Hybrid Routing Protocol Research Articles

Analyzing the Effect of Varying CBR on AODV, DSR, IERP Routing Protocols in MANET

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) are wireless networks which do not require any infrastructure support for transferring data packet between two nodes. Mobile ad-hoc network have the attributes such as wireless connection, continuously changing topology, distributed operation and ease of deployment. The mobile nodes perform both as a host and a router forwarding packets to other nodes. Routing in these networks is highly complex. It can be used for various applications areas as sensor applications, disaster management, conferences, rescue operations, military communications, hybrid wireless network architectures and wireless mesh networks and many more. Traditional routing mechanism and protocol of wired network are inapplicable to ad-hoc networks which initiated the need of a dynamic routing mechanism in ad-hoc network. This paper evaluates the performance of AODV, DSR (Reactive) and IERP (Hybrid) routing protocols with respect to varying Constant Bit Rate (CBR). A detailed simulation has been carried out in QualNet Simulator 6.1. The performance analysis is based on different network metrics such as Average End to End delay, Throughput, Average Jitter, Packet Delivery Ratio. Keywords: AODV, DSR, IERP, Mobile Ad-hoc networks, QualNet 6.1

Performance Study of an Improved Routing Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks

The Relative Coordinate Rumor Routing (RCRR) is a hybrid routing protocol based on a straight line routing scheme proposed to overcome the drawbacks of the Rumor Routing (RR) protocol which is based on a random walk approach. This paper presents a performance study of the RCRR protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. The main objective is to evaluate the performances of the new RCRR protocol under different situations and considering different factors such as network size or the impact of the positions of the Beacon nodes originally placed along the horizontal and the vertical line of the 4 cardinal points. Through the presented scenarios and simulations, it is shown that the energy consumption is much more in some cases and much less in other cases. Based on this study, guidelines can be deduced to improve the behavior of the RCCR routing protocol.

Network Lifetime Analysis of Routing Protocols of Short Network in Qualnet

A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that communicates with each other without using any existing infrastructure, access point or centralized administration. Mobile ad-hoc network have the attributes such as wireless connection, continuously changing topology, distributed operation and ease of deployment. In this paper we have compared the energy consumption of reactive, proactive & hybrid routing protocol AODV,DSR,RIP & ZRP by using different mobility model. We have analyzed the Network lifetime of protocols by varying pay load, mobility, pause time and type of traffic (CBR). A detailed simulation has been carried out in qualnet. The metrics used for performance analysis are energy consumed & battery consumption. It has been observed that RIP has better network lifetime than other.

수중 무인기의 최적 궤도 이동을 활용하는 계층적 수중 음향 센서 네트워크 구조

수중 음향통신 환경에서는 지상 RF 통신에 비하여 제한된 대역폭, 높은 페이딩효과, 높은 수중음파 전달지연과 같은 제약이 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 수중 음향통신의 제약을 극복하여 효과적인 대규모 수중감시시스템의 구축을 가능케 하는 계층적 네트워크 구조를 제안한다. 제안하는 네트워크구조는 수중센서, 클러스터헤드, 수중/해상 싱크 및 수중무인기를 포함하며, 패킷의 전송성공률을 최대화하고 센서노드의 전력소모를 최소화시키기 위하여 복수의 수중무인기를 이용한 하이브리드 형태의 데이터라우팅을 제공한다. 즉, 클러스터 내부에서 클러스터멤버들은 Tree구조기반 라우팅을 사용하여 클러스터헤드에게 데이터를 전송하며, 궤도 이동을 하는 수중무인기는 클러스터헤드로부터 병합된 센싱데이터를 수집하고 Store-carry-forward 방식으로 싱크노드에게 데이터를 전달한다. 수중무인기의 최장 궤도이동 시간을 최소화하기 위하여 Integer Linear Programming 기반의 알고리즘이 사용된다. 시뮬레이션을 이용한 성능분석을 통하여 제안하는 수중센서네트워크 구조가 기존의 Gradient 기반 라우팅과 Geographical Forwarding 방식에 비해 높은 전송성공율과 낮은 전력소모를 획득할 수 있음을 보인다. Compared to terrestrial RF communications, underwater acoustic communications have several limitations such as limited bandwidth, high level of fading effects, and a large underwater propagation delay. In this paper, in order to tackle those limitations of underwater communications and to make it possible to form a large underwater monitoring systems, we propose a hierarchical underwater network architecture, which consists of underwater sensors, clusterheads, underwater/surface sink nodes, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). In the proposed architecture, for the maximization of packet delivery ratio and the minimization of underwater sensor's energy consumption, a hybrid routing protocol is used. More specifically, cluster members use Tree based routing to transmit sensing data to clusterheads. AUVs on optimal trajectory movements collect the aggregated data from clusterhead and finally forward the data to the sink node. Also, in order to minimize the maximum travel distance of AUVs, an Integer Linear Programming based algorithm is employed. Performance analysis through simulations shows that the proposed architecture can achieve a higher data delivery ratio and lower energy consumption than existing routing schemes such as gradient based routing and geographical forwarding. Start after striking space key 2 times.

An Analysis and Overview of Wireless Routing Protocols

Problem statement: In the past, the main focus of the research in the wireless network is to provide optimal routes between source and destination nodes. The wireless routing is required additional computational effort than wired routing in order to fulfill the major wireless characteristics such as battery power constraints, frequent mobility and less processing. Approach: In addition to wired routing the wireless routing requires some characteristics, such as scalability, higher throughput, lesser packet loss and providing QoS. The wireless routing protocol is categorized based on routing update mechanism, based on routing topology and based on special resources like energy aware and location aware. Results: Routing in the wireless network is classified as proactive, reactive and hybrid routing protocols. These routing protocols are discussed in this study with the experimental result. Conclusion: In this study, an analysis is described on the existing routing methodology which is proposed for solving various routing issues in the wireless communication.

Lessons Learned in Transforming from Traditional to Agile Development

Problem statement: In the past, the main focus of the research in the wireless network is to provide optimal routes between source and destination nodes. The wireless routing is required additional computational effort than wired routing in order to fulfill the major wireless characteristics such as battery power constraints, frequent mobility and less processing. Approach: In addition to wired routing the wireless routing requires some characteristics, such as scalability, higher throughput, lesser packet loss and providing QoS. The wireless routing protocol is categorized based on routing update mechanism, based on routing topology and based on special resources like energy aware and location aware. Results: Routing in the wireless network is classified as proactive, reactive and hybrid routing protocols. These routing protocols are discussed in this study with the experimental result. Conclusion: In this study, an analysis is described on the existing routing methodology which is proposed for solving various routing issues in the wireless communication.

Performance Analysis of Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid MANET Routing Protocols on IEEE 802. 11 Standard

MANET consists of mobile nodes which exchange information dynamically among them over wireless links. The most important element of MANET is Routing Protocols which are needed to handle dynamic communication and also find route so as to deliver data packets to the correct destination. Performance of routing protocols is an important issue because of dynamic nature of MANET. In this paper performance of AODV, OLSR and GRP routing protocols is evaluated for FTP based application traffic on IEEE 802.11 WLAN Standard and 48 Mbps data rate. The network performance is evaluated by using OPNET simulator based on various quantitative metrics- Network Load, Throughput, Retransmission Attempts and Media Access Delay by varying physical characteristics and number of nodes. A comparative performance analysis of these protocols have been carried out in this paper and in the last conclusion will be presented which demonstrate that performance of routing protocols differs by varying the network and selection of accurate routing protocol according to the network ultimately influences the efficiency of the network in a magnificent way.

Securing Zone Routing Protocol in Ad-Hoc Networks

This paper is a contribution in the field of security analysis on mobile ad-hoc networks, and security requirements of applications. Limitations of the mobile nodes have been studied in order to design a secure routing protocol that thwarts different kinds of attacks. Our approach is based on the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP); the most popular hybrid routing protocol. The importance of the proposed solution lies in the fact that it ensures security as needed by providing a comprehensive architecture of Secure Zone Routing Protocol (SZRP) based on efficient key management, secure neighbor discovery, secure routing packets, detection of malicious nodes, and preventing these nodes from destroying the network. In order to fulfill these objectives, both efficient key management and secure neighbor mechanisms have been designed to be performed prior to the functioning of the protocol. To validate the proposed solution, we use the network simulator NS-2 to test the performance of secure protocol and compare it with the conventional zone routing protocol over different number of factors that affect the network. Our results evidently show that our secure version paragons the conventional protocol in the packet delivery ratio while it has a tolerable increase in the routing overhead and average delay. Also, security analysis proves in details that the proposed protocol is robust enough to thwart all classes of ad-hoc attacks.

WiMedia를 위한 멀티홉 라우팅 프로토콜 개발 및 성능분석

Though WiMedia supports the higher data rates than other WPAN technologies, a WiMedia device cannot reach other devices which are apart from it more than 10 meter; the limited transmission range of the WiMedia protocol. In this paper, we propose a multi-hop QoS routing protocol to enable WiMedia devices to transmit real-time data to devices that is located out of transmission range. The proposed routing protocol is a hybrid routing protocol, which is the mixed protocol of table-driven and on-demand routing algorithm. In the proposed protocol, a route for a device within 2-hop is established by using the table-driven routing algorithm and a route for the device beyond 2-hop is established by using the on-demand routing algorithm. We perform ns-2 simulation to investigate the performance of the proposed routing protocol with AODV and DSDV. The simulation results show that the proposed protocol`s performance is better than AODV and DSDV in terms of the throughput and delay.

Performance quantification of Wireless Sensor Networks by implementing ZRP

sensor network is composed of a largenumber of autonomous sensor nodes, which are denselydeployed in the area of interest i.e either inside thephenomenon or very close to it. Routing is an importantoperation, being the foundation of data exchangingbetween wireless devices.Zone Routing Protocol was thefirst hybrid routing protocol with both a proactive and areactive routing component. ZRP was proposed to reducethe control overhead of proactive routing protocols anddecrease the latency caused by route discovery in reactiverouting protocols. ZRP defines a zone around each nodeconsisting of the numbers of neighbourhood. During myresearch work, I applied the hybrid routing protocol inwireless sensors and measure the correspondingperformance of the network in terms of overhead, delayand throughput.[10]

A Neural Networks-Based Hybrid Routing Protocol for Wireless Mesh Networks

The networking infrastructure of wireless mesh networks (WMNs) is decentralized and relatively simple, but they can display reliable functioning performance while having good redundancy. WMNs provide Internet access for fixed and mobile wireless devices. Both in urban and rural areas they provide users with high-bandwidth networks over a specific coverage area. The main problems affecting these networks are changes in network topology and link quality. In order to provide regular functioning, the routing protocol has the main influence in WMN implementations. In this paper we suggest a new routing protocol for WMN, based on good results of a proactive and reactive routing protocol, and for that reason it can be classified as a hybrid routing protocol. The proposed solution should avoid flooding and creating the new routing metric. We suggest the use of artificial logic—i.e., neural networks (NNs). This protocol is based on mobile agent technologies controlled by a Hopfield neural network. In addition to this, our new routing metric is based on multicriteria optimization in order to minimize delay and blocking probability (rejected packets or their retransmission). The routing protocol observes real network parameters and real network environments. As a result of artificial logic intelligence, the proposed routing protocol should maximize usage of network resources and optimize network performance.

A Configurable Routing Protocol for Bluetooth Wireless Networks

Blueweb is a self-organizing Bluetooth-based multihop network equipped with a scatternet formation algorithm and a hybrid routing protocol. The routing protocol combines the reactive method globally and the proactive method locally to discover the optimal path for packet transmission. In Blueweb, the route master maintains the global topology information and each master maintains its own N-tier routing information. In this paper, a tier number decision algorithm is used in Blueweb to determine the optimal number of tiers for all the other masters. Our computer simulation results show that this algorithm can efficiently improve the routing performance and reduce the routing maintenance cost for Blueweb routing protocol.

DEPTH-3 ADJACENCY CLUSTER BASED ROUTING PROTOCOL

In general, existing routing protocols in adhoc networks can be classified as proactive, reactive or hybrid. Proactive protocols are table driven. Proactive protocols maintain entire topology of network. So whenever there is routing request connection is established quickly. Reactive protocols are also known as On-demand protocols. On demand protocols based on fact that there is no point in maintaining network topology since it is always changing. Hybrid protocols combines approach of both reactive and proactive. Cluster based routing protocol (CBRP) is hybrid routing protocol designed for MANET. By clustering nodes into groups, the protocol efficiently minimizes flooding, traffic during route discovery. However we have realized mobility of the nodes is not considered in route reply process of the protocol. There is no mechanism defined for mobility of cluster head in route reply process. In this paper we have studied existing routing strategies in MANET and proposed a solution to the drawback we found in CBRP. Performance of CBRP will enhanced using our proposed solution.

A Cluster-based Hybrid Routing Protocol for Aeronautical Ad hoc Networks

A Cluster-based Hybrid Routing Protocol for Aeronautical Ad hoc Networks

Hybrid Routing protocol for Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks

The Cluster-based routing protocol is consumed the energy consumption efficiently, but there are many isolated nodes while clustering, so these are impeding energy efficiency. Hop-by-hop based routing protocol is suitable large-scaled network or dynamic environment. However, with the periodic flooding signal and rapid energy loss of near sink nodes, the network life time become shorter. In this paper, We propose the hybrid routing protocol that combine the cluster based routing method for energy efficiency of nodes and hop-by-hop method for re-joining the isolated nodes and load balance of nodes in the near cluster using fibonacci sequence. Based on the analysis, it is proved that the hybrid routing protocol provided higher energy efficiency and less the isolated nodes than previous methods.

End-to-end Delay Assessment and Hybrid Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Network

The moving with fast velocity of each node in vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) results in the existence transient communication links, which degrade the performance of developed protocols. Established routes frequently become invalid, and existing communication flows are interrupted, incurring delay and additional overhead. In this paper we concentrate on measurement end-to-end delay in VANET, and using these results for building route metric with the aim of shrinking route discovery time. For deploying route model we use hybrid routing protocol (combined between proactive and reactive routing protocol) aiming reduce route overhead, accelerate route convergence speed, and enhance route quality in routing table in each node. The simulation results illustrate prominent features of our proposed model.

FHC-NCTSR: Node Centric Trust Based secure Hybrid Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks

To effectively support communication in such a dynamic networking environment as the ad hoc networks, the routing mechanisms should adapt to secure and trusted route discovery and service quality in data transmission. In this context, the paper proposed a routing protocol called Node Centric Trust based Secure Hybrid Routing Protocol [FHC-NCTSR] that opted to fixed hash chaining for data transmission and node centric trust strategy for secure route discovery. The route discovery is reactive in nature, in contrast to this, data transmission is proactive, hence the protocol FHC-NCTSR termed as hybrid routing protocol. The performance results obtained from simulation environment concluding that due to the fixed hash chaining technique opted by FHC-NCTSR, it is more than one order of magnitude faster than other hash chain based routing protocols such as SEAD in packet delivery. Due to the node centric strategy of route discovery that opted by FHC-NCTSR, it elevated as trusted one against to Rushing, Routing table modification and Tunneling attacks, in contrast other protocols failed to provide security for one or more attacks listed, example is ARIADNE that fails to protect from tunneling attack.

Qualitative and Quantitative Performance Evaluation of Adhoc on Demannd Routing Protocol in Manet

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a network consisting of a set of wireless mobile nodes that communicate with each other without centralized control or established infrastructure. Every node in MANET moves arbitrarily making the multi-hop network topology to change randomly at unpredictable times. There are several familiar routing protocols like reactive, proactive, hybrid routing protocols which have been proposed for providing communication among all the nodes in the network. This paper presents Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Reactive Routing Protocol Performance Evaluation in Mobile Ad Hoc Network for protocols such as DYMO, LAR, ABR, TORA, AODV and DSR based on metrics such as security, multicasting, scalability, Packet delivery ratio and average end-to-end delay, Routing load and network life time by using the NS-2 simulator. The results shows that there is no routing protocol in the current stage without modifications that can provide efficient routing to any size of network, regardless of the number of nodes and the network load and mobility. AODV shows better performance than TORA and DSR.

Global configured method for Blueweb routing protocol

Blueweb is a self-organising Bluetooth-based multihop network equipped with a scatternet formation algorithm and a hybrid routing protocol. The hybrid routing protocol combines the reactive method globally and the proactive method locally to discover the optimal path for packet transmission. This protocol can be configured for a particular network through adjustment of a single parameter, the number of routing tier. A global configured method is proposed by the authors to determine the desired configuration for Blueweb routing protocol. The global configured method is used in the route master and designs three blocks, including the traffic generator, the query packet estimator and the global tier decision blocks. The traffic generator block uses a uniform end-to-end traffic model in each master to generate the query packets for various N-tiers. The query packet estimator block measures the local and global query packets to compute the local query probability. The global tier decision block uses the parameter of local query probability to determine the proper number of routing tier. Computer simulation results show that this method can efficiently improve the routing performance and make the routing tiers configurable for a Blueweb routing protocol.

Hybrid Routing Protocols for Ad hoc Wireless Networks

An ad hoc wireless network has a dynamic nature that leads to constant changes in its network topology. As a consequence, the routing problem becomes more complex and challengeable, and it probably is the most addressed and studied problem in ad hoc networks. Based on the routing information update mechanism Ad hoc wireless networks routing protocols are classified into Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid Routing Protocols. Out of these, Hybrid Routing Protocol combines the best futures of the first two categories. The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) is one of the hybrid routing protocols in which every network node proactively maintaining routing information about its routing zone, while reactively acquiring routes to destinations beyond the routing zone. In this paper, we proposed the Independent Zone Routing Protocol (IZRP) an enhancement of the Zone Routing Protocol which allows adaptive and distributed configuration for the optimal size of each node’s routing zone, on per-node basis. We demonstrate the performance of IZRP with various performance metrics. Furthermore, we compared the performance of IZRP and ZRP by considering performance metrics Packet Delivery Fraction, Normalized Routing Overhead and End-to-End Delay.