Hybrid Neuroimaging Research Articles

Cognitive Brain of Homo sapiens: Stress, Emotions, Health, Hormones, Longevity

Replication of new discoveries in the field of genetics and epigenetics, the scientific union of neurobiology and neurophysiology of the quantum brain HOMO SAPIENS of the 21st century, the achievements of biophysics, hybrid neuroimaging and nuclear medicine, the introduction of nutritionology and bioelementology technologies, the 5P of MEDICINE and 5G TECHNOLOGY, compliance of art medicine and modern psychoanalysis, - will allow control the cognitive brain of a 21st century HUMAN. Scientific progress and 33 years of experimental experience of biophysics in the field of neurogeriatrics and neurocardiology, neuroendocrinology and psychoneuroimmunology - made it possible to argue that "nerve cells are restored," the quantum human brain is CONTROLLED, high-quality and healthy LONGEVITY HOMO SAPIENS of the 21st century is achievable. Children who experience chronic stressors are vulnerable to lifelong emotional and physical health problems. Cognitive and mental health affects a person's ability to cope with stress, maintain a relationship paradigm, make healthy choices and lead a fulfilling life. An increase in the expected and average life expectancy of a person is realizable/achievable/feasible when creating conditions/tools/algorithms/technologies for active and high-quality longevity.

Science of Cognitive Brain and Quantum Biophysics Homo sapiens 21st Century: hybrid Neuroimaging and Nuclear medicine, 5P Medicine and 5G Technology, Neurobiology and Neurophysiology of Quantum Brains, Psychoanalysis, Art-Medicine, Bioelementology and Nutriciology

New discoveries in the field of genetics and epigenetics, the scientific union of neurobiology and neurophysiology of the quantum brain Homo sapiens of the 21st century, the achievements of biophysics, hybrid neuroimaging and nuclear medicine, the introduction of nutritionology and bioelementology technologies, the 5P of Medicine and 5G Technology, the replication of compliance of art medicine and modern psychoanalysis made it possible to manage 21st century Human cognitive brain. Scientific progress and 33 years of experimental experience of biophysics in the field of neurogeriatrics and neurocardiology, neuroendocrinology and psychoneuroimmunology made it possible to argue that “nerve cells are restored”, the quantum human brain is Controlled, high-quality and healthy longevity Homo sapiens of the 21st century is achievable. Humankind needs to know (discover, prove) in the near future the existence of more than 450 trillion neurosynaptic and neurocosmic interactions between the cognitive mind and the universe.

Cognitive Brain: Neuroscience, Neurophysiology and Neuroendocrinology of Emotions

Humancognitive brain integrates and synchronizes neurobiological, neurophysiological, and neuroendocrinological emotions that promote compassion and intersubjectivity that will help reduce stress and enhance compassionate mediation to resolve conflicts. The dependence of emotional states on context is also critical for affective neurology studies in which we want to experimentally manipulate emotional states. Emotions are functional states realized in the activities of neural systems that regulate complex behavior. Strategic is the creation of an integrative working model of emotions and stress, which specifies a time frame for measuring stress: acute, event, daily and chronic and a more accurate language for measuring stress. Human cognitive brains are biological, biophysical, neurophysiological, and medico-social information exchange paradigms. Modern artificial intelligence technologies are capable of many things, including predicting cognitive impairment and cognitive disorders, using combined and hybrid neuroimaging, next-generation sequencing, etc., in order to begin timely and effective rehabilitation of the Human brain. Social feelings have conceptual and empirical links to affect and emotion. The modern problem of affective neurology is to detail causal interactions between emotional states, emotion experiences, and emotion concepts: in healthy adults, all three usually occur together. Emotional states, along with many other signs of mental state, provide causal explanations for behavior. Emotions are “purposeful” because they are aimed at preparing the body to respond to situations that have repeatedly arisen throughout evolution. In conceptual stages of development, emotions become more differentiated and diverse as the cognitive brain of Human (individual, person, personality) postpones memories of emotional events often caused by social interactions, assesses situations, and develops coping mechanisms, including expectation, appropriate levels of arousal, and cognitive control of emotional behavior. Human brain working in the mode of genius (talent, creativity) requires the creation and maintenance of modern neurocompunctions between the new cortex and the hippocampus (memory library, memory hard drive), the formation of new structural and functional neurocompunctions in Human brain that occur continuously throughout the life of all life from birth to ultra-longevity and have creative advantages in the era of modern neuroscience and neuromarketing.

Alzheimer's Disease: Biophysics, Genetics, Epigenetics, Neuroimaging, Bioelementology, Nutriciology, Treatment, Prevention and Neurotrenching

The complex more than Alzheimer’s disease 115-year-old problem paradigm is an author’s multidisciplinary response through the prism of fundamental applied algorithms/tools/technologies to the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of this neurodegeneration. Homo sapiens brains are biological, biophysical, neurophysiological and medico-social information exchange paradigms. The achievement of research N. P. Romanchuk is the establishment of many genetic and epigenetic factors of cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. The introduction of copyright developments in the last 15 years has made it possible to form a system of algorithms and tools for managing neuroplasticity. Modified combined EEG/PET and PET/fMRI methods and hybrid PET/CT/MRI technologies are combined functional and structural neuroimaging. Modern communications are multilevel, multiparadigmal, and interdisciplinary models of information exchange. Neurogenetics is a center for multidisciplinary and interagency research using best practices, involving 5P Medicine and 5G technology. In studies, N.P. Romanchuk showed that for the new neurogenesis and neuroplasticity, for the management of human neuroplasticity and biological age, for the modern neurophysiology and neurorehabilitation of cognitive disorders and cognitive disorders, sufficient functional and energy nutrition of the brain is necessary using modern neurotechnologies of nuclear medicine. Modern artificial intelligence technologies are capable of many things, including predicting cognitive impairment and cognitive disorders, using combined and hybrid neuroimaging, sequencing of a new generation, etc., in order to begin timely and effective rehabilitation of the H. sapiens brain. The brain of H. sapiens is the next frontier for healthcare. The merger of combined and hybrid neuroimaging methods with artificial intelligence technologies allows us to understand and diagnose neurological disorders and find new methods of rehabilitation and medical and social support that will lead to improved mental health. The severity of cognitive impairment largely depends on the time of early prevention, the severity of depressive disorder, the age of the patient, neuroendocrine, cerebral and cerebrovascular pathology.

Болезнь Альцгеймера и ядерная медицина: циркадианный стресс и нейровоспаление, нейрокоммуникации и нейрореабилитация

Modern neurotechnologies of nuclear medicine, a new 5P of Medicine and 5G technology have made a discovery in solving the problem of Alzheimer's disease. Ten-year author's experience in implementing research results (algorithms/tools/inventions) allowed for successful medical rehabilitation of cognitive impairment and increased (healthy/qualitative/cultural/religious) life expectancy. Romanchuk N.P. research on mitigating the effects of circadian stress on healthy longevity of Homo sapiens has opened multidisciplinary targeted opportunities for psychiatrists, neurologists, cardiologists, endocrinologists, and geriatricians. Genetic and epigenetic therapy of age-dependent endothelial dysfunction in vascular aging is strategic, in the activities of active longevity. Modern neurotechnologies of nuclear medicine, a new 5P of Medicine and 5G technology have made a discovery in solving the problem of Alzheimer's disease. In the studies of Romanchuk N.P., it is shown that for new neurogenesis and neuroplasticity, to manage human neuroplasticity and biological age, for modern neurophysiology and neurorehabilitation of cognitive disorders and cognitive disorders, sufficient functional and energy nutrition of the brain is needed using modern neurotechnologies of nuclear medicine: radioprotective pharmaceuticals and nutricology, radio modulators and radiomythiters. An increase in the combined total risk on the brain of Homo sapiens is being investigated: pathological accelerated brain aging, cerebral COVID-19 exposure, nuclear medicine technologies. Modern principles of rational design of nanomaterials optimize therapeutic effectiveness, therefore, systematic generalization of achievements in this field allows developing new highly effective nanoradioprotectors with maximization of drug effectiveness. Combined drug platform and enriched bioelementology and nutritionology (brain/microbiota and genome/epigenome), hybrid neuroimaging and nuclear medicine neurotechnologies work both proactively and in long-term medical rehabilitation programs. The Homo sapiens brain health cultural paradigm in the ten-year study Active Longevity: Genome Biophysics, Nutrigenomics, Nutrigenetics, Revitalization Activates the Penetration of Evolutionary and Socio-Cognitive Human Brain Neurocommunications into Modern Nuclear Medicine Neurotechnologies, a new 5P of Medicine and 5G technology.

Fluorescently-tagged magnetic protein nanoparticles for high-resolution optical and ultra-high field magnetic resonance dual-modal cerebral angiography.

Extremely small paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (FeMNPs) (<5 nm) can enhance positive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast by shortening the longitudinal relaxation time of water (T1), but these nanoparticles experience rapid renal clearance. Here, magnetic protein nanoparticles (MPNPs) are synthesized from protein-conjugated citric acid coated FeMNPs (c-FeMNPs) without loss of the T1 MRI properties and tagged with fluorescent dye (f-MPNPs) for optical cerebrovascular imaging. The c-FeMNPs shows average size 3.8 ± 0.7 nm with T1 relaxivity (r1) of 1.86 mM-1 s-1 and transverse/longitudinal relaxivity ratio (r2/r1) of 2.53 at 11.7 T. The f-MPNPs show a higher r1 value of 2.18 mM-1 s-1 and r2/r1 ratio of 2.88 at 11.7 T, which generates excellent positive MRI contrast. In vivo cerebral angiography with f-MPNPs enables detailed microvascular contrast enhancement for differentiation of major blood vessels of murine brain, which corresponds well with whole brain three-dimensional time-of-flight MRI angiograms (17 min imaging time with 60 ms repetition time and 40 μm isotropic voxels). The real-time fluorescence angiography enables unambiguous detection of brain capillaries with diameter < 40 μm. Biodistribution examination revealed that f-MPNPs were safely cleared by the organs like the liver, spleen, and kidneys within a day after injection. Blood biochemical assays demonstrated no risk of iron overload in both rats and mice. With hybrid neuroimaging technologies (e.g., MRI-optical) on the rise, f-MPNPs built on this platform can generate exciting neuroscience applications.

Мозг человека и природа: современные регуляторы когнитивного здоровья и долголетия

Cognitive health and longevity is becoming one of the greatest problems of quality life of Homo sapiens in the 21st century. The achievement of author's research is the establishment of many genetic and epigenetic factors of cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. New regulation of the fundamental mechanisms of cognitive health and longevity promotes early diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cognitive deficits and cognitive disorders. The system of nature – society – is human: a holistic, dynamic, wave, open, steadily non-equilibrium system, with the isolation not only of internal ties, but also of external ones — with the space environment. Modern science views man, humanity and the biosphere as a single system, with growing demographic, food and medical problems. Human brains are biological, biophysical, neurophysiological and medico-social paradigms of information exchange. Modern communications are multilevel, multi-paradigm and interdisciplinary models of information exchange. The introduction of copyright developments in the last decade has made it possible to form a system of algorithms and tools for managing neuroplasticity. The new competencies of psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology and psychoneuroimmunology play a strategic role in interdisciplinary science and interdisciplinary planning and decision-making. The introduction of multi-vector neurotechnologies of artificial intelligence and the principles of digital healthcare contribute to the development of modern neurobial and neuromarketing. It has been investigated that circadian stress causes dysregulation of “H. sapiens brain software”, followed by disruption of the “cognitive” and “visceral” brains. The circadian rhythms of the body are programmed by the circadian gene system. Circadian clock and circadian system — are a biophysical and biochemical regulator of immune defense. The circadian synchronization system is an evolutionary software product of the “biocomputer” for the survival and preparation of the body for the expected cyclic challenges, of various epigenetic orientations. Chronotherapeutic and psychochronobiological groups and population categories allow to block the transition of cognitive impairment into cognitive disorders. Modern artificial intelligence technologies are capable of much, including predicting cognitive impairment and cognitive disorders, with the help of combined and hybrid neuroimaging, sequencing of a new generation, etc., in order to begin the timely and effective rehabilitation of brain H. sapiens.

(18F)-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging assessment of hypometabolism patterns in clinical phenotypes of suspected corticobasal degeneration.

Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder presenting with atypical parkinsonian symptoms that characteristically involves the frontoparietal region including the primary sensorimotor cortex, ipsilateral basal ganglia, and thalamus, typically in an asymmetric pattern. We aim to evaluate the metabolic and volumetric abnormalities in patients with clinically suspected CBD phenotypes utilizing hybrid 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography–magnetic resonance (PET/ MR) brain imaging. A retrospective analysis was performed on 75 patients (mean age 74 years, 31 males and 44 females) who underwent 18F-FDG PET/MR imaging (MRI) as part of their clinical dementia workup. Images were obtained using an integrated Siemens mMR 3T PET/MRI scanner. Two board-certified neuroradiologists and a nuclear medicine physician evaluated the metabolic and volumetric data of each hemisphere to assess for symmetric or asymmetric involvement of regions of interest in the subset of patients with suspected CBD. Of the 75 patients, 12 were diagnosed with suspected CBD based on a combination of clinical symptoms, neurocognitive testing, and hybrid neuroimaging findings. Ten of 12 patients (87%) demonstrated asymmetrically decreased FDG uptake involving a single cerebral hemisphere and ipsilateral subcortical structures, whereas two of 12 patients (13%) demonstrated striking hypometabolism of the bilateral sensorimotor cortices. Our study highlights two characteristic patterns of hypometabolism in patients with clinical and neuroimaging findings suggestive of the underlying CBD. The first pattern is asymmetric hypometabolism and volume loss, particularly within the frontoparietal and occipital cortices with involvement of ipsilateral subcortical structures, including the basal ganglia and thalamus. The second, more atypical pattern, is symmetric hypometabolism with striking involvement of the bilateral sensorimotor cortices.

Cognitive and linguistic dysfunction after thalamic stroke and recovery process: possible mechanism.

Thalamic stroke may result in cognitive and linguistic problems, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Especially, it is still a matter of debate why thalamic aphasia occasionally occurs and then mostly recovers to some degree. We begin with a brief overview of the cognitive dysfunction and aphasia, and then review previous hypotheses of the underlying mechanism. We introduced a unique characteristic of relatively transient “word retrieval difficulty” of patients in acute phase of thalamic stroke. Word retrieval ability involves both executive function and speech production. Furthermore, SMA aphasia and thalamic aphasia may resemble in terms of the rapid recovery, thus suggesting a shared neural system. This ability is attributable to the supplementary motor area (SMA) and inferior frontal cortex (IFG) via the frontal aslant tract (FAT). To explore the possible mechanism, we applied unique hybrid neuroimaging techniques: single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (f-NIRS). SPECT can visualize the brain distribution associated with word retrieval difficulty, cognitive disability or aphasia after thalamic stroke, and f-NIRS focuses on SMA and monitors long-term changes in hemodynamic SMA responses during phonemic verbal task. SPECT yielded common perfusion abnormalities not only in the fronto–parieto–cerebellar–thalamic loop, but also in bilateral brain regions such as SMA, IFG and language-relevant regions. f-NIRS demonstrated that thalamic stroke developed significant word retrieval decline, which was intimately linked to posterior SMA responses. Word retrieval difficulty was rapidly recovered with increased bilateral SMA responses at follow-up NIRS. Together, we propose that the cognitive domain affected by thalamic stroke may be related to the fronto–parieto–cerebellar–thalamic loop, while the linguistic region may be attributable to SMA, IFG and language-related brain areas. Especially, bilateral SMA may play a crucial role in the recovery of word retrieval, and right language-related region, including IFG, angular gyrus and supramarginal gyrus may determine recovery from thalamic aphasia.

Циркадианный стресс Homo sapiens: новые нейрофизиологические, нейроэндокринные и психонейроиммунные механизмы

Circadian stress causes dysregulation of brain Homo sapiens software followed by impairment of the cognitive and visceral brains. The body’s circadian rhythms are programmed with a system of circadian genes. Circadian clock and circadian system — are the biophysical and biochemical regulators of immune protection. Circadian synchronization system is an evolutionary software product of biocomputer for survival and preparation of the organism for expected cyclic challenges, different epigenetic orientation. Understanding the temporal relationship between stressors and stress reactions is critical to understanding the molecular foundations of the physiology and pathogenesis of the disease. Chronic stress and circadian mismatch trigger a cascade of failures in the functioning of neurophysiological, neuroendocrine, and psychoneuroimmune mechanisms. Epigenetic loading and allostatic overload reduce both the body’s overall workability and its physical, occupational, and cognitive components. Circadian stress has a pathological effect on a person, in all his age periods of life. The level of disease exposure depends on the stability of the body’s protective systems. In the works of N. P. Romanchuk, it is established that modern solution to the problem of rehabilitation of cognitive brain H. sapiens with the use, on the one hand, tools and technologies of artificial intelligence, and on the other — multidisciplinary interaction of neurophysiologist with clinical universal specialist in the field of neurology, psychiatry, psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, and geriatrics. Modern artificial intelligence technologies are capable of much, including predicting cognitive disorders and cognitive disorders, through combined and hybrid neuroimaging, next-generation sequencing, etc., with the aim of initiating timely and effective rehabilitation of brain H. sapiens. Chronotherapy and psychochronobiological strategies to protect various groups and categories of the population from the effects of circadian stress allow blocking the transition of cognitive disorders to cognitive disorders. The skin is a unique synchronized near interface of the skin-circadian system, and the condition of the skin of the face and hands is an individual indicator (biomarker) of the effect of chronic circadian stress on accelerated (premature) aging of the human body.

(18F)-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging assessment of hypometabolism patterns in clinical phenotypes of suspected corticobasal degeneration

Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder presenting with atypical parkinsonian symptoms that characteristically involves the frontoparietal region including the primary sensorimotor cortex, ipsilateral basal ganglia, and thalamus, typically in an asymmetric pattern. We aim to evaluate the metabolic and volumetric abnormalities in patients with clinically suspected CBD phenotypes utilizing hybrid 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography–magnetic resonance (PET/MR) brain imaging. A retrospective analysis was performed on 75 patients (mean age 74 years, 31 males and 44 females) who underwent 18F-FDG PET/MR imaging (MRI) as part of their clinical dementia workup. Images were obtained using an integrated Siemens mMR 3T PET/MRI scanner. Two board-certified neuroradiologists and a nuclear medicine physician evaluated the metabolic and volumetric data of each hemisphere to assess for symmetric or asymmetric involvement of regions of interest in the subset of patients with suspected CBD. Of the 75 patients, 12 were diagnosed with suspected CBD based on a combination of clinical symptoms, neurocognitive testing, and hybrid neuroimaging findings. Ten of 12 patients (87%) demonstrated asymmetrically decreased FDG uptake involving a single cerebral hemisphere and ipsilateral subcortical structures, whereas two of 12 patients (13%) demonstrated striking hypometabolism of the bilateral sensorimotor cortices. Our study highlights two characteristic patterns of hypometabolism in patients with clinical and neuroimaging findings suggestive of the underlying CBD. The first pattern is asymmetric hypometabolism and volume loss, particularly within the frontoparietal and occipital cortices with involvement of ipsilateral subcortical structures, including the basal ganglia and thalamus. The second, more atypical pattern, is symmetric hypometabolism with striking involvement of the bilateral sensorimotor cortices.

Болезнь Альцгеймера и искусственный интеллект: долговременная персонифицированная реабилитация и медико-социальное сопровождение

Modern technologies and tools for the rehabilitation of patients with Alzheimer’s disease have many potential applications for the treatment of dementia from diagnosis and evaluation to medical care, medical, social and economic support: from healthy aging, to accelerated and pathological aging of Homo sapiens. Doctor and neuroscientist: a modern solution to problems of rehabilitation ‘cognitive brain’ of Homo sapiens using on the one hand, tools and technologies of artificial intelligence, and with another — a multidisciplinary collaboration with clinical neurophysiologist ‘universal’ specialist in the field of neurology, psychiatry, psychotherapy, psychoanalysis and geriatrics. Systems biology, Biophysics, physiology, neurophysiology and highlight the multidimensional and combinatorial profiles of genetic, biological, pathophysiological and clinical biomarkers that reflects the heterogeneity of neurodegeneration, by means of modern efficient analysis tools to register and create comprehensive maps of the brain and recording of dynamic models in different systems: from molecules to neurons to brain regions. Bioinformatics, neuroimaging and neurophysiology of systems are aimed at calculating neural network models of the relationship between structure and dynamic function in brain networks. Structural and functional markers of the brain establish a link between clinical phenotypes and molecular pathophysiological mechanisms. Phenotypic variability is now considered one of the biggest problems in gerontology and geriatrics. MRI imaging to detect subtle changes in brain tissue and structure, fMRI imaging to measure changes in brain activity, and EEG to measure electrical activity have given clinicians many new insights into what happens in the brain in healthy and pathological aging. The paradigm of system neurophysiology is aimed at studying the fundamental principles of functioning of integrated neural systems through the integration and analysis of neural information recorded in a multimodal way (for example, fMRI and EEG), through computational modeling and combining data mining methods. The ultimate goal of systemic neurophysiology is to find out how signals are represented in neocortical networks and what role many different neural components play. Modern artificial intelligence technologies are capable of many things, including predicting Alzheimer's disease with the help of combined and hybrid neuroimaging, sequencing of a new generation, etc., in order to start timely and effective rehabilitation brain Homo sapiens.

Нейрофизиология и нейрореабилитация когнитивных нарушений и расстройств

Doctor and neurophysiologist: a modern solution to problems of rehabilitation ‘cognitive brain’ of Homo sapiens using on the one hand, tools and technologies of artificial intelligence, and with another — a multidisciplinary collaboration with clinical neurophysiologist ‘universal’ specialist in the field of neurology, psychiatry, psychotherapy, psychoanalysis and geriatrics. Modern artificial intelligence technologies are capable of many things, including predicting Alzheimer’s disease with the help of combined and hybrid neuroimaging, sequencing of a new generation, etc., in order to start timely and effective rehabilitation brain H. sapiens. The H. sapiens brain is the next frontier for health care. Through the fusion of combined and hybrid neuroimaging techniques with artificial intelligence technologies, it will be possible to understand and diagnose neurological disorders and find new methods of rehabilitation and medical and social support that will lead to improved mental health. To restore circadian neuroplasticity of the brain, a multimodal scheme is proposed: circadian glasses, functional nutrition and physical activity. A combined and hybrid cluster in the diagnosis, treatment, prevention and rehabilitation of cognitive disorders and cognitive disorders has been developed and implemented.

A dual-tuned 13 C/1 H head coil for PET/MR hybrid neuroimaging: Development, attenuation correction, and first evaluation.

This study aims to develop, implement, and evaluate a dual-tuned 13 C/1 H head coil for integrated positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance (PET/MR) neuroimaging. The radiofrequency (RF) head coil is designed for optimized MR imaging performance and PET transparency and attenuation correction (AC) is applied for accurate PET quantification. A dual-tuned 13 C/1 H RF head coil featuring a 16-rung birdcage was designed to be used for integrated PET/MR hybrid imaging. While the open birdcage design can be considered inherently PET transparent, all further electronic RF components were placed as far as possible outside of the field-of-view (FOV) of the PET detectors. The RF coil features a rigid geometry and thin-walled casing. Attenuation correction of the RF head coil is performed by generating and applying a dedicated 3D CT-based template attenuation map (μmap). Attenuation correction was systematically evaluated in phantom experiments using a large-volume cylindrical emission phantom filled with 18-F-Fluordesoxyglucose (FDG) radiotracer. The PET/MR imaging performance and PET attenuation correction were then evaluated in a patient study including six patients. The dual-tuned RF head coil causes a mean relative attenuation difference of 8.8% across the volume of the cylindrical phantom, while the local relative differences range between 1% and 25%. Applying attenuation correction, the relative difference between the two measurements with and without RF coil is reduced to mean value of 0.5%, with local differences of ±3.6%. The quantitative results of the phantom measurements were corroborated by patient PET/MR measurements. Patient scans using the RF head coil show a decrease of PET signal of 5.17% ± 0.81% when compared to the setup without RF head coil in place, which served as a reference scan. When applying attenuation correction of the RF coil in the patient measurements, the mean difference to a measurement without RF coil was reduced to -0.87% ± 0.65%. A dual-tuned 13 C/1 H RF head coil was designed and evaluated regarding its potential use in integrated PET/MR hybrid imaging. Attenuation correction was successfully applied. In conclusion, the RF head coil was successfully integrated into PET/MR hybrid imaging and can now be used for 13 C/1 H multinuclear hybrid neuroimaging in future studies.

The Advents of Hybrid Imaging Modalities: A New Era in Neuroimaging Applications.

Hybrid Imaging modalities have shown great potential in medical imaging and diagnosis. A more comprehensive and targeted view of neurological disorders can be achieved by blending the anatomical and functional perspectives through hybridization. With consistently improving technologies, there have been many developments in fused imaging techniques over the past few decades. This article provides an overview of various bimodal and trimodal hybrid imaging techniques being developed and explored for neuroimaging applications. Recent advancements and potentials are discussed for single photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography (SPECT-CT), positron emission tomography-CT (PET-CT), PET-magnetic resonance imaging (PET-MRI), electroencephalography-functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI), magnetoencephalography-fMRI (MEG-fMRI), EEG-near-infrared spectroscopy (EEG-NIRS), magnetic resonance-PET-EEG (MR-PET-EEG) and MR-PET-CT in the perspective of neuroimaging. A comparison of these hybrid approaches is provided on a single platform to analyze their performance on the basis of several common factors essential for imaging and analyzing neurological disorders and in vivo molecular processes. This article also provides an overview of recently developed advanced imaging technologies that are being hybridized with other imaging modalities and being explored as potential techniques for neuroscience. Novel approaches and clinical applications of hybrid neuroimaging are anticipated with inclusion of new technologies, better sensing capabilities, multimodal probes, and improved hybridization.

Hybrid PET Imaging in Neurologic Disease: PET/MRI Rather than PET/CT

Both structural and functional neuroimaging modalities have provided great insight into a variety of neurologic diseases. Techniques have now become available which allow coregistration of structural and functional imaging data, which have provided unique insights into neurologic function and pathophysiology. Hybrid SPECT/CT and PET/CT imaging platforms have further advanced understanding of brain structure/function. Recently, the first true hybrid PET/MRI devices have been introduced. This technologic breakthrough promises to contribute greatly to hybrid neuroimaging. Herein we review the impact of hybrid SPECT/CT and PET/CT, as well as PET/MRI coregistration techniques on a variety of neurologic diseases, including brain tumors, neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, cerebrovascular diseases, and pediatric conditions, with an emphasis on the future utility of hybrid PET/MRI imaging.