Hybrid Powder Research Articles

Bifunctional Portable Powder for Freshwater Production With Moisture Harvesting and Undrinkable Water Purification.

Freshwater scarcity threatens human survival, particularly in extreme environments like deserts, oceans, and space. Compatible atmospheric water harvesting and undrinkable water purification offer an affordable approach to solving freshwater scarcity in these extreme environments. Nonetheless, developing composite sorbent to attain efficient atmospheric water harvesting and undrinkable water purification remains challenging. Hence, a portable hybrid hygroscopic powder (HLC powder) consisting of hydroxypropyl chitosan, dibenzaldehyde-functional poly(ethylene glycol), lithium chloride (LiCl), and nano carbon black is proposed. The HLC powder with optimized LiCl load can capture moisture from the air, showing a high water uptake of 1.76g g-1 at 34% relative humidity (RH) and appropriate over a wide humidity from 34% to 75% RH. pH-responsive sol-gel transition induced by Schiff base bonds transforms the HLC solution into hydrogel, inhibiting hydrated salt leakage. Meanwhile, to achieve efficient undrinkable water purification, the LiCl-free hybrid powder is utilized to convert the undrinkable water, including seawater, dye water, and human urine, to photothermal hydrogel evaporators with low evaporation enthalpies and high evaporation rates ranging from 1.81 to 2.05 kg m-2 h-1 under one sun. This strategy establishes a new path to conveniently obtaining freshwater, breaking hydrological restrictions.

Assessment of process parameters on modified 316L SS surfaces prepared via hybrid powders mixed EDM

This study aims to assess the influence of hybrid powders (hydroxyapatite, manganese, copper, and carbon nanotube) mixed electric discharge machining (EDM) and coating process on 316L stainless steel (SS). An efficiently machined, hydrophilic, thin, and microporous surface is produced using variable discharge energies and powders weighted percentage suspended in the dielectric medium. The research outcome indicates that the hybrid powders mixed-EDM process synthesised a coating that substitutes the base elements with foreign elements of calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), copper (Cu), carbon (C), oxygen (O), and manganese (Mn). The surface wettability response of the coating displays a hydrophilic nature with a contact angle of 51.5° and surface energy of 52.9 mJ m−2. The coated surface exhibited a roughness value of 3.201 μm, which is expected to promote osseointegration, and the material removal rate has been enhanced to an optimal value of 100.32 mg/min. The Taguchi design demonstrated that the powder mixing ratio, current intensity, and spark time are the most influential factors in the hybrid powders mixed EDM process. This study determines a novel multiple additives-assisted EDM method to synthesise a coating on 316L SS with potential benefits for biomedical applications.

In‐situ fabrication of high‐strength SiC joints utilizing a novel CoCrFeNiTiMo high‐entropy alloy filler

AbstractThis study utilized an innovative unalloyed CoCrFeNiTiMo hybrid powder as a joining filler to fabricate high‐strength SiC/HEA/SiC joints via in‐situ reaction. The investigation systematically examines the effects of joining parameters on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties. The filler exhibits high reactivity with SiC, addressing carbon enrichment and low‐strength issues. The resulting joining layer comprises HEA‐rich Si, Mo1.5Cr1.5Si, MoTiC2, and TiC phases. Increasing the temperature facilitates carbon diffusion, transforming TiC into MoTiC2 and forming a MoTiC2‐wrapped TiC structure. At 1400°C for 60 min, the joints attain peak flexural and shear strengths of 312 ± 16 and 137 ± 10 MPa, respectively. Additionally, the joints demonstrate excellent oxidation resistance, with a residual strength of 270 ± 7 MPa after 20 h at 900°C, and favorable high‐temperature mechanical strength, retaining 155 ± 14 MPa at 1000°C. A detailed analysis of the joint formation mechanism is conducted based on experimental results and first‐principles calculations.

Constructing multi-layer heterogeneous interfaces in liquid metal graphite hybrid powder: Towards microwave absorption enhancement

Carbon based materials are widely used in the preparation of microwave absorption materials due to their low density, high attenuation loss and large specific surface area. However, their high conductivity usually leads to high reflection loss. In this study, multi-layer heterogeneous interfaces were constructed in liquid metal graphite hybrid powder to reduce reflection loss and enhance microwave absorption performance. Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) layer was formed in Ga coated graphite powder to improve impedance matching and attenuation constant via an annealing treatment. Specifically, the hybrid particles with 50 wt% Ga and being annealed at 120 °C for 2 h have a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) value of −42.68 dB and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 4.11 GHz at a thickness of 3.3 mm. The hybrid particles not only have multi-layer structures with different electrical conductivity, but also form heterojunctions between different interfaces, which can further enhance dipole and interfacial polarization.

Sn/Graphite/Cu reinforced aluminum: An experimental study on fabrication of hybrid surface composite as journal bearing material by friction stir processing

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an energy-efficient and environmentally friendly technique that provides tailored manufacturing possibilities for surface composites in solid-state conditions. This study focuses on manufacturing solid lubricant-reinforced aluminum matrix surface composite (AMSC) through FSP, which can be used as a journal-bearing material. Composite fabrications are performed utilizing Sn, Cu, and graphite particles (hybrid powder) with four passes of FSP. The cross-sectional macro and microstructures of obtained surface composites are investigated via optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The stir zone (SZ) chemistry is analyzed with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The microhardness measurements show the effects of hybrid powder as reinforcement and FSP parameters on the mechanical features of the composite cross-sections. Wettability and tribological tests are also conducted to determine the surface properties of the fabricated composites. According to the findings, the wear rate is decreased by 8 % with the reduction of average CoF to 0.75, while a hardness increment is achieved over ∼35 % in manufactured surface composites compared to the base material. It is observed that the content and amount of the hybrid powder and FSP parameters employed can ensure the fabrication of desired characteristics compatible with the aim in surface composites.

Coagulating blood into adhesive gel by hybrid powder based on oppositely charged polysaccharide/tannic acid-modified mesoporous bioactive glass

Hemostatic powder is widely utilized in emergency situations to control bleeding due to its ability to work well on wounds with irregular shapes, ease of application, and long-term stability. However, traditional powder often suffers from limited tissue adhesion and insufficient support for blood clot formation, leaving it susceptible to displacement by the flow of blood. This study introduces a hemostatic powder composed of tannic modified mesoporous bioactive glass (TMBG), cationic quaternized chitosan (QCS), and anionic hyaluronic acid modified with catechol group (HADA). The resulting TMBG/QCS/HADA based hemostatic powder (TMQH) rapidly absorbs plasma, concentrating blood coagulation factors. Simultaneously, the water-soluble QCS and HADA interact to form a 3D network structure, which can be strengthened by crosslinking with TMBG. This network effectively captures clustered blood coagulation factors, leading to a strong and adhesive thrombus that resists disruption from blood flow. TMQH exhibits superior efficacy in promoting hemostasis compared to Celox™ both in rat arterial injuries and non-compressible liver puncture wounds. TMQH demonstrates excellent antibacterial activity, cytocompatibility, and blood compatibility. These outstanding superiorities in blood clotting capability, wet tissue adhesion, antibacterial activity, safety for living organisms, ease of application, and long-term stability, make TMQH highly suitable for emergency hemostasis.

Clotting Blood into an Adhesive Gel by Hemostatic Powder Based on Cationic/Anionic Polysaccharides and Laponite.

Hemostatic powder is widely employed for emergency bleeding control due to its ability to conform to irregularly shaped wounds, ease of use, and stable storage. However, current powders exhibit limited tissue adhesion and insufficient support for thrombus formation, making them easily washed away by blood. In this study, a hybrid powder (QAL) was produced by mixing quaternized chitosan (QCS) powder, catechol-modified alginate (Cat-SA) powder, and laponite (Lap) powder. Upon addition of QAL, the blood quickly transformed to a robust and adhesive blood gel. The adhesion strength of the blood gel was up to 31.33 ± 1.56 kPa. When compared with Celox, QAL showed superior performance in promoting hemostasis. Additionally, QAL exhibited effectiveness in eliminating bacteria while also demonstrating outstanding biocompatibility with cells and blood. These favorable properties, including strong coagulation, adhesion to wet tissue, antibacterial activity, biosafety, ease of use, and stable storage, make QAL a promising emergency hemostatic agent.

In Situ Generation of TiCN Ni‐Based Coatings by Laser Cladding and Study of Their Structure and Properties

The influence of the ratio of TiN powder, graphite powder, and Ni60 powder on the phase composition, microstructure, microhardness, and wear properties of the TiCN Ni‐based coating on H13 steel is investigated. The findings indicate that varying proportions of TiN powder, C powder, and Ni60 powder have a minimal impact on the coating's phase composition. The diffraction peak intensity of TiC0.3N0.7 increases with the addition of (C + TiN) in the blended powder, while the crystallinity of TiC0.3N0.7 in the Ni‐based coating with a 30% (C + TiN) mass fraction decreases. The grain structure of the 20% Ni‐based coating is fine and uniform, while the microstructure of the 30% Ni‐based coating is characterized by a large polymerization phase‐containing Ti elements, with the TiCN‐reinforced phase exhibiting irregular grain morphology. The microhardness HV0.5 of the coating with a 20% (C + TiN) mass fraction ranges from 725 to 772, with an average hardness of 747.8 HV0.5, which is 3.4 times the hardness of the substrate material and 1.3 times the hardness of the Ni‐based coating. As the mass fraction of (C + TiN) in the hybrid powder increases, the friction loss mass of the coating tends to decrease and then increase. The average wear of the Ni‐based coating with a 20% (C + TiN) mass fraction is ≈22.4% of that of the substrate and 50% of that of the Ni‐based coating, demonstrating excellent wear resistance. The wear mechanism is primarily characterized by brittle spalling and abrasive wear.

Microstructure and tribological properties of copper/graphite composites with Ti3AlC2 addition prepared by rapid hot press sintering

Copper/graphite composites are widely used due to their excellent electrical, thermal, and self-lubricating properties. However, their mechanical and anti-wear properties are usually limited by brittle graphite and soft copper matrix. Enhancing the properties of composites by further introducing harder ceramic particles is an effective way. However, these particles are usually poorly wetted to metal and can easily separate from the matrix during friction, causing more severe abrasive wear. Herein, TiCx-reinforced Cu/graphite composites were prepared by rapid hot press sintering of a hybrid powder consisting of Ti3AlC2, Cu-plated graphite, and Cu powder. Al atoms diffused out of Ti3AlC2 and solid-solved into the Cu matrix during the sintering process, forming TiCx and Cu(Al) alloys. Such in situ formed TiCx particles have good interfacial bonding with the matrix. With the increase of Ti3AlC2 addition from 0 to 15 wt%, the average grain size of the composites decreased, the relative density increased, the hardness became larger, the electrical conductivity decreased, and the average coefficient of friction were all maintained at about 0.14, but the wear rate was reduced from 3.6569 × 10−4 mm3·N−1·m−1 to 9.35013 × 10−6 mm3·N−1·m−1. The in situ Ti3AlC2-derived TiCx particles improved the deformation resistance and shear resistance of the Cu/graphite composites, thus contributing to the wear resistance. This research may offer fresh perspectives on how to enhance the properties of copper/graphite composites.

Cohering Plasma into Adhesive Gel by Natural Biopolymer-Nanoparticle Hybrid Powder for Efficient Hemostasis and Wound Healing.

Hemostatic powder is commonly used in emergency bleeding control due to its suitability for irregularly shaped wounds, ease of use, and stable storage. However, traditional powder often has limited tissue adhesion and weak thrombus support, which makes it vulnerable to displacement by blood flow. Herein, we have developed a tricomponent hemostatic powder (MQS) composed of mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticle (MBG), positively charged quaternized chitosan (QCS), and negatively charged catechol-modified alginate (SADA). Upon application to the wound, MBG with its high specific surface area quickly absorbs plasma, concentrating the blood coagulation factor. Simultaneously, the water-soluble QCS and SADA interact with each other and form a net, which can be further cross-linked by MBG. This network efficiently binds and entraps clustered blood coagulation factors, ultimately resulting in the formation of a durable and robust thrombus. Furthermore, the formed net adheres to the injury site, offering protection against thrombus disruption caused by the bloodstream. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of these three components, MQS demonstrates superior hemostatic performance compared to commercial hemostatic powders like Celox in both arterial injuries and noncompressible liver puncture wounds. Furthermore, MQS can effectively accelerate wound healing. In addition, MQS exhibits excellent antibacterial activity, cytocompatibility, and hemocompatibility. These advantages of MQS, including strong blood clotting, wet tissue adherence, antibacterial activity, wound healing ability, biosafety, ease of use, and stable storage, make it a promising hemostatic agent for emergency situations.

Enhanced dielectric properties of PVDF polymer nanocomposites: A study on gold−decorated, surface−modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes

The integration of surface-modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes (fMWCNTs) into polymer nanocomposites has been extensively studied for their potential to enhance dielectric properties. This study, however, pioneers the use of a novel hybrid filler comprising fMWCNTs coated with metal nanoparticles, specifically aimed at augmenting the dielectric performance of polymers. In our research, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanocomposite films were synthesized using fMWCNTs with a diameter of ∼6–9 nm and a length of 5 μm, adorned with gold nanoparticles (nAu) of ∼5.4 ± 0.9 nm via an adapted Turkevich method. Comprehensive analyses were conducted on nAu−fMWCNTs hybrid powder and their nanocomposites in PVDF with varying filler concentrations, confirming the formation of nAu−fMWCNTs with a weight ratio of 1.1 : 98.9. Three−phase percolative nanocomposites were produced by dispersing the hybrid filler in N,N−dimethylformamide, facilitated by interactions between the negative charge of nAu−fMWCNTs (zeta potential of ∼ −40.43 ± 0.46 mV) and polar phases of PVDF. This was verified through zeta potential and Fourier−transform infrared spectroscopy analyses. The dielectric permittivity (ε′) of the nanocomposites significantly increased from 17.8 to 524.8 (at 1 kHz) with filler loadings from 0.005 to 0.01 vol%, while the dielectric loss tangent (tanδ) showed a minor increase from 0.05 to 1.18. These enhancements are attributed to the elevated permittivity of nAu−fMWCNTs hybrid powder, PVDF's transition to the β−phase, and interfacial polarization effects. The restrained growth of nAu on fMWCNTs and the inhibition of conductive pathways in the polymer matrix contributed to the low tanδ values.

Synthesis and sintering of 1D Al2O3@MWCNTS ceramic composite with excellent mechanical and electrical properties for advanced engineering applications

A novel strategy was exploited to synthesize one-dimensional (1D) Al2O3 ceramic by using MWCNTs as a template. The prepared amorphous alumina [Al(OH)3] was annealed at high temperatures to convert it into corundum Al2O3. Homogeneous dispersion of MWCNTs was obtained by the deposition of Al2O3 on the MWCNTs surface. Then, the calcined 1D Al2O3@MWCNTs hybrid powder was sintered at 70 MPa and 1300 ˚C for 10 min using spark plasma sintering (SPS). The microstructure analysis confirmed the uniform distribution of MWCNTs in Al2O3 ceramic. The compressive residual stresses on MWCNTs lead to a much stronger grain boundary as well as higher interfacial shear strength between the outer wall of MWCNT and Al2O3 ceramic. As a result, by the addition of only ∼1.27 wt.% MWCNTs, the flexural strength and fracture toughness along with higher electrical conductivity (315 S/m) were simultaneously enhanced up to ∼70% and ∼73%, respectively, with respect to monolithic Al2O3.

A novel porous lignocellulosic standing hierarchical hydroxyapatite for enhanced aqueous copper(II) removal

Potentially toxic metal-polluted water resources are a heavily discussed topic the pollution by potentially toxic metals can cause significant health risks. Nanomaterials are actively developed towards providing high specific surface area and creating active adsorption sites for the treatment and remediation of these polluted waters. In an effort to tackle the limitations of conventional type adsorbents, nano-hydroxyapatite (HAp) was developed in this study by in situ generation onto wood powder, resulting in the formation of uniform hybrid powder (HAp@wood composite) structure consisting of HAp nanoparticles that showed the removal efficiency up to 80 % after 10 min; the maximum adsorption capacity for Cu(II) ions (98.95 mg/g-HAp) was higher compared to agglomerated nano-HAp (72.85 mg/g-HAp). The adsorption capacity of Cu(II) remained stable (89.85–107.66 mg/g-HAp) during the four adsorption-desorption cycles in multi-component system, thereby demonstrating high selectivity for Cu(II). This approach of using nanoparticle is relatively simple yet effective in improving the adsorption of potentially toxic metals and the developed approach can be used to develop advanced nanocomposites in commercial wastewater treatment.

Study on photoluminescence of integrated nano-calcium carbonate (CaCO3) enhanced with dysprosium (Dy) doped calcium borophosphate (CBP) phosphor

Purpose There is a strong inducement to develop new inorganic materials to substitute the current industrial pigments, which are known for their poor ultraviolet absorbent and low photoluminescence (PL) properties. The purpose of this paper is to invent a better rare-earth-based pigment material as a spectral modifier with good luminescence properties to enhance the spectral response for photovoltaic panel application. Design/methodology/approach Different phosphor samples made of nano-calcium carbonate (CaCO3) with varied wt.% of the dopant Dysprosium doped calcium borophosphate (CBP/Dy) as (W0 – 0%, W1 – 3,85%, W2 – 7.41%, W3 –10.71% and W4 –13.79%) were prepared via the solid-state diffusion method at 600 °C for 6 h using a muffle furnace. The structural, morphological and luminescence properties of the CaCO3:CBP/Dy powder samples were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and PL test. Findings The XRD, SEM and FTIR results verified the crystalline formation, morphological behaviour and vibration bonds of synthesized CBP/Dy-doped CaCO3 powder samples. XRD pattern revealed that the synthesized powder samples exhibit crystalline structured materials, and SEM results showed irregular shape and porous-like structured morphologies. FTIR spectrum shows prominent bands at 712, 874 and 1,404 cm−1, corresponding to asymmetric stretching vibrations of CO32− groups and out-of-plane bending. PL characterization of CBP/Dy-doped CaCO3 (sample W) shows emission at 427 nm (λmax) under the excitation of 358 nm. The intensity of PL emission spectra drops due to the concentration quenching effect, while the maximum PL intensity is observed in the W3 phosphor powder system. Research limitations/implications This phosphor powder is expected to find out the potential application such as a spectral modifier which is applied to match the energy of photons with solar cell bandgap to improve spectral absorption and lead to better efficiency. Originality/value The introduction of a nano-CaCO3:CBP/Dy hybrid powder system with good luminescence properties to be used as spectral modifiers for solar cell application has been synthesized in the lab, which is a novel attempt.

Preparation of Graphite/Ferrite/Resin‐Based Composite High‐Efficiency Wave‐Absorbing Materials by Selective Laser Sintering

Herein, graphite/Fe3O4/resin‐based composite absorbers are prepared by selective laser sintering (SLS) and vacuum impregnation of epoxy resin. The effects of different graphite–Fe3O4 powder compositions on the absorbing and mechanical properties of the composites are investigated. The results show that with the increase of Fe3O4 content, the absorption performance of the composites first increases and then decreases, and the absorption peak gradually moves from high frequency (12–18 GHz) to low frequency (2–8 GHz). The bending strength of composites decreases with the increasing of Fe3O4 content. When the mass ratio of graphite–Fe3O4 is 4:3, the wave absorption performance is the best, the minimum reflection loss is −54.8 dB, the effective absorption bandwidth is 2.8 GHz (8.72–11.52 GHz), and the bending strength is 11 MPa, which is 9 times higher than that of SLS plain billets. This is because the increase of the Fe3O4 content in the hybrid powder increases the number of heterogeneous interfaces, but decreases the number of holes inside the composite, which affects the number of microwave reflections inside the material, resulting in different wave absorption and mechanical properties. The graphite/ferrite/resin matrix composites prepared by SLS technology achieve the synergy of lightweight, high strength, and good wave absorption properties.

Powder synthesis, densification, microstructure, and mechanical properties of HfB2‐HfC ceramic composites

AbstractA new route based on HfO2 + B4C + C → HfB2 + HfC + CO reaction was developed to synthesize HfB2‐HfC hybrid powders. X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, and transmission electron microscopy were used to evaluate the powder products. The effects of excess additions of B4C and C on the phase constituents of the powder products were investigated. Thermodynamics of relevant reactions for the synthesis of the hybrid powders were calculated to guide the selection of compositions and processing parameters. The results indicated that HfB2‐HfC hybrid powders were obtained by reaction at 1750°C for 1 h. HfB2:HfC phase content ratios showed a dependence on B4C and C additions. The obtained hybrid powders exhibited good oxidation resistance with an oxidation activation energy of 303 kJ/mol. Good sinterability of the powder products was demonstrated by spark plasma sintering at 2100°C. The consolidated ceramics based on them measured good Vickers’ hardness values (>26.0 ± .5 GPa) and fracture toughness (>3.78 ± .27 MPa·m1/2).

Fabrication and excellent performance of amorphous FeSiBCCr/organic-inorganic hybrid powder core

Soft magnetic composites (SMCs) are widely used in relevant inductance components in power and electronic fields. The development of high frequency devices requires SMCs to exhibit good insulation and excellent soft magnetic properties. The insulation coating for SMCs is crucial, and it is necessary to ensure that the coating thickness is uniform and maintains excellent adhesion to the powder. In the present work, a novel and efficient solution for the formation of insulating coatings, i.e. phytic acid/silane (denoted as PAS) organic-inorganic hybrid solution, was prepared by the condensation reaction between PA and γ-(2,3-epoxypropoxy) propyl trimethoxy silane. The FeSiBCCr@PAS powder with a core-shell structure has been successfully prepared through chemical reaction in a modified PAS solution. The effects of insulating coating content on the magnetic and mechanical properties of FeSiBCCr@PAS powder cores were systematically investigated. The PAS hybrid insulating coating can significantly improve the DC-bias performance and reduce the core loss. The optiomal powder core, which was prepared by using the powder coated with 3 g/L phytic acid, exhibits a minimum core loss (P50mT/1MHz) of 2979.2 mW/cm3, high effective permeability μe(0.1A/m) of 33.8, and superior DC-bias(100Oe) performance of 80.8%. Present work developed an effective method to prepare high performance powder cores with good soft magnetic and mechanical properties.

A hybrid graphite powder PFC@G for reserving higher carbon content of self‐lubrication graphite/SiC composites by RMI

AbstractThe appropriate carbon content is indispensable for the application of self‐lubricating graphite/SiC composites. However, it is a big challenge to retain high carbon content in the reaction‐formed graphite/SiC composites because of drastic consumption of carbon by violent reaction with liquid silicon. In this study, a hybrid powder constructed by graphite particles (G) and glassy carbon derived from phenolic resin (PFC) was used as carbon sources, or PFC@G for short, to reserve higher content of carbon in the reaction‐formed composites. The weight ratio of phenolic resin to graphite particles was adjusted to obtain an appropriate PFC@G with dense microstructure and close‐grained surface. Compared with the graphite/SiC composites only using raw graphite particles as carbon sources, the carbon content of the composites fabricated with compact and large PFC@G has obviously increased (up to 172%). In particular, the carbon content of the composites fabricated with the weight ratio = 0.8 reached a high value of 44.26 vol.%, which exhibited outstanding self‐lubrication properties among the four kinds of the composites. The mechanism of reserving higher content of carbon in the graphite/SiC composites by constructing PFC@G is investigated, revealing that a continuous SiC layer formed on the surface of the larger size PFC@G and most closely packed graphite particles inside of PFC@G were insulate from liquid silicon by the layer.

Novel strength-electrical conductivity synergy in Cu-based composites reinforced with TiZrNbTa high entropy alloy

An ultra-high strength TiZrNbTa (TZNT) high-entropy alloy (HEA) with good plasticity was attempted as a new reinforcing phase, which is introduced in the highly conductive Cu matrix to fabricate high-strength conductive composites. This work utilized a combination of a two-step ball milling method (first HEA mechanical alloying followed by fabrication of TZNT HEA/Cu hybrid powder) and a spark plasma sintering process to prepare the bulk TZNT HEA/Cu metal matrix composites (MMCs). Remarkably enhanced mechanical properties of the designed TZNT HEA/Cu MMCs with increasing TZNT contents were characterized while the electrical conductivity declined. Compared to the strength of the copper matrix, the strength of the fabricated 50 wt% TZNT/Cu specimens increased up to 340% induced by the second phase strengthening effect. The combination of grain boundary strengthening and dislocation strengthening contributed relatively less to the overall strength improvement of the composites. The TZNT/Cu composites were found to be a new insight into the high-strength conductive material preparation by choosing TZNT HEA with superior strength as hard secondary phase in copper matrix.

Thermogravimetric behavior of mesoporous hydrated silica-alumina trihydrate hybrid powder synthesized by sol–gel/doping method

Thermal degradation of mesoporous hydrated silica (MHS), mesoporous silica (MS), and alumina trihydrate (ATH) hybrid systems for flame retardant materials was investigated. The hybrid powders (contains 64 wt% of ATH) were created by doping ATH particles into a silica sol using the typical sol–gel technique with rice husk as a silica precursor. MHS-ATH has 3% more water by weight, three times lower density (0.9 g/cm3), 37 times larger surface area (186.88 m2/g), and enhanced powder flowability as compared to standard ATH. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) study reveals that MHS-ATH has higher thermal stability than ATH, with more water released gradually over a wider temperature range, improving the flame retardancy effect. MHS was also compared with its dehydrated form (MS), but TGA studies suggest that MS-ATH has lower thermal stability due to the powder's tendency to absorb moisture.