Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells Research Articles

Interface Passivation of a Pyridine-Based Bifunctional Molecule for Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells.

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have recently been demonstrated to be promising renewable harvesters because of their prominent photovoltaic power conversion efficiency (PCE), although their stability and efficiency still have not reached commercial criteria. Trouble-oriented analyses showcase that defect reduction among the grain boundaries and interfaces in the prepared perovskite polycrystalline films is a practical strategy, which has prompted researchers to develop functional molecules for interface passivation. Herein, the pyridine-based bifunctional molecule dimethylpyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate (DPDC) was employed as the interface between the electron-transport layer and perovskite layer, which achieved a champion PCE of 21.37% for an inverted MAPbI3-based PSC, which was greater than 18.64% for the control device. The mechanistic studies indicated that the significantly improved performance was mainly attributed to the remarkably enhanced fill factor with a value greater than 83%, which was primarily due to the nonradiative recombination suppression offered by the passivation effect of DPDC. Moreover, the promoted carrier mobility together with the enlarged crystal size contributed to a higher short-circuit current density. In addition, an increase in the open-circuit voltage was also observed in the DPDC-treated PSC, which benefited from the improved work function for reducing the energy loss during carrier transport. Furthermore, the DPDC-treated PSC showed substantially enhanced stability, with an over 80% retention rate of its initial PCE value over 300 h even at a 60% relative humidity level, which was attributed to the hydrophobic nature of the DPDC molecule and effective defect passivation. This work is expected not only to serve as an effective strategy for using a pyridine-based bifunctional molecule to passivate perovskite interfaces to enhance photovoltaic performance but also to shed light on the interface passivation mechanism.

Exploring the potential applications of lead-free organic–inorganic perovskite type [NH3(CH2)nNH3]MCl4 (n = 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6; M = Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, and Cd) crystals

The organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite compounds have been extensively studied since the dawn of a new era in the field of photovoltaic applications. Up to now, perovskites have proven to be the most promising in terms of power conversion efficiency; however, their main disadvantages for use in solar cells are toxicity and chemical instability. Therefore, it is essential to develop a hybrid perovskite that can be replaced with lead-free materials. This review focuses on the possibility of applying lead-free organic–inorganic perovskite types [NH3(CH2)nNH3]MCl4 (n = 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6; M = Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, and Cd) crystals. We are seeking organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite materials with very high temperature stability or without phase transition temperature, and thermal stability. Thus, by considering the characteristics according to the methylene lengths and the various transition metals, we aim to identify improved materials meeting the criteria mentioned above. Consequently, the physicochemical properties of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite [NH3(CH2)nNH3]MCl4 regarding the effects of various transition metal ions of the anion and the methylene lengths of the cation are expected to promote the development and application of lead-free hybrid perovskite solar cells.

Fluorinated hole transport material resistant to high annealing temperature applied in inverted perovskites solar cells

A dopant-free and low-cost hole transport material (HTM) with dibenzo[b,d]thiophene as the center unit, bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amine as the terminal unit, and fluorine substitution adjacent to the methoxyl (named DBT-4F-MOP) is designed and applied in inverted organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (OIH-PSCs). The synthetic cost of DBT-4F-MOP in the lab is just as low as 115 CNY/g, which is much lower than the benchmark HTM poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA, 2500 CNY/g). Due to the introduction of the fluorine atoms, the annealing temperature of the HTM can be increased by over 150 ℃. The highest efficiency of the inverted device based on it can reach 16.8 %, with an open circuit voltage of 1.04 V, a short circuit current of 21.57 mA cm−2, and a fill factor of 74.69 %, while the reference device based on PTAA can reach a PCE of 17.54 %. This work provides an avenue for the design of low-cost, dopant-free, and high-annealing temperature HTMs for inverted OIH-PSCs.

Anion Binding Interaction Enhances the Robustness of Iodide for High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells.

Owing to the ionic bond nature of the Pb-I bond, the iodide at the interface of perovskite polycrystalline films was easily lost during the preparation process, resulting in the formation of a large number of iodine vacancy defects. The presence of iodine vacancy defects can cause nonradiative recombination, provide a pathway for iodide migration, and be harmful to the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (HPSCs). Here, in order to increase the robustness of iodides at the interface, a strategy to introduce anion binding effects was developed to stabilize the perovskite films. It was demonstrated that the N,N'-diphenylurea (DPU), characterized by high anionic binding constants and a Y-shaped structure, provides a relatively strong hydrogen bond donor site to effectively reduce the iodine loss during film preparation and inhibits iodide migration in the device working condition. As expected, the reduced iodine loss considerably improves the quality of the perovskite films and suppresses nonradiative recombination. The performance of the device after DPU modification was significantly increased, with the PCE rising from 23.65 to 25.01% with huge stability enhancement as well.

Maximizing photovoltaic performance of all-inorganic perovskite CsSnI3-xBrx solar cells through bandgap grading and material design

In the modern era of technology, worldwide paradigms have been shifted toward the utilization of green energy. Sun energy is the most astonishing eco-friendly resource of energy and can be harnessed with the help of photovoltaic cells. Hybrid (Organic-Inorganic) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are emerged with incredible photovoltaic (PV) performance. Nevertheless, a significant challenge lies in their lower stability under diverse environmental conditions. To deal with this challenge, all inorganic cesium-based PSC has been studied and analyzed, results improved stability in comparison to hybrid PSC. However, the noxious nature of lead is deleterious to the environment. So, this work primarily aimed, to study lead-free all inorganic tin-based perovskite compound CsSnI3-xBrx, as the main light absorber layer. Further, to elevate the PV performance of PSC, bandgap grading is performed on CsSnI3-xBrx by varying bromide concentration x from 0 to 3. Bandgap grading encourages the absorption of a wide range of the light spectrum, by modulating bandgap (Eg) / affinity(χ) through the distance of the CsSnI3-xBrx layer. Additionally, it enhances light-generated charge carrier separation and collection by end electrodes. In this work, two different strategies have been adopted, linear and parabolic. During linear grading, the impact of variation in x (0 to 3) has been analyzed over the thickness 50–––500 nm in 10 linear steps for CsSnI3-xBrx. The highest PCE fetched from linearly graded layered FTO / CeO2 / CsSnI3-xBrx / CFTS / Gold PSC is 21.68 %. Similarly, in the parabolic graded absorber layer, the influence of change in the bowing factor (0 to 1), has been analyzed relative to different values of x (0 to 3). With improvement in PV performance, the maximum PCE delivered by parabolic-graded PSC is 23.61 %. Additionally, this work extends to check the compatibility of distinct electron transport layers (ETLs) and hole transport layers (HTLs). Upon analysis, it has been found that the best PV performance was obtained while selecting SnO2 / PEDOT as ETL / HTL respectively.

Design and Optimization of High-Performance Novel RbPbBr3-Based Solar Cells with Wide-Band-Gap S-Chalcogenide Electron Transport Layers (ETLs).

Inorganic cubic rubidium-lead-halide perovskites have attracted considerable attention owing to their structural, electronic, and unique optical properties. In this study, novel rubidium-lead-bromide (RbPbBr3)-based hybrid perovskite solar cells (HPSCs) with several high-band-gap chalcogenide electron transport layers (ETLs) of In2S3, WS2, and SnS2 were studied by density functional theory (DFT) and using the SCAPS-1D simulator. Initially, the band gap and optical performance were computed using DFT, and these results were utilized for the first time in the SCAPS-1D simulator. Furthermore, the impact of different major influencing parameters, that is, the thickness of the layer, bulk defect density, doping concentration, and defect density of interfaces, including the working temperature, were also investigated and unveiled. Further, a study on an optimized device with the most potential ETL (SnS2) layer was performed systematically. Finally, a comparative study of different reported heterostructures was performed to explore the benchmark of the most recent efficient RbPbBr3-based photovoltaics. The highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) was 29.75% for the SnS2 ETL with Voc of 0.9789 V, Jsc of 34.57863 mA cm-2, and fill factor (FF) of 87.91%, while the PCEs of 21.15 and 24.57% were obtained for In2S3 and WS2 ETLs, respectively. The electron-hole generation, recombination rates, and quantum efficiency (QE) characteristics were also investigated in detail. Thus, the SnS2 ETL shows strong potential for use in RbPbBr3-based hybrid perovskite high-performance photovoltaic devices.

Optimization of vertical gradient Pb-Sn hybrid perovskite solar cells using SCAPS (Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator)

Lead-tin hybrid perovskite solar cells emerge as a promising alternative to traditional lead-based cells, addressing environmental and stability concerns, however their efficiency lags. During the fabrication of lead-tin mixed perovskites, the Pb/Sn ratio varies across the film due to different solubilities under various processing conditions. To tackle this issue, we propose a novel perovskite absorber with a vertical gradient in the lead-tin ratio. Our study employs SCAPS-1D simulations to investigate the performance of ITO/HTL/gradient perovskite/ETL/Ag cell structures with different transport layer materials. We systematically analyze the impact of doping levels, defect density states, and interfacial defects in the absorber layer on device efficiency. Through optimization of the device structural parameters, reflecting real experimental conditions, we achieved an energy conversion efficiency of 24.84%. This efficiency is comparable to that of lead-based perovskite solar cells. Interestingly, simulations suggest that omitting the electron transport layer still yields an efficiency above 23.5%, potentially simplifying the fabrication process. This finding indicates that vertically graded Pb-Sn hybrid perovskite solar cells hold great promise for high-efficiency solar cell applications.

Dibenzo[b,d]thiophene 5,5-dioxide-based dopant-free hole-transporting material with passivation effect in inverted perovskite solar cells

For the rocket development of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (OIH–PSCs), the research of low-cost, dopant-free hole-transporting materials (HTMs) with high performance and stability is still an urgent problem. In this work, we synthesize organic small molecule HTM with sulfone-containing benzodithiophene (BDTOxide) as the central unit, termed BDTOxide-MTP. The synthetic cost of DBTOxide-MTP in the lab is 238 CNY/g, which is just one-fifth of the cost of the PTAA (1200 CNY/g). BDTOxide-MTP exhibits the deep highest occupied molecular orbital energy level, high hole transport mobility, and excellent passivation effect. BDTOxide-MTP is introduced into inverted OIH-PSCs as a dopant-free hole transport layer, the champion efficiency of MAPbI3-xClx-based devices reaches 18.72 % with an excellent VOC of 1.13 V, while the efficiency of the control device based on PTAA is about 18.49 %. The device based on BDTOxide-MTP exhibits comparable stability to the one based on PTAA, which can maintain over 90 % of the original efficiency after 46 days in a nitrogen environment.

Bulk and interface passivation through potassium iodide additives engineering enables high-performance and humidity-stable CsPbBr3 perovskite solar cells

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have gained significant attention in the past decade due to their exceptional photovoltaic performance and unique advantages. However, the organic cation component of the hybrid perovskites results in poor humidity resistibility and thermal stability. Replacing organic cations with inorganic cations, such as Cs+, to fabricate all-inorganic CsPbX3 PSCs, is an effective way to improve their stability. Among the CsPbX3 PSCs, full-brominated CsPbBr3 PSCs have excellent moisture and thermal tolerance, with great potential for commercialization. However, these PSCs suffer from energy loss during operation, and their photoelectric conversion efficiency is lower than that of mainstream hybrid PSCs. Additive engineering is an effective method to improve the quality of perovskite films, which introduces functional additives into the perovskite precursor to induce perovskite crystallization, achieve the passivation of uncoordinated ions defects, and finely tune the energy level structures. In this study, Potassium iodide (KI) was added to the CsBr precursor solution to participate in the formation of the CsPbBr3 perovskite thin film. The partial substitution of A-site cation in the ABX3 perovskite occurred during the film formation, leading to beneficial variation of the crystal structure and photoelectronic performance in the CsPbBr3 system. The planar-architecture device based on the modified CsPbBr3 layer could reach a best efficiency of 10.06 %, together with a high open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.60 V. The KI-doped CsPbBr3 based PSC can retain over 90 % of the original PCE even after 30 days of aging, thanks to the diminished defect density by the KI passivation.

The dopant-free hole transport material based on benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene with high efficiency in inverted perovskite solar cells

In the commercialization process of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (OIH–PSCs), the research of dopant-free hole transport materials (HTMs) with high efficiency is still an urgent problem. In this work, we synthesize two organic small molecule HTMs with well-known benzodithiophene (BDT) as the central unit, abbreviated as BDTO-MTP and BDTT-PMTP. Compared with BDTO-MTP (with oxygen-substituted alkyl chain and diphenylamine derivatives as the terminal group), BDTT-PMTP introduces thiophene to replace oxygen beside the central group, triphenylamine to replace diphenylamine derivatives as the terminal group. Both BDTO-MTP and BDTT-PMTP exhibit high hole mobility without doping. It is worth noting that two new materials are introduced into inverted OIH-PSCs as a doped-free hole transport layer, the champion efficiency of MAPbI3-based devices based on BDTT-PMTP reaches 21.08%, and the highest efficiency of BDTO-MTP-based devices can also reach 19.54%. The results show that the planar building blocks with the similarity of BDT will be an excellent and universal choice for the future design of dopant-free small molecule HTMs with high efficiency.

BMP]+[BF4]--Modified CsPbI1.2Br1.8 Solar Cells with Improved Efficiency and Suppressed Photoinduced Phase Segregation.

With the rapid progress in a power conversion efficiency reaching up to 26.1%, which is among the highest efficiency for single-junction solar cells, organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells have become a research focus in photovoltaic technology all over the world, while the instability of these perovskite solar cells, due to the decomposition of its unstable organic components, has restricted the development of all-inorganic perovskite solar cells. In recent years, Br-mixed halogen all-inorganic perovskites (CsPbI3-xBrx) have aroused great interests due to their ability to balance the band gap and phase stability of pure CsPbX3. However, the photoinduced phase segregation in lead mixed halide perovskites is still a big burden on their practical industrial production and commercialization. Here, we demonstrate inhibited photoinduced phase segregation all-inorganic CsPbI1.2Br1.8 films and their corresponding perovskite solar cells by incorporating a 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium tetrafluoroborate ([BMP]+[BF4]-) compound into the CsPbI1.2Br1.8 films. Then, its effect on the perovskite films and the corresponding hole transport layer-free CsPbI1.2Br1.8 solar cells with carbon electrodes under light is investigated. With a prolonged time added to the reduced phase segregation terminal, this additive shows an inhibitory effect on the photoinduced phase segregation phenomenon for perovskite films and devices with enhanced cell efficiency. Our study reveals an efficient and simple route that suppresses photoinduced phase segregation in cesium lead mixed halide perovskite solar cells with enhanced efficiency.

Temperature- and illumination-dependent recombination of the photoinduced charge carriers in organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells

Temperature- and illumination-dependent recombination of the photoinduced charge carriers in organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells

The first demonstration of entirely roll-to-roll fabricated perovskite solar cell modules under ambient room conditions

The rapid development of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells has resulted in laboratory-scale devices having power conversion efficiencies that are competitive with commercialised technologies. However, hybrid perovskite solar cells are yet to make an impact beyond the research community, with translation to large-area devices fabricated by industry-relevant manufacturing methods remaining a critical challenge. Here we report the first demonstration of hybrid perovskite solar cell modules, comprising serially-interconnected cells, produced entirely using industrial roll-to-roll printing tools under ambient room conditions. As part of this development, costly vacuum-deposited metal electrodes are replaced with printed carbon electrodes. A high-throughput experiment involving the analysis of batches of 1600 cells produced using 20 parameter combinations enabled rapid optimisation over a large parameter space. The optimised roll-to-roll fabricated hybrid perovskite solar cells show power conversion efficiencies of up to 15.5% for individual small-area cells and 11.0% for serially-interconnected cells in large-area modules. Based on the devices produced in this work, a cost of ~0.7 USD W−1 is predicted for a production rate of 1,000,000 m² per year in Australia, with potential for further significant cost reductions.

Enhancing the efficiency of the organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite cells using Al-doped ZnO as an Electron Transport Layer and CNTs as a Hole Transport Layer: An experimental and numerical study

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become the subject of much discussion in the photovoltaic field due to their excellent performance over the past few years. This study presents the production, characterization, and simulation of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) as an electron transport layer (ETL) at a concentration of 1% in organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSC). We experimentally elaborate the AZO thin films using the sol-gel dip-coating method. We further examined the resulting film for structural, morphological, and optical properties for use in solar cells (SCs), using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and UV–visible spectroscopy. Furthermore, this work presents an optimization process led by simulation that generates high performance using CNTs, CH3NH3PbI3, and AZO as a hole transport layer (HTL), absorber layer, and ETL respectively in solar cells using SCAPS 1D software. We have carefully examined the impact of several parameters, including the layer thicknesses, temperature, defect density of the absorber layer, defect density at interfaces between AZO and perovskite and perovskite and CNTs, and series and shunt resistances (Rs and Rsh). An optimized PSC of ITO/AZO/MAPbI3/CNTs/Au is designed here with an efficiency of 25.62%, open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.3955 V, fill factor (FF) of 72.32%, and current density (Jsc) of 25.382 mA/cm2. Our findings provide a remarkable efficiency using the proposed model; nevertheless, as researchers, we still need to simulate and conduct experiments to increase the cell's efficiency to potentially use it in solar cells(SCs).

2-Iodoaniline-Modified High-Efficiency Carbon-Based CsPbIBr2 perovskite solar cells

The stability of carbon-based perovskite solar cells without a hole transport layer is better than that of hybrid perovskite solar cells, However, there will be serious interface recombination and carrier transport inhibition at the perovskite/carbon interface. Therefore, the interface between CsPbIBr2 perovskite and carbon electrodes was modified with 2-iodoaniline (2-IDA) to facilitate hole extraction in solar cell devices. –NH2 has a lone pair of electrons that can be coordinated with positively charged Lewis acid defects via coordination bonds. In addition, the introduction of iodide ions can compensate the halide vacancy on the grain boundary, inhibit the production of non-radiative recombination and passivate the defects in the film. After modification, the open-circuit voltage decays more slowly and the carrier lifetime is longer, resulting in a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 10.23% and Improve the moisture stability of the device.

Numerical Simulation of Sandwiched Perovskite-Based Solar Cell Using Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS-1D)

Due to the superb characteristics of its light-harvesting, the Perovskite sensitizer ABX3 (A = CH3NH3, B = Pb, Sn, and X = Cl, Br, I) has recently attracted great attention. Perovskite is composed of inexpensive and earth abundant materials. It is processable at low temperature preferably via the printing techniques. In addition, the charges in the bulk material after light absorption that enhances low loss in energy charge generation and collection were generated freely. In this research work, Solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS-1D) was used to harnessing the real device hybrid Perovskite (PSC) solar cell with material parameters obtained from literatures and experiment used in the definition panel and the arrangement of an hybrid (FTO/ZnO/CZTS/PSCS/CZTS/HTM) model in the SCAPS-1D simulator. From the simulated results obtained the Band gap diagram and other curves were constructed. The efficiency greater than twenty percent (>20%) was achieved, which shows that having a combination of two different absorbers were achievable and calling for great attention from the researchers.

Triammonium Molecular Tripods as Organic Building Blocks for Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells

Considerable efforts have been devoted to the development of new organic‐inorganic hybrid perovskites as well as their passivation‐layer materials to improve the performance of solution‐processable thin‐film solar cells for practical applications. For this purpose, monocations, such as monoammonium ions, have been studied extensively as organic building blocks. Herein, a new class of cationic molecules featuring a triptycene framework is introduced, to which three ammonium ions are attached close to each other. Inspired by the previous finding that 1,8,13‐trisubstituted triptycenes have an excellent ability to form 2D assemblies, two derivatives with ammonium ion groups at these positions are synthesized, linked either directly or via methylene spacers. Hybrid perovskites with different dimensionalities in terms of the inorganic octahedral units were prepared by reaction of the triammonium‐appended triptycene tripods with PbI2, however, the optoelectronic properties obtained were unsatisfactory. Even so, the triammonium‐containing triptycene tripod having methylene spacers was shown to serve as a good passivation layer for perovskites solar cells (PSCs), leading to improvements in power conversion efficiency and long‐term stability. Given the large degree of design freedom, triptycene tripods merit further investigation as a new motif in the development of surface‐passivation materials for PSCs.

The Role of Grain Boundaries in Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells and its Current Enhancement Strategies: A Review

Grain boundaries (GBs) in perovskite polycrystalline films are the most sensitive place for the formation of the defect states and the accumulation of impurities. Thus, abundant works have been carried out to explore their properties and then try to solve the induced problems. Currently, two important issues remain. First, the role of GBs in charge carrier dynamics is unclear due to their component complexity/defect tolerance nature and the insufficiency in testing accuracy. Some works conclude that GBs are benign, while others consider GBs as carrier recombination centers. Things for sure are the deterioration in ion transport and perovskite decomposition. Second, to solve the known hazards of GBs, a lot of additives have been added to anchoring ions and passivate defects. But in most of those works, GBs and perovskite surfaces are treated in the same manner ignoring the fact that GB is essentially a homogeneous junction in a narrow and slender space, while surface is a heterogeneous junction with a stratified structure. In this review, we focus on works insight into GBs and additives for them. Additionally, we also discuss the prospects of the maturity of GB exploration toward upscaling the manufacture of perovskite photovoltaic and related optoelectronic devices.

Multiscale Simulations Facilitate the Design of High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells

Organic‐inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have swiftly emerged as a prominent contender in the photovoltaic industry, owing to their unparalleled optoelectronic capabilities. Nevertheless, the commercial viability of organic‐inorganic hybrid PSCs is significantly hindered by their limited hygrothermal stability. Therefore, based on multiscale simulation technology, we systematically investigated the microscopic properties of CsPbBrxI3−x (0 ≤ x ≤ 3) perovskite materials and the corresponding photovoltaic device performance. Multiscale simulation technology is numerical simulation method that combines the density functional theory (DFT) with finite element method (FEM). DFT is used first to study the energy band structure, density of states, and optoelectronic parameters of CsPbBrxI3−x (0 ≤ x ≤ 3). Then, FEM is used to study the optical properties of all‐inorganic PSCs based on the results of DFT simulation. Finally, the bulk defect concentration (Nt) of the perovskite material, and the defect concentration between the perovskite and the charge transport layer (CTL) on the photovoltaic performance of the device are calculated and analyzed using CsPbI3 PSCs as an example. We finally designed the CsPbI3 all‐inorganic PSCs with a theoretical efficiency of 22.65%. Our theoretical simulation methods and corresponding results present a groundbreaking approach to crafting highly efficient and exceptionally stable all‐inorganic PSCs.

Inducing 2D Structure at Grain‐Boundary via Triazinane Molecular Modification to Improve Stability of Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

Active layers of p–i–n organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are passivated by star‐shape, multifunctional triazinane molecules, cyanuric acid (CA), and Tris(dibutylhydroxy‐ benzyl)isocyanuric acid (TPCA). The most interesting is that CA is used as a bulk additive is able to induce a two‐dimensional (2D) structure at grain boundaries (GBs) of the perovskite when excess PbI2 is present. TPCA is also important to use as a perovskite surface modifier and to reduce the defects in perovskite layer further. The reduced ideality factors, enhanced photoluminescence, and prolonged lifetimes all indicate suppression of non‐radiative recombination. The combination of the two substantially improves fill‐factors and open‐circuit voltages of the devices. This leads to markedly enhanced stabilities of the devices.