Hybrid Nanoliquid Research Articles

Enhanced energy efficiency by implementing MHD flow and heat transfer in Cu-Al2O3/H2O hybrid nanoparticles with variable viscosity

Hybrid nanofluids are engaged in phase-change materials and thermal energy storage systems to enhance heat transfer during the charging and discharging processes. Improved understanding of how variable viscosity and thermal radiation affect these fluids contributes to more efficient energy management. This study aims to formulate an efficient mathematical model for the two-dimensional flow of a hybrid nanofluid composed of copper (Cu) and alumina oxide (Al2O3) suspended with base fluid H2O to form a hybrid fluid under the influence of thermal radiation. The present study also integrates the effects of variable viscosity and viscous dissipation. Electromagnetic radiation impact due to temperature also amalgamated. The governing PDEs are reformulated into ODEs via tailored similarity transformations. These reformulated equations are then numerically resolved using Bvp4c solver, leveraging the shooting method within MATLAB for precision and efficiency. The most significant results are predetermined relevant parameters, such as the prosperity parameter, magnetic parameter, radiation parameter, slip velocity parameter,Biot number, convention parameter, Eckert number, heat source parameter, Prandtl number on velocity and temperature distribution are inspected graphically and in the form of table. Outcomes illustrate that fluid velocity flattens by increasing magnetic parameters because there exists a Lorentz force that opposes the fluid motion, whereas enhancement is noted via radiation parameter. Compared to conventional nanofluid, temperature curves of hybrid nanoliquid is higher. Furthermore, recent results indicate strong agreement for a specific instance.

Numerical solutions and stability analysis of hybrid Casson nanofluid flow with MHD and heat transfer effects

AbstractThis research addresses the complex dynamics of hybrid Casson nanoliquids in flow and heat transfer applications, focusing on the interaction between fluid dynamics and thermal phenomena in the presence of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), viscous dissipation, and Joule heating. The motivation behind this study stems from the need to enhance the efficiency of heat transfer processes in various engineering applications, such as cooling systems and electronic devices, where hybrid nanofluids can offer superior thermal performance compared to conventional fluids. The novelty of this work lies in its comprehensive numerical investigation of a hybrid Casson nanoliquid over a moving permeable surface, incorporating a detailed analysis of MHD effects, viscous dissipation, and Joule heating. Using the Tiwari and Das model to formulate the governing equations, the study employs similarity transformations to convert these equations into a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). MATLAB is then used to derive numerical solutions, with a stability analysis ensuring the physical dependability of these solutions. Key findings reveal that the temperature distribution of the hybrid nanoliquid shows a positive correlation with both Prandtl and Hartmann numbers. Additionally, a positive relationship between temperature and the Eckert number is observed. These insights offer valuable guidance for engineers aiming to optimize heat transfer processes using hybrid nanofluids, highlighting their potential for improved thermal management in practical applications.

Effect of thermal radiation and inclined magnetic field on thermosolutal mixed convection in a partially active wavy trapezoidal enclosure filled with hybrid nanofluid

This work focuses on the examination of the magneto-thermosolutal convection in a lid-driven wavy trapezoidal enclosure in the presence of thermal radiation. The wavy cavity is filled with radiative Fe3O4-Cu-H2O hybrid nanoliquid. In this work, two cases are considered depending on the location of heat and concentration sources. A portion of the vertical walls are kept hot and in high concentration while the remaining parts are in adiabatic condition. The adiabatic flat upper lid is moving towards the right with equal speed. In addition, the lower wavy border is cold and low concentration. The governing Navier–Stokes equations are modeled to describe thermosolutal phenomena within the wavy enclosure. These equations are solved by reconstructing a recently developed compact scheme. Computed outcomes are presented in terms of streamlines, isotherms, iso-concentrations, average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers to evoke the thermosolutal phenomena for various physical parameters. Also, computing in-house code is validated with the published numerical and experimental and literatures. This investigation surveys the roles of several well-defined parameters such as Richardson number (Ri), Lewis number (Le), Buoyancy ratio number (N), Radiation parameter (Rd), Hartmann number (Ha), inclination of angle (γ), undulation of the wavy surface (d) and solid volume fraction (ϕhnp) of the hybrid nanofluid. An increase in the Lewis number (Le) enhances species diffusion within the system but diminishes thermal transport. This work reveal that a change in ϕhnp from 0% to 4%, heat transfer is upgraded up to 4.28% in Case I and 3.93% in Case II while mass transfer is declined by 2.24% in Case I and 1.60% in Case II. Results indicate that Case I performed better than Case II in the case of energy and solutal transfer. This work has many practical applications such as heat exchangers, electronic device cooling, food processing and porous industrial processes.

Melting rheology of Prandtl Eyring hybrid nanofluid flow with slip condition past a Riga Wedge through Darcy-Forchheimer medium

The current matter examines the 2D flow of Prandtl Eyring hybrid (Al2O3+Cu/SA) nanoliquid through a porous media with a velocity slip mechanism along the melted Riga wedge. A combination of Alumina (Al2O3) and Copper (Cu) nanoparticles in a sodium alginate (SA) base liquid is called a hybrid nanofluid. Furthermore, the physical meaning of the flow behavior is explored with Darcy-Forchheimer. Heat sink/source, nonlinear thermal energy, and viscous dissipation, applications all need the computation of heat transference. The current flow problem is modelled in the system of highly nonlinear PDEs based on flow assumptions. We use an appropriate similarity transformation to turn these PDEs into ODEs. We simulate the obtained paired nonlinear higher-order ODEs employing the ideas from the bvp4c Matlab scheme. With the help of the graphics, several physical dimensionless factors are discussed and their unique effects on the flow profile are shown. One of the study's most notable findings is that applying boundary slip and Riga impact can increase velocity because of weak electromagnetic forces. At lower velocities, wedge flow through a Darcy-Forchheimer medium is primarily driven by viscous resistance under Darcy's law, with little in the way of inertial forces. It is also noteworthy that the temperature differential, thermal radiation, nanoparticle volume percentage, and Eckert number all enhance the nanoliquid thermal profile in both Prandtl Eyring fluid and hybrid nanofluid. The Nusselt number is increased for both the melting and fluid parameters.

Stability examination of non-linear convection flow with partial slip phenomenon in a Riga plate channel

Abstract The present work examines the linear stability of non-linear convected flow inside a Riga plate channel. The channel is filled with hybrid nanoliquid and is under the novel influence of the partial slip phenomenon in the present scenario. The left domain of the channel is supported by the Riga sheet whereas the right part is bounded by a sheet of slippery nature. The stability model for this partial slip mechanism is developed in the form of an eigenvalue problem which is explored via the Chebyshev pseudospectral method
in combination with the QZ-algorithm. It is reported that the convection forces in hybrid nanofluid are amplified with Riga magnetic number (Hr) under slip/no-slip assumptions. It is interestingly noted that the flow is destabilized by 11.47% with non-linear convection (Nc) when considering no-slip at the right-hand sheet. However, the stability region is enlarged with Nc by 9.53% in the presence of slip at the right-hand sheet. The partial-slip (γ) assumption in the channel decelerates the growth rate of disturbances. The increment in Fe3O4- nanoparticles over the fixed volume of CoFe2O4-nanoparticles hampers the instability of the hybrid nanofluid mixture.

Analysis of magneto-natural convection and second law of thermodynamics of Cu-Al2O3-hybrid nanofluid in a vertical wavy cabinet having a localized non-uniform heat source

Improvements in thermal transference rate and minimization of entropy generation are critical issues in many industrial and engineering applications where heat transfer coefficient is essential to achieve optimal performance and minimal energy consumption. In the present investigation, a computational analysis has been conducted to analyze the impact of magnetic field on magneto-free convection and entropy generation inside a vertical wavy cabinet filled by Cu-Al2O3/H2O hybrid nanosuspension. In the geometry of this model, vertical boundaries of the chamber are designed as wavy and kept as cooled temperature (Tc), whereas the horizontal boundaries are modeled as square and are designed to be thermally adiabatic, except the centrally heated portion on the bottom wall. The centered bottom heated section is supposed to be isothermal with linearly changing temperature, and it changes linearly from Th1 to Th2, whereas it is modelled as a non-isothermal condition. The main focus, in this investigation, is on the entire chamber filled with the combination of hybrid nanoparticles regarded the volumetric concentration of copper and alumina nanoparticles (Cu-50 %+Al2O3-50 %) along with base liquid (H2O). The transformed dimensionless partial differential equations were solved by using finite volume method (FVM) with power law differencing scheme. The simulated flow and temperature fields are scrutinized by streamlines, isotherms, entropy formations, total entropy generation and average convective Nusselt number associated with varying number of undulations (0 ≤ N≤3) volume fraction of hybrid nano liquid (0 ≤ φ ≤ 0.04) magnetic orientation angles (0° ≤ ς ≤ 135°), Hartmann number (Ha = 0 and 50), and dimensionless temperature drop (Ω = 0.001–0.1). From this study, it is found that the average Nusselt number and entropy generation increase as the solid volume fraction of hybrid nanoadditives increases, while opposite trend is observed when the values of Hartmann number rises. The findings show that growth of undulation number (N) causes the reduction of convective heat transfer rate as well as average entropy production intensity. The obtained outcomes concluded that hybrid nano liquid is more effective and finest choice for the improvement of cooling of heat transfer process and minimal energy loss than single nanoliquid. According to the new proposed criterion (TPC), the results show that square-shaped enclosure (N=0) manifests the better cooling performance among the considered governing parameters. The novelty of this study is to scrutinize the flat/ vertical wavy boundaries of the cabinet which can be represented as a model of heat transfer controller, in which it manages the thermal and flow field characteristics. Predominantly, the isothermal line source is used to boost the overall convective heat transfer which is applied in buildings and fluid-mounted heaters. Additionally, many investigators have focused only on the enhancement of heat transfer. As it is known, to increase the thermodynamic efficiency of a system, optimization of entropy generation is an excellent tool which reduces the loss of energy. Hence, it recently does a good engineering sense to highlight an entropy irreversibility.

Finite difference analysis for entropy optimized nanomaterial Darcy-Forchheimer flow with homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions

Hybrid nanoliquids are not underestimated for their involvement in microelectronics, transportation, coolant processes, ships, biological processes and power generation. Hence motivation for current work is to examine homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions in entropy optimized flow by curved sheet stretched with nonlinear velocity. Trihybrid nanoliquid is synthesized through 2 % of ferrous oxides(Fe3O4), 2 % of silver(Ag) and 2 % of copper(Cu). Kerosene oil is employed as the base fluid. These specific kinds of nanoparticles are taken into consideration because of their numerous applications in heat dissipation, air filters, dynamic sealing, biosensors and catalysts process. Kerosene oil may have applications in many different domains such as energy storage, cleaning agent, portable heaters, fuel additive and industrial lubricants. Darcy-Forchheimer model is employed. Analysis in presence of radiation, dissipation, Ohmic heating, entropy generation and heat generation/absorption are organized. Unlike the previous considerations, the thermal expression here consists of impacts through Darcy-Forchheimer relation. Adequate transformations are implemented. Computations have been arranged by applying finite difference technique (FDM) using MATLAB. Quantities for physical interest are addressed. The presented analysis may have relevance for solar systems, chemical reacting processes, cooling towers and polymer data processes. The conclusions are also organized for important key findings. It is noticed that trihybrid nanomaterial has more entropy rate when compared with hybrid and classical nanoliquids when volume fraction is chosen as 2 % for trihybrid fluid. It is proposed that the ability to transfer heat is enhanced when nanoparticles are added to conventional fluids. Decay in concentration is noticed for both homogeneous and heterogeneous parameters. Reduction for Bejan number is noticed through homogeneous diffusion factor. Comparison with previous study is also presented and found great consensus between them.

An implication of entropy generation in Maxwell fluid containing engine oil based ternary hybrid nanofluid over a riga plate

ABSTRACT Nanoparticles enhance the heat transmission by recovering energy that was dissipated due to increased thermal conductivity. Engine oil, commonly known as a lubricant, facilitates the movement of energy between various substances. The purpose of this analysis is to investigate the impact of the Maxwell fluid and entropy generation on the movement of ternary hybrid nanoparticles as they flow past a Riga plate under convective boundary conditions. The ternary nanoparticles AA 7072 , AA 7075 , and CoF e 2 O 4 are combined with engine oil ( EO ) as the primary liquid. The heat transfer analysis involves the examination of heat sink/source and thermal radiation. The use of a similarity transformation is employed to convert partial differential equations (PDEs) into a dimensionless form. The altered equation is subsequently solved with the homotopy analysis method (HAM), a robust analytical technique. The current analysis is marked by convergence, which denotes the answer. The impact of flow properties, such as the Maxwell parameter, modified Hartmann number, thermal radiation, and Biot number, on the velocity distribution and temperature profile. Higher values of the Maxwell fluid parameter have been shown to result in an increase in the velocity curve. The skin friction and heat transmission variances are elucidated through the utilization of tables and figures. Moreover, the findings suggest that the thermal layer of the tri hybrid nanoliquid is strengthened in reaction to higher thermal radiation and Biot number. At the same time, the thermal layer is also strengthened.

Convective flow of couple stress ternary nanoliquid flow through a permeable microchannel: irreversibility analysis

ABSTRACT Ternary hybrid nanoliquid is employed in various engineering and science applications including electronic heaters, pharmaceutical, nuclear safety, and solar energy production. Hence, the current study focused on the thermal and entropy analysis of water-based ternary couple stress hybrid nanoliquid and couple stress hybrid nanoliquid flow in an oblique channel. The significance of heat flux, porous media, buoyant force, magnetic field, and convective condition on the couple stress ternary liquid has been scrutinized. The governing partial differential equations are transferred into ordinary differential equations with the help of dimensionless terms. In the next step, the ordinary differential equations were solved by utilizing the RKF-45 numerical method. The outturn elucidated that the inflated Brinkman number greatly promotes the thermal field. The flow profile declines with enhanced permeability parameters. The outcome of the scrutiny of the couple stress parameter concludes that highly reinforced by ternary fluid than hybrid couple stress nanofluid.

Unsteady thin film flow of a hybrid nanoliquid with magnetic effects

Unsteady thin film flow of a hybrid nanoliquid with magnetic effects

Exploration of melting heat transfer and entropy generation in a magnetized hybrid nanoliquid over an extending sheet of varying thickness

The analysis of melting heat transfer over an expansive sheet of variable thickness is of the utmost importance in various industrial and engineering sectors, such as injection molding of polymers and composites, cooling of nuclear reactors, hot rolling, etc. Thus, the current work examines the flow dynamics, melting heat transport, and entropy generation of a magneto-hybrid nanofluid over a stretching device with variable thickness in porous media. A water-based hybridized nanofluid is formed using copper (Cu) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles in the presence of thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, and Joulean heating. The transport partial derivatives were transmuted to ordinary derivatives using appropriate similarity quantities. These equations were numerically solved through shooting techniques combined with the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg (RKF) method. Diverse figures and tables are sketched to illustrate the outcomes of the various parameters involved in the study. The investigation reveals an enlargement in the heat-bounding surface with an escalation in the magnitude of volume fraction, melting heat transfer, and magnetic field terms. In contrast, the momentum-bounding surface depletes with these parameters. Furthermore, as thermal radiation and Eckert numbers rise, the thermal gradient increases. The entropy generation increases with higher Brikman number and porosity term, but the melting heat parameter causes a decline in the entropy profiles.

Examining Hybrid Nanofluid Flow Dynamics in the Conical Gap between a Rotating Disk and Cone Surface: An Artificial Neural Network Approach

To comprehend the thermal regulation within the conical gap between a disk and a cone (TRHNF-DC) for hybrid nanofluid flow, this research introduces a novel application of computationally intelligent heuristics utilizing backpropagated Levenberg–Marquardt neural networks (LM-NNs). A unique hybrid nanoliquid comprising aluminum oxide, Al2O3, nanoparticles and copper, Cu, nanoparticles is specifically addressed. Through the application of similarity transformations, the mathematical model formulated in terms of partial differential equations (PDEs) is converted into ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The BVP4C method is employed to generate a dataset encompassing various TRHNF-DC scenarios by varying magnetic parameters and nanoparticles. Subsequently, the intelligent LM-NN solver is trained, tested, and validated to ascertain the TRHNF-DC solution under diverse conditions. The accuracy of the LM-NN approach in solving the TRHNF-DC model is verified through different analyses, demonstrating a high level of accuracy, with discrepancies ranging from 10−10 to 10−8 when compared with standard solutions. The efficacy of the framework is further underscored by the close agreement of recommended outcomes with reference solutions, thereby validating its integrity.

Analysis of chemical characteristics of engine‐oil‐based Prandtl hybrid nanofluid flow

AbstractThe literature showed that an empirical experiment creates another part of exploration that has been made in the field of thermal science, such that today, modern researchers are more directed to utilize hybrid types of nanoparticles due to their efficient thermal conductivity compared to single nanoparticles. The study of the hybrid flow of nanofluid is essential in many scientific and industrial arguments, such as power generation, medical equipment, oil refineries, and so forth. Furthermore, it has distinctive features to advance the expertise of their energy sources and cooling methodologies. Incentives by this research postulation: The significant objective of this investigation is to design a mathematical model of Prandtl hybrid nano liquid flow over a Riga plate when nanoparticles of aluminum alloys (AA7072 and AA7075) are suspended in engine oil. Mixed convection, activation energy, and heat radiation are also considered. The nanomaterial is modeled using a modified Buongiorno model that considers the functional qualities of hybrid nanofluids. The simulated PDEs are converted into a collection of nonlinear ODEs with appropriate and relevant similarity transformations, which are numerically addressed using finite‐difference‐oriented bvp4c procedure in MATLAB. Graphs and tables are used to evaluate and show the impacts of different factors on velocity, temperature, concentration fields, skin friction number, and Nusselt number. The velocity profile develops with the enhancement of Prandtl fluid parameters. With the increment in the magnetic parameter, both temperature and concentration profiles improve, but in the case of the Brownian motion parameter, the concentration profile declines. In terms of heat transfer, hybrid nanofluids outperform ordinary nanofluids. The current results provide an equitable contrast against the results that already exist.

Joule heating, Dufour and Soret effects on MHD hybrid nanoliquid flow over a moving thin needle in a porous medium with thermal radiation

Joule heating, Dufour and Soret effects on MHD hybrid nanoliquid flow over a moving thin needle in a porous medium with thermal radiation

Exploration of irreversibility process and thermal energy of a tetra hybrid radiative binary nanofluid focusing on solar implementations

Abstract Thermal energy from the Sun comes mostly from sunlight. These energies might be used in photovoltaic cells, sustainable power systems, solar light poles, and water-collecting solar pumps. This age studies solar energy and how direct sunshine might improve solar panel efficiency. Solar energy, especially solar tiles, is widely used in manufacturing today. The literature includes a modified Buongiorno hybrid nanofluid prototype. There are no studies that have examined the impact of tri-hybrid and unique tetra hybridity nanomolecules integrated with the Buongiorno nanofluid prototype on liquid moving on a flexible surface. This study examines the effects of an improved Buongiorno tetra hybrid nanoliquid prototypical with Buongiorno and Tiwari–Das nanofluid on magnetized double-diffusive binary nanofluid with cross fluid and Maxwell liquid flowing with variant thermal conductance over a porous medium. Different profiles include diffusion thermo and thermo diffusion. The LobattoIIIA scheme’s convergence and stability are examined in terms of residual error, mesh points for ordinary differential equations (ODEs), and boundary conditions. Leading equations about liquid flow continuity, impetus, temperature, and concentricity are obtained using continuity, conservation of momentum, the second law of thermodynamics, Fick’s second law of diffusion, and boundary layer expectations. The system of partial differential equations obtained from the given assumption becomes a system of ODEs and well-established LobattoIII. Their numerical solution is obtained using a numerical technique. Statistical charts and tables provide numerical solutions. The heat transport rate of tetra-hybrid nanomolecules increases dramatically, unlike tri- and di-hybrid nanomolecules. The improved Buongiorno tetra hybrid nanofluid (BTHNF) model produces more heat when radiation Rd {\rm{Rd}} , Brownian diffusion Nb {\rm{Nb}} , and thermal conductivity are increased. The data show that the diffusion factor L L , Brinkman number Br {\rm{Br}} , and Reynolds number Re increase entropy production, but Bejan number reduces it owing to an increase in Be {\rm{Be}} and Re \mathrm{Re} . A statistical regression study shows that retaining the Maxwell fluid parameter constant and increasing the Weissenberg number We {\rm{We}} decrease the drag coefficient error. A BTHNF model containing tetra hybrid nanoparticles has not been utilized to examine heat and mass transferences in non-Newtonian fluids, considering diffusion, thermo, and thermo diffusion. Entropy generation in a binary fluid with tetra hybrid nanoparticles and BTHNF has not been studied. Tetra hybrid nanofluid is not mentioned in the literature. This effort aims to create a new tetra-hybrid nanofluid model. This article is novel because it investigates the effects of thermal radiation, thermal conductivity, porosity, Darcy–Forchheimer, and Buongiorno models on a tetra-hybrid nanofluid flow under an extensible sheet.

Double diffusive thermogravitational convection in a convex U-shaped porous chamber filled with radiative ternary hybrid nanoliquid

This research deals with the intricate dynamics of double diffusive thermogravitational convection within a convex U-shaped porous chamber and sheds light on the use of a radiative ternary hybrid nanoliquid. In this configuration, the lower flat boundary is assumed to be thermally hot and densely concentrated while the curved lateral boundaries remain cold and dilute. The other boundaries of the enclosure are kept under adiabatic conditions. The governing Navier–Stokes equations along with thermal and species equations are effectively solved by employing a higher order compact technique. The developed in-house program has been rigorously verified against experimental and computational benchmark results. The research meticulously examines the impact of several pivotal parameters, including the Lewis number (1≤Le≤20), buoyancy ratio (0≤N≤10), Darcy number (10−4≤Da≤10−2), Rayleigh number (104≤Ra≤106), volumetric heat source/sink coefficient (−10≤q≤10), radiation parameter (1≤Rd≤5), aspect parameter of the U-shaped chamber (0.2≤AR≤0.6), and solid particles concentration (0.0≤ϕthnp≤0.04) of the ternary hybrid nanofluid. The findings are eloquently portrayed through graphical representations by showcasing streamlines, iso-solutals, isotherms, and the dimensionless Nusselt (Nuavg) and Sherwood (Shavg) parameters. Our investigation demonstrates that the ternary hybrid nanofluid outperforms both hybrid and mono nanofluids in facilitating double diffusion processes. Moreover, optimal heat transfer efficiency is achieved under conditions characterized by an aspect ratio of AR = 0.2, Rayleigh number Ra=106, Darcy number Da=10−2, buoyancy ratio N = 10, Lewis number Le = 1, and solid volume fraction ϕthnp=0.04.

Thermal analysis of hybrid nanoliquid contains iron-oxide (Fe3O4) and copper (Cu) nanoparticles in an enclosure

The major aim of this work is to analyze the thermophysical properties of hybrid nanoliquid inside a square lid driven enclosure under the effect of applied magnetic field and mixed convection. The Hybrid nanofluid is considered a suspension of Iron-oxide (Fe3O4) and Copper (Cu) nanoparticles into water. The cavity walls have varying properties such as top adiabatic wall is moving continuously while the lower wall is maintained at a high constant temperature, in addition, the vertical walls are kept at a low fixed temperature. The magnetic field is applied to the right vertical wall in a horizontal direction. Additionally, the effects of buoyancy forces caused by temperature gradients and shear forces caused by continuous lid motion are considered. The mathematical modelling of problem with all assumptions yields the nonlinear partial differential system. First this system is transferred into non-dimensional form and then transformed system is solved by using Galerkin finite element method (GFEM) along with Gaussian elimination method. Results for isotherms, streamlines and average Nusselt number are obtained versus Richardson number (0.1 ≤ Ri ≤ 15), Grashof number (10 ≤ Gr ≤ 10000), Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 100), volume fractions of solid nanoparticles (0.005 ≤ ϕ1 ≤ 0.02) and (0.005 ≤ ϕ2 ≤ 0.02). It is observed that the Richardson number and Grashof number have significant impacts on both flow velocity and temperature. In addition, concentration of hybrid nanoparticles improves the heat transfer performance. The obtained results may be crucial for thermal management in the cooling of electronics, heat exchangers, solar thermal collectors, industrial operations, medical equipment, HVAC systems, food processing, and renewable energy systems.

Heat transfer investigation of nano – Encapsulated phase change materials (NEPCMs) in a thermal energy storage device

Phase change natural convection heat transport and flow features of a variety and new types of hybrid nanoliquids, suspension of Nano – encapsulated phase change materials (NEPCMs), within a square cavity is inspected theoretically in this analysis. The capsules are arranged with a shell and a PCM as a core. The shell of this NEPCM prevents the phase change material from the direct interaction of hot fluid and from the leakage. The heat capacity of the suspension contains latent heat generated at the time of phase change. The modeled equations are numerically scrutinized with Finite element method. Variable thermal conductivity parameter 1≤Nc≤5, variable viscosity parameter 1≤Nv≤5, radiation number 0.5≥R≥0.1, Rayleigh parameter 102≤Ra≤103, volume fraction of NEPCMs1%≤ϕ≤5% and fusion temperature (0.2≤θf≤1.0) impact on the patterns of heat capacity ratio, isotherms and velocity lines are examined in detail. The results indicates that, as the volume fraction values of NEPCMs amplifies from 1% to 5% the rates of heat transfer of the nanoliquid magnifies 42% compared to the host fluid. Non – dimensional rates of heat transport magnifies with growing (Ste) values.

Entropy generation analysis for hybrid nanofluid mobilized by peristalsis with an inclined magnetic field

The purpose of the present study is to analyse the entropy generation for the hybrid nanofluid mobilised by peristalsis. The hybrid nanoliquid is suspension of copper [Formula: see text] and iron-oxide [Formula: see text] nanoparticles in water. Impacts of magnetic field, Joule heating, mixed convection, heat source/sink and viscous dissipation are reckoned. Governing set of equations are simplified by using lubrication approach. Obtained system of differential equations are solved numerically. Special attention is paid to analyse the effects of hybrid nanomaterial, Hartman and Grashoff numbers on entropy generation, Bejan number, axial velocity, temperature, heat transmission rate at walls, pressure gradient, skin friction, Nusselt number. Flow behaviour is visualised through streamlines. The study reveals that velocity and temperature decrease on increasing the volume fraction of solid nanomaterials. Higher Grashoff and Hartman numbers augment both velocity and temperature. Better heat transfer performance is recorded for strong Hartman number. [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] improve Entropy generation and Bejan number. Higher Hartman number causes decrement in pressure gradient. Addition of nanoparticles concentration reduces skin friction. High flow rate increases trapping phenomenon.

On the augmentation of heat transfer with hybrid nanofluid containing microorganisms on flat plate under thermal radiation, using mixtures models

In this study, an investigation of a hybrid nanofluid flow across a stretched flat sheet is presented. On a flat, flexible surface, a water-based hybrid nanoliquid is propagating in a horizontal orientation, while a strong magnetic field is located along an upright direction to the flow. The flow is incompressible, magnetically influenced and electrically conducting. The aluminum – and graphene (Go) are dispersed in the working fluid. The main interest of this exploration corresponds to microorganism diffusivity with Brownian motion and thermophoresis diffusion for two different nanoparticles, which are modeled in a different set of equations. The flow and heat-mass transfer equations are constructed using Buongiorno's nanofluid model and hybrid nanofluid volumetric friction. The Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg procedure combined with the shooting procedure is employed to find the numerical solutions of governing equations. The results reveal that increasing magnetic force drags down the frictional coefficient. The highest energy transfer 19% was recorded with 1% of Al2O3 and 5% of Go. Higher Peclet number detracts the motile density. The faster heat transmission was observed by thermal radiation. The volumetric percentage of nanomaterials was influenced by both types of Brownian characteristics. The novel parameter [Formula: see text] influences the Sherwood and Nusselt numbers. When compared to Go, the temperature profile and the heat transmission rate for the second particle Al2O3 are higher. The Sherwood number declines with a rise in the thermophoresis parameter and rises with an improvement in the Lewis number and Brownian motion. Effect of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] on mass transport rate are encouraging.