Silica Hybrid Coatings Research Articles

Influence of Perfluorooctanoic Acid on Structural, Morphological, and Optical Properties of Hybrid Silica Coatings on Glass Substrates

In recent years, various coatings based on fluorinated materials, used in a commercial application, have been created through many preparation routes. However, the techniques utilized to realize these coatings required either expensive and complex equipment, imply multiple manufacturing steps, or are time- or cost-consuming. In this paper, the major target was to develop fluorinated hybrid coatings presenting sustainable hydrophobicity and good transparency simultaneously. The sol–gel method was proposed to obtain these fluorinated hybrid coatings because it does not require expensive equipment, or the existence of stabilizing agents that reduce the storage period, it consumes less energy, and it is easy to implement. The influence of perfluorooctanoic acid, utilized in the sol–gel processing of hybrid silica materials, on the structural, morphological, and optical properties of coatings deposited on glass substrates, was evaluated. Different silane precursors (tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), triethoxymethylsilane (MTES), and trimethoxyhexadecylsilane (HDTMES)) were utilized to synthesize hybrid silica materials. The properties of the obtained materials were characterized by FTIR, UV–Vis, TEM, TGA, AFM, Ellipsometry, and Contact Angle analyses. FTIR spectroscopy shows the formation of a silica network tailored with organofunctional and fluoroalkyl groups. The fluorinated silica coatings presented smooth surfaces and good transparency, with a transmittance of ~90% in the visible range. It was found that the fluorinated silica materials improved the coating’s hydrophobicity (~110° in contact angle with water). These fluorinated silica materials can create multifunctional structures with antireflective and hydrophobic coatings for possible optical devices.

Antimicrobial Functionalization of Prolamine–Silica Hybrid Coatings with Fumaric Acid for Food Packaging Materials and Their Biocompatibility

The interest of the food packaging industry in biodegradable, recyclable, and functional materials has steadily increased in recent years. The use of hydrogels in the food sector holds great potential for use in packaging systems or as carriers for bioactive substances. The synthesis of an oxygen barrier coating of prolaminic silica material and antimicrobial functionalization with fumaric acid for packaging materials described here is an elegant way to meet these requirements. The developed material achieved a significant antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, two common clinical pathogens. Another pre-requisite of such materials is a high biocompatibility, which can be assessed using human cell models, to help ensure consumer safety. The biocompatibility was determined by luminescence adenosine triphosphate and photometric lactate dehydrogenase assays. No cytotoxic effects on human keratinocytes in vitro were found for the test materials.

Capped inhibitor-loaded halloysite nanoclay-based self-healing silica coatings for corrosion protection of mild steel

The effect of polymeric nanocapsule capping in benzotriazole encapsulated into halloysite nanoclay (HNTs) dispersed into hybrid silica coatings was investigated for corrosion protection of mild steel. Optimization of the amount of inhibitor-loaded halloysite nanotubes with and without capping in the coating sol was carried out. The prepared formulations were dip-coated on mild steel substrates using dip-coater and then cured at 130 °C for 1 h. Surface morphology and elemental analysis of the nanoclay were studied using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy analyses were carried out to confirm the encapsulation and capping of the halloysite nanoclay. The anti-corrosion and autonomic-healing properties of bare and coated substrates in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution were studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization measurements and scanning vibrating electrode technique for varying exposure times. The coatings generated from the capped inhibitor-loaded HNTs dispersed sol-gel matrix was seen to provide higher corrosion resistance when compared to uncapped HNT based silica coatings. Electrochemical studies carried out for capped inhibitor-loaded HNT based coatings have shown an increase in charge transfer resistance to 108 Ω cm2 from 106 Ω cm2 of uncapped inhibitor-loaded HNT based coatings.

Nanostructured Poly(methyl Methacrylate)–Silica Coatings for Corrosion Protection of Reinforcing Steel

In the absence of preventive maintenance, corrosion of structural steel by the deterioration of the passive layer due to exposure to aggressive environments is the main failure factor of reinforced concrete. To overcome economic, safety, and environmental implications, present research efforts focus on eco-friendly organic–inorganic hybrid coatings to achieve effective protection of reinforcing steel. Nanostructured PMMA (poly(methyl methacrylate))–silica coatings developed by combining reactions of the polymerization of methyl methacrylate and 3-[(methacryloxy)propyl]trimethoxysilane with the sol–gel hydrolytic condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate using isopropanol as a solvent represent a promising approach to accomplish this goal. The nanoscale dispersion of silica nodes covalently conjugated with PMMA chains led to transparent, homogeneous, and pore-free coatings deposited with a thickness of 15 μm on 2D and 3D reinforcing steel. Mechanical, thermal, and surface analyses showed a strong adhesion of the coating to the substrate surface (15.9 MPa), a thermal stability of up to 256 °C, and a contact angle of about 75°. Electrochemical assays in standard 3.5 wt % NaCl solution, simulated carbonated, and alkaline concrete pore solutions confirmed effective corrosion protection, with an impedance modulus of up to 100 GΩ cm2 (at 4 mHz) and a lifetime of more than 670 days. Hence, PMMA–silica hybrid coatings are an eco-friendly and efficient alternative to protect reinforcing steel against corrosion, helping to prevent structural failures and fatal accidents.

Effect of Modified Silica Materials on Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Substrates to Obtain Transparent and Hydrophobic Hybrid Coatings

In this research, we report a simple and inexpensive way to prepare transparent and hydrophobic hybrid coatings through deposition of different silica materials on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) substrates. The silica materials were prepared using an acid-catalyzed sol–gel method at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C), using alkoxysilanes: tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), as the silica source, and ethoxydimethylvinylsilane (DMVES), triethoxyoctylsilane (OTES), and trimethoxyhexadecylsilane (HDTMES), as modifier agents. The obtained materials were characterized (either as powders or as thin films) by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV/Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), atomic force microscopy (AFM), spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), and water contact-angle measurements. UV/Vis spectra showed that the PVC substrate coated with the silica material containing TEOS/DMVES/OTES had a transmittance of about 90% in the wavelength range of 650–780 nm. The water contact angles increased from 83° for uncoated PVC substrate to ~94° for PVC substrates coated with the sol–gel silica materials. These PVC films with hybrid silica coatings can be used as the materials for outdoor applications, such as energy-generating solar panel window blinds or PVC clear Windmaster outdoor blinds.

Sol-gel coatings made using methyl-modified alkoxysilanes: The balance between protection and bioactivation

The reported osteogenic properties of the hybrid silica sol-gel materials make these compositions perfect candidates for bone tissue engineering applications. The aim of this study was the synthesis and characterisation of hybrid silica coatings, obtained using mixtures of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and three different methyl-modified alkoxysilanes: trimethoxymethylsilane (MTMS), dimethyldiethoxysilane (DMDES) or polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). A comparison of the properties of these materials can reveal the best candidate for the coatings on metallic prostheses. After optimising the synthesis parameters, the developed coatings were characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), 1H and 29Si solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR and 29Si-MNR), cross-cut tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle measurements, optical profilometry, hydrolytic degradation tests and electrochemical corrosion analysis. Homogeneous and well-adhering coatings were obtained using the three methyl-modified reagents. However, different degrees of protection against corrosion, different hydrophilicity and varying degradation kinetics were observed for different precursors. The MTMS-based coating showed the highest hydrophilicity and degradation kinetics; these properties can be associated with increased bioactivity (Si release). In contrast, the PDMS and DMDES-based coatings showed augmented resistance to corrosion and lower permeability to water and, consequently, improved protection of metallic surfaces. From the physicochemical point of view, all these materials displayed interesting characteristics, relevant for coatings to be used in biomedical applications.

Superhydrophobic oligoaniline-containing electroactive silica coating as pre-process coating for corrosion protection of carbon steel

This paper provided a novel coating system for Q235 steel using electrodeposited oligoaniline modified silica coating (E-M-SiO2) as a pre-process coating, which was prepared by one step coelectrodeposition of a mixture of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and N,N′-Bis(4′-(3-triethoxysilylpropylureido)-phenyl)-1,4-quinonenediimine (TSUPQD). Microstructure, contact angle, electroactivity and anticorrosion performance were investigated by FTIR, UV–vis, AFM, SEM, OCA20 contact angle analyzer, CV and CHI-660E electrochemical workstation. The CA test indicated, in comparison with pure silica and sol–gel modified silica hybrid coatings, the electrodeposited modified silica coating exhibited a super hydrophobic performance. The CV test illustrated that the special redox property of aniline trimer was maintained in these modified silica hybrid coatings. More importantly, the anticorrosion effectiveness for Q235 steel in 3.5% NaCl solution was improved by the addition of oligoaniline modified silica as the pre-process coating. By comparison, it turned out that the epoxy/E-M-SiO2 coating system presented the lowest icorr value and the highest |Z|0.01Hz value. The corrosion protection mechanism was the synergistic effect of super hydrophobic nature of E-M-SiO2 pre-process coating and special catalytic capability of aniline trimer unit, which effectively restrained the permeation of corrosion medium and induced the formation of passive films consisted of α-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 on the Q235 surface.

Anti-corrosion properties of oligoaniline modified silica hybrid coatings for low-carbon steel

Novel electroactive silica-based hybrid coatings were synthesized on the surface of Q235 low carbon steel via one-step electrodeposition and were analyzed by FTIR, UV-vis, SEM, OCA20 contact angle (CA) analyzer and CHI-660E electrochemical workstation, respectively. The CA test indicated, in comparison with bare Q235 substrate, the silica hybrid material modified by N, N'-Bis(4′-(3-triethoxysilylpropylureido)-phenyl)-1,4- quinonenediimine (TSUPQD) exhibited an excellent hydrophobic properties. More importantly, the deposition potential significantly affected the corrosion resistance of TSUPQD modified silica hybrid material. By comparing with various deposition potentials (−1.1, −1.3, −1.5, −1.7V) under the deposition time of 500s, the coating prepared under the potential of −1.5V presented the best anti-corrosion performance for Q235 steel in 3.5wt.% NaCl solution. The XRD and SEM analysis of corrosion product beneath the hybrid coatings showed that the redox catalytic capability of aniline trimer unit induced the Q235 substrate to form the passive films which mainly consisted of α-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4.

Poly(ether imide)-silica hybrid coatings for tunable corrosion behavior and improved biocompatibility of magnesium implants

Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys have gained considerable attention as a promising biomaterial for bioresorbable orthopedic implants, but the corrosion behavior of Mg-based implants is still the major issue for clinical use. In order to improve the corrosion stability and implant-tissue interfaces of these implants, methods for coating Mg have been actively investigated. In this study, poly(ether imide) (PEI)-silica hybrid material was coated on Mg, for the tunable degradation and enhanced biological behavior. Homogeneous PEI-silica hybrid materials with various silica contents were coated on Mg substrates without any cracks, where silica nanoparticles were well dispersed in the PEI matrix without significant particle agglomeration up the 30 vol% silica. The hybrid coatings maintained good adhesion strength of PEI to Mg. The corrosion rate of hybrid-coated Mg was increased along with the increment of the silica content, due to improved hydrophilicity of the hybrid coating layers. Moreover, the biocompatibility of the hybrid-coated Mg specimens was significantly improved, mainly due to the higher Mg ion concentrations associated with faster corrosion, compared to PEI-coated Mg. Therefore, PEI-silica hybrid systems have significant potential as a coating material of Mg for load-bearing orthopedic applications by providing tunable corrosion behavior and enhanced biological performance.

Controllable formation of high density SERS-active silver nanoprism layers on hybrid silica-APTES coatings

In this work sol-gel process for preparation of the uniform hybrid silica-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) coatings on glass surface is presented from mechanistic point of view. The suggested synthetic approach is straightforward, scalable and provides the means to tune the amount of amino groups on the surface simply by changing concentration of APTES in the initial sol. Deposition rate of different size silver nanoprisms (AgNPRs) on hybrid silica coatings of various amounts of APTES were studied and their performance as SERS materials were probed. The acquired data shows that the deposition rate of AgNPRs can be tuned by changing the amount of APTES. The optimal amount of APTES was found to be crucial for successful AgNPRs assembly and subsequent uniformity of the final SERS substrate—too high APTES content may result in rapid non-stable aggregation and non-uniform assembly process. SERS study revealed that SERS enhancement is the strongest at moderate AgNPRs aggregation level whereas it significantly drops at high aggregation levels.

Hybrid epoxy networks from ethoxysilyl-modified hyperbranched poly(ethyleneimine) and inorganic reactive precursors

New epoxy–silica hybrid coatings were prepared by a dual process consisting of a sol–gel process using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) or 3-glycidyloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) in the presence of hyperbranched poly(ethyleneimine) with ethoxysilyl groups at the chain ends (PEI-Si) followed by a homopolymerization of diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) using 1-methylimidazole (1-MI) as anionic initiator. The influence of the amount of TEOS and GPTMS in the characteristics of the coating was examined.Thin transparent films were obtained and their morphology was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The hydrolytic condensation was confirmed by 29Si NMR studies. Cage-like nanometric structures were formed in case of adding GPTMS and bigger silica particles on adding TEOS to the formulation. Thermal stability was evaluated by thermogravimetry and the scratch resistance properties were also investigated, showing an improvement in resistance to break and to detachment in all the coatings containing GPTMS.

On the structure of high performance anticorrosive PMMA–siloxane–silica hybrid coatings

Environmentally compliant organic–inorganic hybrid coatings for efficient corrosion protection of metallic surfaces are potential alternatives to the current method based on chromate passivation.

Corrosion performance of rosemary-extract-doped TEOS:TMSM sol-gel coatings on 304L stainless steel

Pure and rosemary-extract-doped hybrid nanostructure coatings have been generated using sols synthesized via acid catalyzed hydrolysis and condensation of methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (TMSM) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) at the molar ratio of 1: 1, in combination with rosemary extract. Coatings have been deposited on stainless steel (SS) 304L substrates by spin coating followed by curing at room temperature for 24 h in air and characterized. The morphology, composition and adhesion of hybrid sol-gel coatings have been examined by SEM, EDX and pull-off test, respectively. Addition of high additive concentrations (0.1%) did not disorganize the sol-gel network. Direct pull-off test recorded a mean coating-substrate bonding strength larger than 23.21 MPa for the hybrid sol-gel coating. Corrosion testing of coatings on SS 304L was studied by potentiodynamic polarization measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy after 1 h and 21 days exposure to the physiological saline solution. The corrosion resistances of hybrid rosemary-extract-doped coatings after 1 h and 21 days exposure to the physiological saline solution were higher than that of pure hybrid silica coatings, both of which had thicknesses ranging lower than 100 nm. Also the electrochemical beha-viors of doped coating were studied by potentiodynamic polarizations tests in 3.5% NaCl media and the results were shown that this system is applicable in industry.

Anti-corrosion hybrid coatings based on epoxy–silica nano-composites: Toward relationship between the morphology and EIS data

This work reports on design and manufacture of organic–inorganic hybrid coatings based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin pursuing hydrolyzation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) through a sol–gel process. The resulting hybrid materials were cured to be used as potential anticorrosive coatings. The assigned materials were modified molecules made of DGEBA and 3-aminopropyl triethoxylsilane (APTES), in which the molar ratio of epoxide group of DGEBA to NH of APTES varied in the order of 2:1, 4:1, 8:1 and 16:1. In the next stage, the APTES-modified DGEBA precursors were added to different amounts of pre-hydrolyzed TEOS, i.e. 7.5, 12.5 and 17.5 wt%, as inorganic part of the resulting hybrid. The mixtures were subsequently cured at room temperature by a cycloaliphatic amine based curing agent to yield transparent epoxy–silica hybrid coatings. Microstructure assessment of the hybrid materials, before and after curing, was performed using FTIR and 29Si NMR spectroscopies. The morphology of the epoxy–silica hybrid coatings has also been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The anti-corrosive measurements on the resultant coatings were conducted based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The mechanical properties evaluation such as micro-hardness measurements and pull-off adhesion tests of the cured samples were also carried out. The thermal properties of the cured hybrid coatings were evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the concentration of APTES and pre-hydrolyzed TEOS play an important role in determining the morphology as well as the mechanical and thermal properties of coatings. The EIS results corresponding to these effects reaffirmed that the corrosion resistance of the hybrid coatings improved with increasing the inorganic phase content.

Effect of Na-Montmorillonite sonication on the protective properties of hybrid silica coatings

This work deals with the effect of the sonication treatment applied to an aqueous suspension of sodium montmorillonite nanoparticles used to prepare hybrid clay-organosilane derived sol-gel films. The sol-gel films were obtained from a mixture of 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) adding 2 wt% of sodium montmorillonite suspension after sonication. The sol-gel layers were applied onto hot dip galvanized (HDG) steel plates. The influence of the duration of the sonication treatment (i.e. 0, 1, 3 and 12hours) on both the structure as well as on the electrochemical properties of the sol-gel films was analyzed in details. The effect of different sonication times on the structure of the sol-gel film was investigated by means of solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The corrosion protection properties of the different sol-gel layers were investigated mainly by means of electrochemical techniques. The structural characterization (NMR, XRD, FT-IR) of the coating proved that interactions between the montmorillonite plates and the silica-based sol-gel network take place, with changing the local environment of Al sites in the clay. The potentiodynamic measurements as well as the EIS confirmed the beneficial effects of the presence of the Na-MMT and of the sonication treatment.

Independent Control of Adhesive and Bulk Properties of Hybrid Silica Coatings on Polycarbonate

Transparent polymers are widely used in many applications ranging from automotive windows to microelectronics packaging. However, their intrinsic characteristics, in particular their mechanical properties, are significantly degraded with exposure to different weather conditions. For instance, under humid environment or UV-irradiation, polycarbonate (PC) undergoes depolymerization, leading to the release of Bisphenol A, a molecule presumed to be a hormonal disruptor, potentially causing health problems. This is a serious concern and the new REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances ) program dictates that materials releasing Bisphenol A should be removed from the market by January 1st, 2015 (2012-1442 law). Manufacturers have tried to satisfy this new regulation by depositing atop the PC a dense oxide-like protective coating that would act as a barrier layer. While high hardness, modulus, and density can be achieved by this approach, these coatings suffer from poor adhesion to the PC as evidenced by the numerous delamination events occurring under low scratch constraints. Here, we show that the combination of a N2/H2-plasma treatment of PC before depositing a hybrid organic-inorganic solution leads to a coating displaying elevated hardness, modulus, and density, along with a very high adherence to PC (> 20 J/m(2) as measured by double cantilever beam test). In this study, the sol-gel coatings were composed of hybrid O/I silica (based on organoalkoxysilanes and colloidal silica) and designed to favor covalent bonding between the hybrid network and the surface treated PC, hence increasing the contribution of the plastic deformation from the substrate. Interestingly, double-cantilever beam (DCB) tests showed that the coating's adhesion to PC was the same irrespective of the organoalkoxysilanes/colloidal silica ratio. The versatility of the sol-gel deposition techniques (dip-coating, spray-coating, etc.), together with the excellent mechanical properties and exceptional adherence of this hybrid material to PC should lead to interesting new applications in diverse fields: optical eye-glasses, medical materials, packaging, and so forth.

New high performance waterborne organic–inorganic hybrid materials from UV curing

The third generation glycerol based hyperbranched polyester (HBPE-3G) was synthesized by reacting glycerol and 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid in a stoichiometric molar ratio. This polyester was used as preparation for waterborne hyperbranched UV cured polyurethane–silica hybrid coatings. The acrylic terminated waterborne coatings were prepared by modifying some of the hydroxyl groups HBPE-3G to acidic groups by reacting with maleic anhydride. The remaining hydroxyl groups were reacted with NCO terminated acrylate. Then the prepolymer was neutralized with triethyl amine and dispersed in water. The waterborne hybrid formulations were prepared by mixing 3, 5 and 10% of trimethoxysilylpropyl methacrylate (TMSPM) into the acrylic terminated waterborne coatings. The films were casted and cured under UV light. The various film properties were studied by XRD, AFM, TGA and DMTA instruments. TGA result suggests that the onset degradation temperature and final mass residue increase with increasing TMSPM concentration. DMTA results show that the storage modulus and glass transition temperature increase for the hybrid formulations with increasing TMSPM concentration. The structural characterization of the hybrid coatings was performed using FTIR spectroscopy. The tensile test demonstrated that the mechanical properties improve with the increasing TMSPM content. Surface morphology was studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM study revealed that TMSPM was crosslinked homogenously through the polymer matrix. The TGA and DMTA data suggest that higher thermal stability and glass transition temperature (Tg) for the TMSPM hybrid films compared to their pure counterparts were obtained with increasing the TMSPM content.

Synthesis and Properties of Alkoxysilane Castor Oil and Their Polyurethane/Urea–Silica Hybrid Coating Films

This paper investigates the structural modifications of castor oil, a renewable resource, to develop functional organic inorganic hybrid coatings. A novel methodology has been developed to introduce hydrolyzable −Si–OCH3 groups in the castor oil backbone that has been used subsequently for the development of polyurethane/urea–silica hybrid coatings. The alkoxysilane functional castor oil (ASCO) was characterized by techniques such as 1H, 13C, and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The ASCO was further reacted with different ratios of isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) to get an isocyanate-terminated hybrid polyurethane prepolymer that was cured under atmospheric moisture to get the desired coating films. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the hybrid networks were found to be in the range of 29–70 °C, and the water contact angles were in the range of 75°–82°. The Tg and hydrophobic character of the hybrid coating films found to increase with an increasing NCO/OH ratio. The thermo-mechanical, viscoelastic, swelling, morphological, and contact angle properties of these films were evaluated. The alkoxy silane-modified castor oil-based coatings have shown better mechanical and viscoelastic properties in comparison to the control (unmodified castor oil) coatings. This work provides an effective and promising way to prepare hydrolyzable silane functional castor oil for high performance hybrid coatings.

Chemical and mechanical properties of silica hybrid films from NaOH catalyzed sols for micromachining with diamond cutting tools

Manufacturing of microstructured mold surfaces was realized by the micromachining of thick sol–gel silica hybrid coatings. The films were deposited onto pre-machined steel molds by spin coating using NaOH-catalyzed sols from organosilicate precursors. The effect of the sol synthesis and the heat treatment on the mechanical and chemical properties of these films was studied in order to develop thick and crack-free films with appropriate properties for micromachining with diamond cutting tools. The hardness was measured by nanoindentation as a function of the heat treatment temperature. The transition from soft organic gel films to hard glass-like films due to the thermal treatment was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, elastic recoil detection, and Raman and infrared spectroscopies. The films from NaOH catalyzed sols showed a complex transition from aliphatic carbon originating from hydrocarbon groups to carbonates, carboxylates and disordered carbon clusters.

Influence of the Cerium Concentration on the Corrosion Performance of Ce-doped Silica Hybrid Coatings on Hot Dip Galvanized Steel Substrates

Influence of the Cerium Concentration on the Corrosion Performance of Ce-doped Silica Hybrid Coatings on Hot Dip Galvanized Steel Substrates