Hybrid Nanoparticles Research Articles

DMC-siERCC2 hybrid nanoparticle enhances TRAIL sensitivity by inducing cell cycle arrest for glioblastoma treatment

ERCC2 plays a pivotal role in DNA damage repair, however, its specific function in cancer remains elusive. In this study, we made a significant breakthrough by discovering a substantial upregulation of ERCC2 expression in glioblastoma (GBM) tumor tissue. Moreover, elevated levels of ERCC2 expression were closely associated with poor prognosis. Further investigation into the effects of ERCC2 on GBM revealed that suppressing its expression significantly inhibited malignant growth and migration of GBM cells, while overexpression of ERCC2 promoted tumor cell growth. Through mechanistic studies, we elucidated that inhibiting ERCC2 led to cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase by blocking the CDK2/CDK4/CDK6/Cyclin D1/Cyclin D3 pathway. Notably, we also discovered a direct link between ERCC2 and CDK4, a critical protein in cell cycle regulation. Additionally, we explored the potential of TRAIL, a low-toxicity death ligand cytokine with anticancer properties. Despite the typical resistance of GBM cells to TRAIL, tumor cells undergoing cell cycle arrest exhibited significantly enhanced sensitivity to TRAIL. Therefore, we devised a combination strategy, employing TRAIL with the nanoparticle DMC-siERCC2, which effectively suppressed the GBM cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. In summary, our study suggests that targeting ERCC2 holds promise as a therapeutic approach to GBM treatment.

Hybrid Nickel‐Copper Oxide Nanoparticles: A Multiparametric Study for the Influence of Synthetic Parameters on the Optical and Physical Properties

AbstractThe hybrid nanoparticles of nickel and copper oxide are optimized by varying synthetic conditions such as precursor salt concentration, rate of reagent addition, pH, and temperature. The resulting nanoparticles are characterized by using UV‐Visible and fluorescence spectroscopy, hydrodynamic size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, SEM, EDX, XRD, and FTIR spectroscopy. The control over composition and physical properties of these hybrid oxides are analyzed through careful variations in the synthetic parameters. UV‐Vis analysis demonstrated the successful synthesis of NiO‐CuO hybrid nanoparticles at various concentrations. NiO dominant hybrids are obtained by quick addition of the reagent and at higher pH, while CuO dominant hybrids require slower addition of reagent and lower pH. The increase in the temperature causes a hypochromic shift in the UV‐Vis absorption, whereas fluorescence is enhanced with increase in the CuO concentration. The fluorescence generally remained stable by varying time of reagent addition, pH, and temperature. More stable and least‐sized NiO‐CuO hybrid nanoparticles are obtained at ratios of 75 : 25 and 25 : 75, by quick addition of reagent, at higher pH levels, and at higher temperatures. A better understanding of their physical and optical properties obtained by varying synthetic parameters may potentially result in their enhanced applications.

Mechanical characteristics and optimization of wear parameters of hybrid (TiO2 + Y2O3) nanoparticles with Al matrix using squeeze casting technique

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the mechanical characteristics and optimization of wear parameters of hybrid (TiO2 + Y2O3) nanoparticles with Al matrix using squeeze casting technique. Design/methodology/approach The hybrid aluminium matrix nanocomposites (HAMNCs) were fabricated with varying concentrations of titanium oxide (TiO2) and yttrium oxide (Y2O3), from 2.5 to 10 Wt.% in 2.5 Wt.% increments. Dry sliding wear test variables were optimized using the Taguchi method. Findings The introduction of hybrid nanoparticles in the aluminium (Al) matrix was evenly distributed in contrast to the base matrix. HAMNC6 (5 Wt.% TiO2 + 5 Wt.% Y2O3) reported the maximum enhancement in mechanical properties (tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and density) and decrease in porosity% and elongation% among other HAMNCs. The results showed that the optimal combination of parameters to achieve the lowest wear rate was A3B3C1, or 15 N load, 1.5 m/s sliding velocity and 200 m sliding distance. The sliding distance showed the greatest effect on the dry sliding wear rate of HAMNC6 followed by applied load and sliding velocity. The fractured surfaces of the tensile sample showed traces of cracking as well as substantial craters with fine dimples and the wear worn surfaces were caused by abrasion, cracks and delamination of HAMNC6. Originality/value Squeeze-cast Al-reinforced hybrid (TiO2+Y2O3) nanoparticles have been investigated for their impact on mechanical properties and optimization of wear parameters.

Hybrid upconverting/paramagnetic Fe3O4/Gd2O3:Er3+, Yb3+, Mg2+, Nd3+ nanoparticles – synthesis, characterisation and biological applications

The goals of this work are to design and develop a technology for fabrication and study of multifunctional properties of core/shell nanoparticles (NPs) as magnetic/luminescent markers. The new hybrid core/shell Fe3O4/Gd2O3:1% Er3+, 18% Yb3+, 2.5% Mg2+, x% Nd3+ NPs doped with different concentrations of neodymium ions, where x = 0%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 2%, 4%, were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. The NPs were characterised using XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX, confocal microscopy and photoluminescence. Fe3O4 (core) consists of several 13 nm NPs. The core/shell NPs have sizes from 220 nm to 641 nm. In this latter case, the shell thicknesses were 72, 80, and 121 nm. The upconversion efficiency properties and magnetic properties of the hybrid NPs were investigated. In the core/shell NPs, the addition of Nd3+ quenches the luminescence. The magnetic response of core/shell samples is rather paramagnetic and does not differ significantly from that registered for the shell material alone. For Gd2O3:1% Er3+, 18% Yb3+ and Fe3O4/Gd2O3:1% Er3+, 18% Yb3+, 2.5% Mg2+, 0.5% Nd3+, at 300 K, the values of the magnetization registered at ~ 40 kOe are similar and equal to ~ 5.3 emu·g−1. The survivability of the HeLa tumor cells with the presence of the core/shell NPs was investigated for 24 h. The NPs are non-toxic up to a concentration of 1000 µg·ml−1 and penetrate cells in the process of endocytosis which has been confirmed by confocal microscope studies.

Entropy generation on MHD motion of hybrid nanofluid with porous medium in presence of thermo-radiation and ohmic viscous dissipation

Hybrid nanotechnology has significantly contributed to enhancing energy efficiency and reducing heat loss. This study addresses entropy analysis in the motion of hybrid nanofluids incorporating magnetohydrodynamic effects, thermal radiation, and ohmic viscous dissipation phenomena. The implementation of magnetohydrodynamic, thermal radiation, and dissipation effects allows for a second law of thermodynamics analysis. The hybrid nanoparticles considered are Graphene Oxide (GO) and Molybdenum Disulphide (MoS2), with water serving as the base liquid. Entropy generation analysis, a thermodynamic approach, quantifies irreversibility and inefficiencies within the system, aiding in understanding losses and identifying areas for improvement. Additionally, a comparative study is conducted. The BVP4C algorithm, implemented using MATLAB, is employed to address this study and obtain solutions. The key findings indicate that heat transfer rates are higher for blade-shaped nanoparticles, and entropy is minimized by controlling parameters such as the radiation parameter, Brinkman parameter, and temperature difference.

A computational note on thermal attributes of engine oil with titanium alloy and zinc oxide hybrid nanoparticles flowing over a stretching surface about a stagnation point

A computational note on thermal attributes of engine oil with titanium alloy and zinc oxide hybrid nanoparticles flowing over a stretching surface about a stagnation point

Induced magnetic force and curvature effect of ternary hybrid nanofluid (jeffrey model) in ciliary peristaltic channels

ABSTRACT Ternary hybrid nanoparticles require infected blood cell base fluid flow. Blood vessels feature ciliated walls and peristaltic waves. Anemia comes from cancer treatment-induced red blood cell destruction. This study reproduces Jeffrey model blood flow through a ciliary peristaltic artery using ternary hybrid nanoparticles of gold, iron oxide, and copper. This work examines ternary hybrid nanofluid MHD ciliary peristaltic motion using Jeffrey curves. A nonlinear PDE system has heat and induced magnetic force equations. The Adomian Decomposition Method solved this system without long-wavelength approximation. Visualize how essential biological and physical elements affect velocity, temperature, trapping, magnetic force contours, induced magnetic field components, axial pressure, and normal pressure. Flow, temperature, magnetic features, and other important properties are plotted and discussed against biological and biomedical parameters. We discovered full consistency with modest scenario efforts. The increase in nanoparticles gives ternary hybrid nanofluid a larger friction force than hybrid, so its axial pressure gradient at the wall is stronger, decays at hybrid, decays further from nanofluid to base fluid, and reverses at the intermediate area. Peristaltic ciliary activity alters magnetic force contours, shrinks loops, and forms four contour groups with different implications.

A comprehensive investigation of the interactions of human serum albumin with polymeric and hybrid nanoparticles.

Nanoparticles (NPs) engineered as drug delivery systems continue to make breakthroughs as they offer numerous advantages over free therapeutics. However, the poor understanding of the interplay between the NPs and biomolecules, especially blood proteins, obstructs NP translation to clinics. Nano-bio interactions determine the NPs' in vivo fate, efficacy and immunotoxicity, potentially altering protein function. To fulfill the growing need to investigate nano-bio interactions, this study provides a systematic understanding of two key aspects: (i) protein corona (PC) formation and (ii) NP-induced modifications on protein's structure and stability. A methodology was developed by combining orthogonal techniques to analyze both quantitative and qualitative aspects of nano-bio interactions, using human serum albumin (HSA) as a model protein. Protein quantification via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) clarified adsorbed protein quantity and stability. CZE further unveiled qualitative insights into HSA forms (native, glycated HSA and cysteinylated), while synchrotron radiation circular dichroism enabled analyzing HSA's secondary structure and thermal stability. Comparative investigations of NP cores (organic vs. hybrid), and shells (with or without polyethylene glycol (PEG)) revealed pivotal factors influencing nano-bio interactions. Polymeric NPs based on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and hybrid NPs based on metal-organic frameworks (nanoMOFs) presented distinct HSA adsorption profiles. PLGA NPs had protein-repelling properties while inducing structural modifications on HSA. In contrast, HSA exhibited a high affinity for nanoMOFs forming a PC altering thereby the protein structure. A shielding effect was gained through PEGylation for both types of NPs, avoiding the PC formation as well as the alteration of unbound HSA structure.

Abstract LB020: Extracellular vesicle-mediated intrinsic induction of ferroptosis causes reversal of chemoresistance in lung cancer

Abstract Introduction: Resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs is the major cause of treatment failures and high mortality in lung cancer(LC). Thus, strategies to overcome chemoresistance is the major thrust area of cancer research. Ciplatin (CDDP) is the first line of chemotherapeutic interventions in lung cancer however, the treatment benefit diminishes due to develop resistance against the drug. Dysregulation of apoptosis is the major reason for developing chemoresistance. Ferroptosis is a recently discovered form of non-apoptotic regulated cell death (RCD) that can overcome the apoptosis mediated resistance. To exploit this our laboratory has developed a novel Extracellular Vesicle (EV)-iron oxide nanoparticle (IONP) hybrid system- 'ExoFeR,' that can induce ferroptosis. Experiments conducted on LC cells and patient derived tumoroids (PDTs) have shown reversal of CDDP resistance after ExoFeR treatment. Our study demonstrates the utility of ferroptosis as alternate treatment intervention for treating chemoresistant LC tumors. Materials and methods: EVs derived from normal lung fibroblast cells (MRC9) were loaded with IONPs. The complex was characterized by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and through Zeta potential measurements. The induction ferroptosis by ExoFeR was confirmed in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) A549 cells and NSCLC PDTs by Prussian blue, FerroOrange, and Mito-FerroGreen staining. Further, ferroptosis markers like GPX4 and SCL7A11/xCT were evaluated to examine the induction of ferroptosis. Finally, A549 cells and resistant NSCLC PDTs were tested for sensitivity to chemo drugs. Results: Physicochemical characterization indicated the successful formulation of ExoFeR. Reduction in the expression level of SLC7A11/xCT- and GPX4 proteins in ExoFeR-treated NSCLC cells and PDTs suggested induction of ferroptosis which also showed sensitization of chemo drug (cisplatin). Summary/Conclusion: We report here the synthesis of a novel EV-IONP-based system that can intrinsically induce ferroptosis and overcome chemoresistance by circumventing the conventional apoptosis-based resistance. Our finding is expected to develop a potent cancer treatment strategy for efficiently treating resistant NSCLC tumors. Citation Format: Akhil Srivastava, Anjugam Paramananantham, Rahmat Asfiya. Extracellular vesicle-mediated intrinsic induction of ferroptosis causes reversal of chemoresistance in lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 2 (Late-Breaking, Clinical Trial, and Invited Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(7_Suppl):Abstract nr LB020.

Non-Fourier heat flux and Joule dissipation in hybrid nanoparticles suspension with Williamson fluid

Non-Fourier heat flux and Joule dissipation in hybrid nanoparticles suspension with Williamson fluid

Prediction and extensive analysis of MWCNT-MgO/oil SAE 50 hybrid nano-lubricant rheology utilizing machine learning and genetic algorithms to find ideal attributes

Genetic algorithms and machine learning methods can accurately anticipate hybrid nanofluids' complicated rheology. Scientists and engineers can understand hybrid materials by using genetic algorithms to optimize and machine learning to discover complicated relationships between input variables and rheological responses. As a continuation of the author's previous research on the rheological properties of a nano-lubricant based on engine oil and hybrid nanoparticles, this study uses machine learning and genetic algorithms to theoretically assess the dynamic viscosity of the MWCNT-MgO/oil SAE 50 hybrid nanofluid and identify optimal properties. MLR, D-Tree, Ridge, PLR, SVM, Lasso, ECR, GPR, and MPR are used for regression analysis. Best multi-objective issue solutions are represented by the Pareto front. The NSGA-II algorithm determines the Pareto front. The MPR and NSGA-II algorithms provide a Pareto front with the most precise optimal spot boundaries. The Weighted Sum Method (WSM) simplifies multi-objective problems into single-objective problems, making optimal solutions easier to find. The results show that the maximum margin of deviation for μnf and τ is − 2.5615 and − 5.239, respectively. According to the Taylor chart, the best μnf mode for R, RMSE and STD is equal to 0.9983, 7.6639, 130.0056. Also, these values for τ are equal to 0.9996, 15.4515, and 516.0219.

Study of the Synergistic Immunomodulatory and Antifibrotic Effects of Dual-Loaded Budesonide and Serpine1 siRNA Lipid-Polymer Nanoparticles Targeting Macrophage Dysregulation in Tendinopathy.

Musculoskeletal diseases involving tissue injury comprise tendon, ligament, and muscle injury. Recently, macrophages have been identified as key players in the tendon repair process, but no therapeutic strategy involving dual drug delivery and gene delivery to macrophages has been developed for targeting the two main dysregulated aspects of macrophages in tendinopathy, i.e., inflammation and fibrosis. Herein, the anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects of dual-loaded budesonide and serpine1 siRNA lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPNs) are evaluated in murine and human macrophage cells. The modulation of the gene and protein expression of factors associated with inflammation and fibrosis in tendinopathy is demonstrated by real time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Macrophage polarization to the M2 phenotype and a decrease in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines are confirmed in macrophage cell lines and primary cells. The increase in the activity of a matrix metalloproteinase involved in tissue remodelling is proven, and studies evaluating the interactions of LPNs with T cells proved that dual-loaded LPNs act specifically on macrophages and do not induce any collateral effects on T cells. Overall, these dual-loaded LPNs are a promising combinatorial therapeutic strategy with immunomodulatory and antifibrotic effects in dysregulated macrophages in the context of tendinopathy.

Evaluation of core-shell Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles as radioenhancer in A549 cell lung cancer model

In radiotherapy, metallic nanoparticles are of high interest in the fight against cancer for their radiosensitizing effects. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of core-shell Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles to potentiate the irradiation effects on redox-, pro-inflammatory markers, and cell death of A549 human pulmonary cancer cells. The hybrid Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles were synthesized using green chemistry principles by the sonochemistry method. Their characterization by transmission electron microscopy demonstrated an average size of 8 nm and a homogeneous distribution of gold. The decreased hydrodynamic size of these hybrid nanoparticles compared to magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles showed that gold coating significantly reduced the aggregation of Fe3O4 particles. The internalization and accumulation of the Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles within the cells were demonstrated by Prussian Blue staining. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels measured by the fluorescent probe DCFH-DA were up-regulated, as well as mRNA expression of SOD, catalase, GPx antioxidant enzymes, redox-dependent transcription factor Nrf2, and ROS-producing enzymes (Nox2 and Nox4), quantified by RT-qPCR. Furthermore, irradiation coupled with Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles increased the expression of canonical pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL8, and CCL5) assessed by RT-qPCR and ELISA. Hybrid nanoparticles did not potentiate the increased DNA damage detected by immunofluorescence following the irradiation. Nevertheless, Fe3O4@Au caused cellular damage, leading to apoptosis through activation of caspase 3/7, secondary necrosis quantified by LDH release, and cell growth arrest evaluated by clonogenic-like assay. This study demonstrated the potential of Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles to potentiate the radiosensitivity of cancerous cells.

Irreversibility analysis for unsteady slip flow of heat absorptive liquid with multiple mass diffusion of nanomaterials over a permeable vertical moving plate: A comparative study

This study looks at how thermal radiation and magnetic fields affect the generation of entropy in the unsteady flow of a tri-hybridized nanofluid across a plate that is moving vertically and has surface slippage and suction that changes over time. The movement of the plate aligns with fluid flow, and the far-away velocity increases exponentially following the small perturbation rule. The unsteadiness of the flow is attributed to the varying free stream velocity. A homogeneous magnetic flux acting transversely to the porous wall regulates the laminar and incompressible two-dimensional flow. The presence of tri-hybridized nanoparticles makes it possible to study how adding nanoparticles with different thermal properties, such as Cu, Fe3O4 and TiO2 changes the way base fluids like water and kerosene flow and how heat moves through them. Using dimensionless variables, the mathematical model of the problem is transformed into a form amenable to an analytical solution. The solution is achieved with the help of two-term harmonic and non-harmonic functions. Several factors that influence fluid flow and heat transmission are examined and explored in depth. These include plate velocity, slippage parameter, nanoparticle volume fraction, thermal radiation and heat absorption. The findings show that ternary nanoparticles raise the temperature and speed of both water and kerosene more than hybrid nanoparticles. The increase in the volume fraction of nanomaterials also increases the temperature and velocity of both fluids. These results might be used to improve the efficiency of thermal management systems in a wide range of technical and industrial operations having heat transfer and fluid movement.

Nanoparticles bearing germanium based photoinitiators at their surface: Preparation and use in grafting-from photopolymerization reactions

In recent decades, there has been a growing interest in surface modifications utilizing “grafting-from” techniques within both industrial and academic fields. Among others, this technology continues to drive innovation in biomedicine, enabling the design and fabrication of advanced materials and devices with tailored properties for a wide range of applications, from regenerative medicine and drug delivery to diagnostics and therapeutics. This strategy relies on the covalent attachment of (photo)initiating species to surfaces. The coupled initiators are exploited to produce reactive sites such as radicals upon exposure to heat or light. Subsequently, polymerization reactions are induced, leading to surface coupled polymer brushes.In order to provide new perspectives in surface modification techniques, we present a novel and unique method for producing mesoporous organic/inorganic hybrid nanoparticles via the “grafting-from” method. This was accomplished by immobilizing a novel, low-toxic and visible light sensitive photoinitiator (based on triacylgermanium moieties) onto silica nanoparticles. Surface-initiated photopolymerizations of styrene and acrylate monomers were conducted to produce polymer shells on the surface of the nanoparticles. The grafted layers had a thickness in the range of 6–12 nm. Furthermore, the polymer grafting density is discussed in detail ranging between 0.17 and 0.23 chains per square nanometer.

CoS2-CoSe2 hybrid nanoparticles grown on carbon nanofibers as electrode for supercapacitor and hydrogen evolution reaction

CoS2-CoSe2 hybrid nanoparticles grown on carbon nanofibers as electrode for supercapacitor and hydrogen evolution reaction

Redox-Responsive Gold Nanoparticles Coated with Hyaluronic Acid and Folic Acid for Application in Targeting Anticancer Therapy.

Methotrexate (MTX) has poor water solubility and low bioavailability, and cancer cells can become resistant to it, which limits its safe delivery to tumor sites and reduces its clinical efficacy. Herein, we developed novel redox-responsive hybrid nanoparticles (NPs) from hyaluronic acid (HA) and 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA)-coated gold NPs (gold@MPA NPs), which were further conjugated with folic acid (FA). The design of FA-HA-ss-gold NPs aimed at enhancing cellular uptake specifically in cancer cells using an active FA/HA dual targeting strategy for enhanced tumor eradication. MTX was successfully encapsulated into FA-HA-ss-gold NPs, with drug encapsulation efficiency (EE) as high as >98.7%. The physicochemical properties of the NPs were investigated in terms of size, surface charges, wavelength reflectance, and chemical bonds. MTX was released in a sustained manner in glutathione (GSH). The cellular uptake experiments showed effective uptake of FA-HA-ss-gold over HA-ss-gold NPs in the deep tumor. Moreover, the release studies provided strong evidence that FA-HA-ss-gold NPs serve as GSH-responsive carriers. In vitro, anti-tumor activity tests showed that FA-HA-ss-gold/MTX NPs exhibited significantly higher cytotoxic activity against both human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells and breast cancer (BT-20) cells compared to gold only and HA-ss-gold/MTX NPs while being safe for human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells. Therefore, this present study suggests that FA-HA-ss-gold NPs are promising active targeting hybrid nanocarriers that are stable, controllable, biocompatible, biodegradable, and with enhanced cancer cell targetability for the safe delivery of hydrophobic anticancer drugs.

Ternary nanofluids due to moving wedge with strong magnetic field and convective condition

The control of temperature distribution and management of heat energy are key problems in an industry. In this study, free convective flow with ternary nanoparticles (Cu, Ag, MgO) was equipped to analyze the impact on magnetic field and thermal radiation through a moving wedge surface. This volumetric concentration by Cu, Ag and MgO nanoparticles is selected by the most 4% to prevent the instability on the nanofluid. A set of applicable modifications was expressed as a change in the nonlinear partial differential equations and the nonlinear ordinary differential equations and it was undertaken mathematically for applying bvp4c on MATLAB package. These outcomes on ternary nanoparticles (Cu–Ag–MgO/blood), and hybrid nanoparticles (Cu–Ag/blood) and copper (Cu) nanoparticles had again correlated. The outcomes display that connecting Cu, Ag and MgO nanofluid raises the drug friction to 3.9% than the hybrid nanofluid. Also, the combination of Cu and Ag nanofluid increases skin friction by 19.58% than Cu nanofluid. This analysis was particularly useful in drug transportation and biomedical study.

Semiconductor‐Metal Hybrid Nanoparticle‐Based Hydrogels: Efficient Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

AbstractIn semiconductor‐metal hybrid nanoparticles, excited charge carriers can be separated efficiently by transferring the electron to the metal, because the Fermi level is located within the bandgap of the semiconductor. Besides charge carrier separation, the catalytically active surface of the metal enables the use of these charge carriers for further reactions. Due to limited colloidal stability, the application of nanoparticles in solution is challenging. To circumvent these difficulties, the destabilization can be used to build monolithic 3D (non‐ordered) gel‐like structures with retained high surface area and an ensured diffusion within the network. Here, the resulting nanoparticle‐based hydrogels of CdSe/CdS/Pt nanoparticles show photocatalytic hydrogen production rates up to 58 (mmol(H2))/(g∙h). Due to the self‐supporting network structure, colloidal stability is unnecessary, and the applicability is improved. By simply mixing semiconductor and semiconductor–metal hybrid nanoparticles before gelation, the synthesis of the gels allows the reduction of the metal content, which further tunes the photocatalyst.

Bioconvection study of MHD hybrid nanofluid flow along a linear stretching sheet with Buoyancy effects: Local Non-Similarity Method

Nanoparticle dispersion in aqueous solutions is a remarkable scientific technique with the potential to significantly advance many branches of engineering. This is attributed to the nonsimilar thermophysical characteristics exhibited by nanofluids in contrast to conventional fluids. The current investigation explores characteristics of bioconvective magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow containing suspended hybrid nanoparticles of Cu–MgO, passing through an extending porous surface. Radiation, heat generation, viscous dissipation and buoyancy influences are physical elements considered in this investigation. Additionally, the incorporation of microorganisms results in heightened fluid stability. Furthermore, Lorentz force’s influence on the fluid flow is considered. Water is considered as the base fluid. Copper and Magnesium Oxide are suspended in water. Employing a local non-similarity (LNS) transformation, PDEs are simplified to produce an ODE system. Subsequently, the system’s numerical solution for discrete values of the governing parameters is carried out utilizing the MATLAB function “bvp4c”. The obtained results exhibit a strong agreement with previously published findings. The effects of physical factors have been explored through a comprehensive parametric investigation. Mutual effects are shown through graphical representations, whereas numerical comparisons are shown through tabular displays.