties as determined by current-voltage and impedance spectroscopy. The results indicated that the MIS structure functions as a Schottky diode, demonstrating a high rectification ratio (RR) of approximately 1000 and a Schottky barrier height (ϕB) of 0.73 eV. Additionally, this structure displayed a broad spectral response in the visible range, with a significant photovoltaic effect. The equivalent circuit of the MIS structure was also derived for an AC signal using impedance spectroscopy. These findings offer a promising scalable method for the monolithic integration and efficient growth of SiGe nanocrystals, paving the way for advancements in self-powered photodetectors and ultrathin solar cells.

Decarbonising with a plan: The influence of post-growth configurations of hybridity

Hybridity is the combination of different belief systems (institutional logics) that guide organisational practice. We analyse 32 decarbonisation business plans of tour operators to study the interplay between the market logic (incumbent) that supports the pursuit of continuous economic expansion, and the post-growth logic (challenger) that rejects the idea of unbridled growth. Through a mixed-method approach that combines content analysis and regression modelling, we find that the configurations of hybridity (i.e., the exact ways in which logics are combined) influence organisations' abilities to adopt science-based decarbonisation. We identify eight distinct transition patterns in the embedding of post-growth thinking into business plans that support a new theorisation of post-growth as a process of hybridisation.

Sensitive SERS detection of S. aureus via HCR-mediated G-quadruplex DNAzyme assembly

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has been identified as a vital bioindicator of food contamination, closely associated with human health. This study innovatively integrates hybridization chain reaction (HCR) with G-quadruplex DNAzyme, forging a highly efficient S. aureus surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) biosensor that markedly elevates its detection abilities. Specifically, the triggering of HCR relies on the unique single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) sequence released by the target bacteria (S. aureus), which then pairs with the H1 and H2 probes, initiating an alternate hybridization process, forming long-chain DNA nanostructures. The G-quadruplex DNAzyme emerges through the intricate folding of G bases within its structure, simulating the catalytic activity of peroxidase and facilitating the oxidation of cysteine to cystine. This reaction operation further modulates the discrete state of Au NPs, thereby influencing the conduction of SERS signals. Under optimized conditions, the S. aureus sensor exhibits excellent linear response characteristics within the concentration range of 8.0 to 8.0×106 cfu/mL, featuring an impressively limit of detection (LOD) down to 1.5 cfu/mL. Consequently, the HCR-mediated G-quadruplex DNAzyme assembly strategy not only establishes a highly sensitive S. aureus detection platform but also opens new paths for precise identification, significantly impacting food safety and public health.

Evaluation of ZnO/NiO/kaolin nanocomposite as a sorbent/photocatalyst in hybrid water remediation process

The colored effluents causing environmental pollution pose a threat to the world. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of nickel oxide/zinc oxide/kaolin nanocomposite (NiO/ZnO/Ka) in removing methylene blue (MB) from water. Furthermore, it aims to examine the impact of synergetic adsorption/photocatalytic degradation (APCD) on the MB adsorption capacity as well as the suitability of the nonlinear adsorption isotherm and kinetic modeling in analyzing the process. The composites ZnO/Ka and NiO/ZnO/Ka were synthesized by the sol–gel method and were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infra-red, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller. The impacts of various parameters, such as pH, initial concentration of MB, dose, ionic strength, and temperature, on MB removal were studied using adsorption and APCD. The results showed that ZnO/Ka had the maximum adsorption capacity of MB (39.31 mg/g) and the maximum removal (78.61%) under optimal conditions of pH 10, clay dosage of 0.1 g/25 mL, initial concentration of MB 200 mg/L, contact time of 15 min, and 298 K, while NiO/ZnO/Ka showed the maximum adsorption capacity of MB (40.88 mg/g) and maximum removal (83.74%) at pH 7. It was also noticed that Temkin and Fritz–Schlunder models are the best isotherm models, with the highest R2 (1 and 0.842) for ZnO/Ka and NiO/ZnO/Ka, respectively. Moreover, the data of adsorption and photodegradation of MB onto ZnO/Ka and NiO/ZnO/Ka were revealed to follow pseudo-first-order and Avrami kinetic models with R2 (0.897) for ZnO/Ka and (0.986) for NiO/ZnO/Ka. Overall, NiO/ZnO/Ka showed better removal of MB than ZnO/Ka, and the hybrid process (photodegradation process after adsorption) enhanced the overall efficiency of MB removal than adsorption alone.

Label-free electrochemical biosensor with magnetic self-assembly constructed via PNA-DNA hybridization process on α-Fe2O3/Fe3O4 nanosheets for APOE ε4 genes ultrasensitive detection

A label-free electrochemical DNA detection strategy based on self-assembled α-Fe2O3/Fe3O4 nanosheets with PNA-DNA hybridization process was developed for ultrasensitive detection of APOE ε4 gene, one of the most robust genetic risks for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). In this work, magnetic α-Fe2O3/Fe3O4 heterogeneous nanosheets were prepared by hydrothermal-calcined reduction method and loaded with Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) on their surfaces. The magnetic α-Fe2O3/Fe3O4@Au nanocomposites significantly enhanced the electrochemical response as a signal amplification matrix and were able to bind to the magnetic glassy carbon electrode (MGCE) surface by magnetic self-assembly. Moreover, owing to the high specificity and stable binding capacity of PNA with respect to the target DNA, the biosensor not only enabled accurate (the limit of detection was estimated to be 0.147 pM) and rapid detection of the APOE ε4 gene, but also exhibited excellent specificity, stability and regeneration capability. Additional, the satisfactory recoveries were also obtained in real samples of human serum, ranging from 92.83 % to 106.22 % with relative standard deviation (RSD) between 0.25 % and 1.85 %. The results possessed important reference value for exploring the application of DNA biosensor technology in the diagnosis of APOE gene mutation.

Road to Malawi Defence Force International Peacekeeping and Other Expeditionary Deployments: Multiple Players with Multiple Interests

Misconceptions about the powers and procedures to deploy the military have lingered in the public domain owing to the secretive nature of military operations albeit in many countries such procedures and powers are enshrined in the Constitution; a public document of the basic principles and laws of a nation or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and that guarantee certain rights to the people in it. Such misconceptions have not left out Malawi in her deployment of the Malawi Defence Forces. This paper seeks to explain the sources of power for the Malawi Defence Force deployments for international peacekeeping operations. The paper endeavours to enlighten many who posit that the Malawi Defence Force deployments do not go through democratic processes. Doctrinal analysis research methodology was employed to deep dive into documents such as the Constitution, the United Nations, the African Union, Southern Africa Development Community Charters and the Malawi Defence Force Act. The three-level analyses at macro, meso and macro domains and stakeholder holders’ analysis were considered. The three-level and stakeholder analyses were reinforced by the type of government that informs procedures and powers of the government in handling national instruments of power. The findings revealed that the powers to deploy the Malawi Defence Force for peacekeeping operations are drawn from the international and national instruments with the executive branch playing a crucial role in such deployments. The study recommends the operationalization of the National Security Policy and a review of the current deployment process flow to chart a hybrid process fusing the presidential and parliamentary processes as well as blending the objective and subjective civilian control of the defence forces.

Emerging breakthroughs in membrane filtration techniques and their application in agricultural wastewater treatment: Reusability aspects

Freshwater resources are becoming limited and are rapidly getting polluted due to industrialization and urbanization. Water pollution is a pervasive global challenge both in terms of scarcity and quality. Among other sources, wastewater discharged through agricultural practices are major contributor to environmental pollution. The leading cause of contaminants is the runoff of fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides and animal waste into waterbodies. Conventional treatment methods efficiently remove large particles, organic matter, and nutrients but require extensive infrastructure and produce significant sludge. In contrast, membrane filtration offers superior purification and reuse potential by using semi-permeable membranes to selectively remove contaminants, including suspended solids and dissolved ions. This study examines membrane filtration principles and technologies, emphasizing their role in delivering high-quality effluent for discharge or reuse. The study identifies fertilizers, herbicides, and insecticides as major agricultural contaminants and highlights conventional techniques' ineffectiveness in achieving high purification levels. Membrane filtration effectively remediates a wide range of pollutants, but fouling remains a challenge, addressed by antifouling agents and advanced membrane materials in hybrid processes. The study concludes by highlighting the reusability aspect of membrane filtration in agricultural systems and the potential applications of reclaimed water. This study emphasizes the need for advanced membrane materials and integrated systems for effective utilisation of membrane filtration.

Application of Hybrid Conventional Filter and PVDF-TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;/SBE Hollow Fibre Membrane for Peat Water Treatment

South Kalimantan-Indonesia is known to have extensive peatlands reaching 15% of a total peatland in Kalimantan. Due to that peat land water is mostly found and claim as abundant water sources. However, based on quality, peat land water has poor characteristic with high natural organic matter content. Therefore, peat water treatment is necessary to treat using effective method such as hybrid conventional filter and membrane using hollow fibre PVDF-TiO2/SBE. This study aims to investigate the variation of media filter thickness and filtration pressure of hollow fibre (HF) PVDF-TiO2/SBE membrane peat water treatment by filtration pre-treatment and HF membrane ultrafiltration. HF PVDF-TiO2/SBE membrane was prepared by wet spinning method using spinneret set up. Hybrid process was divided into two steps: 1) conventional filter as pre-treatment and 2) HF ultrafiltration membrane under cross flow system. The filter media was used in this work is silica sand and activated carbon with varied thickness 30:10 and 10:30 cm. The HF membrane structure was analysed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate the membrane morphology. The results show the fabricated HF membrane has a finger like-sponge sandwich structure morphology. In addition, 30:10 cm (silica sand: activated carbon) thickness exhibits TDS and turbidity removal of 92.18 and 61.37%, respectively as conventional filter pre-treatment. In other hand, HF membrane successfully removed TDS and turbidity of peat water up to 98.68% and 92.41% at 2 bar of filtration pressure. The highest permeate flux of HF membrane conducted of 13.055 Kg.m-2.h-1 at 3 bar. Conclusion of this work is the peat water treatment using activated carbon: silica filtration pre-treatment and HF membrane ultrafiltration can provide clean water with maximum turbidity and TDS removal.

Hybrid membrane process for nutrient recovery and sodium reduction in aquaculture wastewater

The swift growth of the aquaculture industry has exacerbated nutrient discharge, leading to eutrophication, while low nutrient but high sodium content impedes effective nutrient recovery and reuse. This study presents a novel hybrid membrane-based treatment sequence comprising ammonia stripping (AS), vacuum membrane distillation (VMD), and nanofiltration in diafiltration mode (NF), designed to efficiently recover ammonia and phosphate and reduce sodium from mixed aquaculture effluents. The process achieved ammonia and phosphate recovery efficiencies of 88.74 % and over 99 %, respectively, with a corresponding sodium reduction of 99.04 wt%. The AS stage concentrated ammonia from 20.37 mg/L to 2046.67 mg/L, whereas the subsequent VMD and NF stages produced phosphate-rich (rose from 10.33 mg/L to 50.50 mg/L) and sodium-reduced retentates (decreased from 510 mg/L to 44.50 mg/L). Long-term testing over eight consecutive batches showed robust performance with ammonia flux decline by only 2.81 %, permeate flux reduction by 4.30 %, and minimal inorganic fouling, maintaining consistent permeate quality that met environmental standards. These findings underline the proposed hybrid process's potential for sustainable aquaculture wastewater management, offering substantial enhancement in nutrient and water recycling.

Assessment of simultaneous removal of salt and dye by utilizing capacitive deionization and UV-electro oxidation hybrid process in saline wastewater treatment

In this research, the goal was simultaneous elimination of salt (NaCl) and dye (C·I Acid Orange 7 or AO7) through integration of capacitive deionization (CDI) technique with UV-based electrochemical advanced oxidation process (UV-EAOP). To optimize salt adsorption capacity (SAC) of MnO2 electrode, Taguchi's experimental design methodology was employed to fine-tune synthesis parameters, including bath temperature, current density, and precursor concentrations. BiOCl was synthesized and implemented as an anode to bolster AOP's effectiveness. Several experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of applying the combined AOP and CDI. The findings revealed that parameter optimization improved SAC, and the application of UV irradiation decreased electrode's SAC. Furthermore, it was observed that AO7 could enhance SAC while lowering salt adsorption rate (SAR). More importantly, the combined application of CDI and AOP resulted in superior pollutant removal efficiency and improved SAC, despite reduced SAR. Finally, color was entirely eliminated after 90 min, and the generated species were recognized by GC–MS. Additionally, a possible pathway for AO7 degradation was suggested based on the generated species.

Molecular and Pore Structures of Coal on CO2 Hydrate Formation: Insights from the Adsorption-Hydrate Hybrid Process

Molecular and Pore Structures of Coal on CO₂ Hydrate Formation: Insights from the Adsorption-Hydrate Hybrid Process