Hybrid Ring Research Articles

Peripheral Fusion of Carbon-Based Aromatic Rings to B4N4-Heteropentalene Leading to Close π-Stacking in the Solid State.

π-Electronic molecules with a BN-heterocyclic and carbon-based aromatic hybrid ring system (h-CBN) are interesting in that they potentially exhibit synergistic properties arising from the two different π-systems. Here we report the synthesis and properties of a h-CBN-type molecule (1) having a bicyclic B4N4-heteropentalene core fused with extended aromatic rings. This molecule exhibits excellent chemical stability despite the absence of bulky substituents for kinetic protection, which in turn provides effective stacking of the π-system upon crystallization. Depending on the crystallization solvent, 1 forms two polymorphs, i. e., the α- and β-phases. While both phases have one-dimensional columnar structures, the π-stacking geometries associated with the transfer integrals of the frontier orbitals are different, resulting in a twofold difference in the electrical conducting properties. We also found that upon thermal vacuum deposition, 1 gives an amorphous film, which serves as a host material for a red phosphorescent OLED device (maximum external quantum efficiency: 15.5 and 13.3 % at 0.1 and 2.5 mA, respectively).

A Compact and Wideband Circularly Polarized Hybrid Ring CDRA for C/X/Ku-Band Communication

A Compact and Wideband Circularly Polarized Hybrid Ring CDRA for C/X/Ku-Band Communication

On the performance of a smart hybrid damper consisting of shape memory alloy and steel rings

This study investigated the performance of hybrid rings used as a smart damper made by shape memory alloy (SMA) as well as steel rings. The aim of the SMA ring was to provide recentering capacity, while the steel ring may provide sufficient damping capacity for fabricated hybrid rings. To this end, two types of hybrid rings were studied: 1) An SMA ring with an outer steel ring and 2) an SMA ring with an inner steel ring. The experimental data during cyclic loading tests were compared to those of pure SMA rings. The results indicated that pure SMA rings showed an almost perfect recentering capacity, and hybrid cases with an outside steel ring increased the energy dissipation when there was a small reduction in the recentering capacity. However, in the case of hybrid dampers with an inner steel ring, the recentering capacity was almost lost, and the damping capacity had a large increase. From finite element (FE) models, it was found that the connection between the two rings was so strong that the hybrid ring became similar to a damping device, regardless of the location of the steel ring. Therefore, the loose connection between the SMA and steel rings is critical to maintain the recentering capacity of SMA rings.

Designable Poly(methacrylic Acid)/Silver Cluster Ring Arrays as Reflectance Spectroscopy-Based Biosensors for Label-Free Plague Diagnosis.

A hole array was fabricated via photolithography to wet the bottoms of holes using oxygen plasma. Amide-terminated silane, a water immiscible compound before hydrolysis, was evaporated for deposition on the plasma-treated hole template surface. The silane compound was hydrolyzed along the edges of circular sides of the hole bottom to form a ring of an initiator after halogenation. Poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) was grafted from the ring of the initiator to attract Ag clusters (AgCs) as AgC-PMAA hybrid ring (SPHR) arrays via alternate phase transition cycles. The SPHR arrays were modified with a Yersinia pestis antibody (abY) to detect the antigen of Yersinia pestis (agY) for plague diagnosis. The binding of the agY onto the abY-anchored SPHR array resulted in a geometrical change from a ring to a two-humped structure. The reflectance spectra could be used to analyze the AgC attachment and the agY binding onto the abY-anchored SPHR array. The linear range between the wavelength shift and agY concentration from 30 to 270 pg mL-1 was established to obtain the detection limit of ~12.3 pg mL-1. Our proposed method provides a novel pathway to efficiently fabricate a ring array with a scale of less than 100 nm, which demonstrates excellent performance in preclinical trials.

A Compact Wideband Antenna With Suppressed Mutual Coupling for 5G MIMO Applications

A novel miniaturized wideband dual-polarized antenna, based on cross magnetic dipoles and a backed cavity, is proposed in this letter for multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) applications. The dipoles with exponential curvature edges deliver inherent wideband character to the radiator. Four parasitic resonators are introduced to miniaturize the top radiator's conducting area and lower the Q-factor of the whole structure, enhancing the antenna's impedance matching. Different from conventional direct-fed cross-dipole antennas, a wideband hybrid ring coupler is applied to excite the two dipoles simultaneously in-phase/out-of-phase to generate the ±45° polarization. The dimension of the proposed antenna is 42.5 mm × 42.5 mm × 18 mm, which is only 0.48 <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">λ_L</i> × 0.48 <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">λ_L</i> × 0.2 <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">λ_L</i> at the frequency of 3.4 GHz. The corresponding MIMO array is studied, showing a low mutual coupling and envelope correlation coefficient level across the band, and an outperforming front-back-ratio performance. The antenna is prototyped and measured. The measurement results agree with those of the simulations well .

Global pluripotential theory on hybrid spaces

Let (X,L) be a polarized scheme over a Banach ring A. We define and study a class PSH(X,L) of plurisubharmonic metrics on the Berkovich analytification X an . We focus mainly on the case where A is a hybrid ring of power series, so that X an is the hybrid space associated to a degeneration of complex manifolds X. We then prove that any plurisubharmonic metric on (X,L) with logarithmic growth at zero admits a canonical plurisubharmonic extension to the hybrid space X hyb . We also discuss the continuity of the family of Monge-Ampère measures associated to a continuous plurisubharmonic hybrid metric.

DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HEMP-CONTAINING HYBRID YARNS FOR CLOTHING

"Known for its sustainable properties, the usability of hemp instead of conventional cotton hybrid yarns for clothing was investigated by spinning hybrid ring yarns using conventional cotton, viscose-hemp, and organic cotton-viscose-hemp blends for the sheath and elastane and polyester (Lycra and T400) for the core in the yarn structure. Unevenness, yarn imperfections, hairiness, tenacity, and breaking elongation properties of the spun hybrid yarns were examined comparatively by statistical analysis methods. The findings revealed that sheath fiber type, number of components in the yarn structure, and blend ratio were influential factors on yarn quality. Using hemp fiber in the yarn structure slightly decreased the yarn properties, except for tenacity, in general. This situation was more visible in hybrid yarns, which have three different fibers in the sheath. Blending viscose and hemp fibers in the yarn sheath structure provided a synergetic effect, improving the weak properties of both fibers. These yarns had nearly the same tenacity values (from 12.98 to 15.47) as conventional cotton yarns (from 15.24 to 16.8), which could be explained by the fact that hemp fiber has a higher tenacity value (45 cN/tex) than other fibers. Moreover, these yarns had the highest elongation values (from 15.88 to 10.79) due to the good elongation properties of the viscose fibers (20%), compared to other sheath fibers. As a result, when the produced yarns were evaluated in terms of sustainability and performance, viscose-hemp-blended yarns had the optimum yarn properties."

Fabrication of localized surface plasmon resonance sensors with scalable polyvinyltetrazole/copper cluster hybrid ring-array for Cu(II) detection

The bottom of a hole-array photoresist template deposited with a hydrophobic atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator was wetted by treatment with oxygen plasma. After the removal of the photoresist template, ring patterns of the ATRP initiator were formed at the interface between the hydrophobic and wetting regions. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was grafted from the initiator ring array to covert to polyvinyltetrazole (PVT) rings via a cyano-to-tetrazole reaction, which could adsorb Cu(II) at various concentrations. The Cu(II) ions within the PVT rings were reduced to form a PVT–copper hybrid ring (VCHR), resulting in a blue-shift of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak as the Cu(II) was adsorbed by the PVT rings. The blue-shift and Cu(II) concentration were linearly correlated, with a detection limit of ∼25 pg mL−1 and a linear range of 25–400 pg mL−1 for Cu(II) detection. Although the PVT rings also chelated Pb(II) and Cr(III), these ions did not exhibit obvious LSPR peaks. The VCHR LSPR sensor exhibited excellent selectivity for Cu(II) detection. Combining lithography and plasma technology provides a versatile platform for developing the scalable ring structure of copper for highly sensitive and selective Cu(II) sensing.

LSPR Sensing of Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecules through Sphere and Cavity Plasmons of a Composite Ring Array of Poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate]/Gold Nanoparticles.

Self-organization facilitates the formation of specific structures as a result of constituent interactions. In this study, the bottom of a 600 nm hole array photoresist template, which was deposited with a hydrophobic atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator, was wetted by treatment with oxygen plasma. After the removal of the photoresist template, ring patterns of the ATRP initiator were formed at the interface between the hydrophobic and wetting regions. Poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDMAEMA) was grafted from the ring array of the initiator to immobilize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as a uniform ring array on a silicon substrate via repeated swelling/shrinking cycles. The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak of the PDMAEMA-AuNP hybrid ring (PAHR) red-shifted after 12 swelling/shrinking cycles. In comparison to gold nanoparticles, scalable gold nanorings can effectively develop a variety of nanostructures to design LSPR-based sensors and optimize the sensing accuracy and stability. To detect epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM) during the structural change from a ring to a disk, antiEpCAM was anchored onto the PAHR as a biosensor during swelling/shrinking. The coupling of antiEpCAM and EpCAM led to asymptotical convergence from rings to disks as well as blue shifts of the LSPR peaks. Linear correlation between the blue shift and EpCAM concentration showed a limit of detection of ∼27 pg mL-1 and a linear range of 25-200 pg mL-1 for the detection of EpCAM within 30 min. The simple method of combining lithography and plasma technology provides a versatile platform for developing the scalable ring structure of AuNPs for highly sensitive and selective biosensing.

Electrically tunable nanophotonic switch based on graphene–silicon hybrid ring resonator

Electrically tunable nanophotonic switch based on graphene–silicon hybrid ring resonator

Design and Analysis of Dual-band Circularly Polarized Hybrid Ring Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Wireless Applications in C and X-Band

Design and Analysis of Dual-band Circularly Polarized Hybrid Ring Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Wireless Applications in C and X-Band

The reduced phosphomolybdate as dual-functional electrocatalyst and electrochemical sensor for detecting hydrogen peroxide and dopamine

Two reduced phosphomolybdate hybids, (Hbtb)2 (btb)[CuMo12O24 (OH)6(H2PO4)6(HPO4)2]·7H2O (1) and [{Ni(tpp)}2{Ni(H2O)0·5Na2 (H2O)1.5}2{NiMo12O24(OH)6(PO4)6(H2PO4)2}]·2H2O (2), (btb ​= ​1,4-bis (1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butane; tpp ​= ​2,4,6-tri-(2,2,3-pyridyl)-1-pyridine) were synthesized and characterized. Compound 1 is a 12-linked 3D supermolecule web with a 336∙448∙57 topology. In compound 2, an unusual ligand bpp was synthesized in situ from simple ligands ptz and dpp. Each {Ni(bpp)} modified single-arm {Ni(P4Mo6)2} dimer were joined to two hexanuclear junction unit {Na4Ni2(H2O)4} to yield an extended 1-D chain, which were extended into stacked 3-D networks with irregular apertures via unique multinuclear hybrid rings and rich π-π interaction. Compound 2 possesses more prominent electrocatalytic activity than 1, thus 2-AB-GCE was studied as a sensor. The modified electrode shows the lower detection line (0.007 ​mM and 0.032 ​μM) for both H2O2 and DA in the wider linear range, as well as merit selectivity, stability, and reproducibility. The outstanding sensing properties are correlated with the enhance redox activity, ion/electron transfer ability and structural stability due to the irregular pore structure formed by the introduction of {Ni(tpp)} complexes and π-π interactions. The accurate detection of two substrates in the human serum and urine testifies the practical detection ability of 2-AB-GCE in biological samples.

Comprehensive symmetric-hybrid ring design for a proton EDM experiment at below 10−29e·cm

A concise demonstrative summary of the Symmetric Hybrid ring design for the storage ring proton electric dipole moment experiment is presented. Critical issues such as lattice design, background electrical fields,geometrical phase, general relativity, spin coherence time and polarimeter systematics are presented. Overall, we find that with the currently proposed design iteration, systematic error sources are reduced by orders of magnitude and that the ring alignment requirements are within the currently available technology.

Efficient Synthesis of Novel N-[4-Methyl-3-(4-(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2- yl)phenyl)thiazol-2(3H)-ylidene]benzamide Hybrid Ring System as Potential Antibacterial Agents.

Heterocyclic compounds display versatile biological applications, so the aim of this paper was to prepare biologically important heterocycles with enhanced bacterial resistance and to evaluate for their various structural features that are responsible for their biological properties. The objective was to synthesize bacterial resistance compounds with enhanced antibacterial properties. Ester moiety containing thiazole ring was converted into its hydrazide derivatives. These heterocyclic derivatives were cyclized into another ring oxadiazole; hence a hybrid ring system of two biologically active rings was prepared. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic techniques and were screened for their antibacterial potential; they possess significant antibacterial activities. New hybrid heterocyclic ring systems were synthesized by cyclization of hydrazide derivatives by adopting two step strategy in good yields. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant activities; they showed moderate to significant activities. QSAR and Molecular docking studies were performed to determine the mode of interaction. Experimental and computational data is in accordance with the determined antibacterial activities.

Conceptual design of the Hybrid Ring with superconducting linac.

The Hybrid Ring with a superconducting-linac injector as a highly flexible synchrotron radiation source to enable new experimental techniques and enhance many existing ones is proposed. It is designed to be operated with the coexistence of the storage (SR) bunches characterized by the performance of the storage ring, and the single-pass (SP) bunches characterized by the performance of the superconducting linac. Unique experiments can be performed by simultaneous use of the SR and SP beams, in addition to research with various experimental techniques utilizing the versatile SR beam and research in the field of ultrafast dynamics utilizing the ultrashort pulse of the SP beam. The extendability of the Hybrid Ring will allow it to be developed into a synchrotron radiation complex.

Design of Green Light Sources Using Nonlinear Photonics and On-Chip Pump Lasers

A fully-functional photonic integrated circuit (PIC) platform with supporting active and passive components in the green part of the visible spectral regime is of significant research interest for next-generation optical systems. Here we design highly-integrated ∼3.5 mm long PICs at green wavelengths, which consist of on-chip GaAs-based near-infrared pump lasers, SiN-LiNbO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> hybrid waveguides and ring resonators for nonlinear frequency conversion. The waveguides in the PICs are designed to eliminate etching of LiNbO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> , reducing fabrication challenges. Efficient wavelength of 1062 nm pump to 531 nm coherent light is achieved by employing modal phase matching. Unlike a quasi-phase matching technique, modal phase matching enables poling-free operation and further eases device fabrication with comparable performance in terms of second harmonic generation efficiency. The effective nonlinear mode-overlap factor between 1062-nm-TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">00</sub> and 531-nm-TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">01</sub> modes in the hybrid waveguide is calculated to be 26%. For robust on-chip light coupling between pump laser and waveguide, a calculated maximum coupling efficiency of −2.3 dB is achieved. The theoretical work presented is an initial step towards demonstrating complex non-telecom PICs which could offer a comprehensive range of photonic functionalities.

Conceptual Design of the Hybrid Ring

Conceptual Design of the Hybrid Ring

Wideband microwave interferometry sensor with improved sensitivity for measuring minute variations in dielectric properties of chemical liquids in microfluidic channels

In this paper, we propose an on-chip wideband microwave interferometry sensor to measure minute variations in the dielectric properties of chemical liquids with a marginal volume (5 ul). The device is based on coplanar waveguide (CPW) and slot-line technology. It consists of two uniplanar broadband hybrid ring couplers and two branches. Each branch is loaded with an electrically small discontinuity (ESD), which is the sensing region. If the sensor is unloaded or loaded with the same material under test (MUT), we obtain a transmission-zero. When different MUTs are loaded into the two microfluidic channels, new interference frequencies occur. Variations in transmission-zeros are employed to express variations in the dielectric properties or concentrations of the MUT. Experiments show that the sensitivity of the ESD-inspired interference sensor is higher (average value from 13 GHz to 17 GHz) than that of the wideband interference sensor by 1.2 times.

Hybrid Ring- and Tree-Topology RoF Transmission System with Disconnection Protection

This paper proposes a hybrid ring- and tree-topology radio over fiber (RoF) transmission system with self-disconnection protection that can support the high distribution density of base stations (BSs) in a metropolitan area and strengthen the network quality of service through self-disconnection protection. The number of supportable BS in the system can be increased significantly by integrating the time- and wavelength-division multiplexing techniques and properly utilizing a new-generation single-line bidirectional add/drop multiplexer (SBOADM) into the proposed system. Moreover, when the ring–fiber link of the system is interrupted for any reason, the system operator can recover the broken connections quickly only by transforming an optical switch state at the CO end to allow the downlink optical signals to transmit along the clockwise and counterclockwise directions of the ring–fiber link simultaneously. In this case, the downstream optical signals can be delivered to each set of BS-groups through the two-way transmission characteristics of the SBOADM automatically, and the uplink optical signals, originally, from each set of BS-groups can be transmitted back to the CO end along the opposite direction of the downlink signal-routing path. In this way, the interference caused by fiber breakage can be avoided immediately, and the entire transport system can be reconnected to ensure the quality of network services. Our experimental results prove that the overall transmission performances are similar to those under normal circumstances.

Photonic Crystal 180° Ring-Shaped Hybrid: From Microwave to Optics

In this letter, a 180° ring-shaped hybrid based on the photonic crystal structure (PCS) is presented. The ring hybrid is designed for the operation wavelength of 1550 nm. Initially, a 180° hybrid is a design based on conventional microwave procedures. Different wave behavior inside the structure in THz and microwave frequency band has caused the wave propagation in this structure to change especially in terms of phase. By analyzing the field distribution within a structure, the rod arrangement is modified. In proposed structure, the phase difference between the output ports is greatly improved (about 90°). Also, by reducing the leakage and improving the matching, the output power of the ports tends to half power. Moreover, 32 nm wavelength shift is improved. The proposed structure's reflectance value is less than 20 dB at the desired wavelength. The power splitting ratio between the two output ports is improved up to -3.7 dB and the power of the isolated port is less than -20 dB. This work has been analyzed using the FDTD method.