Hybrid Energy Storage System Topology Research Articles

Enhanced hybrid energy storage system combining battery and supercapacitor to extend nanosatellite lifespan

The power limitations of nanosatellites, particularly during peak demand periods such as data transmission and maneuvering, hinder their operational capabilities. Traditional Electrical Power Subsystems relying solely on batteries face challenges in delivering the necessary power density and maintaining battery life, especially during eclipses. This study proposes an innovative Hybrid Energy Storage System for a 3U nanosatellite, integrating high-energy-density batteries with high-power-density supercapacitors, using an active parallel hybrid topology with two bidirectional converters and an optimal power management strategy. Using MATLAB and Simulink models, the study optimizes the Hybrid Energy Storage System by focusing on minimizing the capacity rate and depth of discharge to extend battery life. Simulation results show a 53.42% reduction in depth of discharge compared to a battery-only system, indicating a significant extension of battery life. Additionally, the proposed system allows for a minimal 2.08% increase in overall mass while maintaining enhanced performance. This research fills a critical gap in the literature by exploring active Hybrid Energy Storage System topologies for spacecraft applications, beyond the traditional passive and semi-active configurations. The innovative power management strategy ensures efficient energy utilization, significantly enhancing the reliability and efficiency of nanosatellite missions. The findings offer a practical solution to improve mission performance and extend the operational lifespan of nanosatellites, paving the way for more robust and capable small satellite deployments.

Hybrid energy storage system topology approaches for use in transport vehicles: A review

AbstractHigh peak current for vehicle starting, recuperation of regenerative braking energy, longer battery lifespan, and more significant acceleration among others in modern transport vehicles (TVs) require increased battery size. Moreover, batteries have high energy density and low power density. Therefore, a big battery pack can weigh more, shorten its lifespan, increase vehicle total mass, and increase battery degradation costs. On the one hand, higher power energy storage systems (ESSs) such as supercapacitors, lithium‐ion capacitors, and superconducting magnetic ESSs have a lower energy density, higher power density, and greater lifespan. Thus, to satisfy the requirements of modern TVs, the combination of higher energy and higher power density can provide enhanced performance and a longer battery lifespan for these vehicles. Available research publications in the literature have addressed a similar problem. However, these publications have reported the findings separately, providing various research and conclusions. Currently, no available literature has compiled an intelligible and combined analysis for addressing hybrid ESS configurations, sizing methods, and energy management strategies to create further knowledge in this domain. There is a need to consolidate a compact and insightful knowledge toward this research direction for a more significant societal and industrial impact. This paper critically reviews the hybrid higher energy density batteries and higher power density ESSs used in TVs. It discusses the integration configurations, applications, and provides sizing methods to achieve the best hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs). Also, applied control methods are described for these HESSs such that the overall system performance matches the vehicle requirements. Lastly, it provides insights and future research direction for HESS configuration, sizing, and control.

Sizing Scheme of Hybrid Energy Storage System for Electric Vehicle

Energy storage system (batteries) plays a vital role in the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). Li-ion batteries have high energy storage-to-volume ratio, but still, it should not be charged/discharged for short periods frequently as it results in degradation of their state of health (SoH). To resolve this issue, a conventional energy storage system (ESS) is being replaced by hybrid ESS (HESS). The requirement of high-voltage energy sources is increasing with the increasing number of performance based EVs. High-voltage storages are usually difficult to design due to the involvement of higher rating devices; hence, there is a need to create a method to modularize the storage. Modularization can be implemented using lower rating converters to decouple the ultra-capacitors (UCs) and batteries from the load, reducing the cost of storage. This article proposes a fully active series–parallel HESS topology which uses a set of UCs deployed in conjunction with the batteries. UCs provide the advantage of quick and frequent charging/discharging without degrading the battery SoH and are also used to absorb most of the energy generated due to regenerative braking. The major source of energy is Li-ion cells which provide the energy required to run the vehicle, whereas the UCs will provide above-average energy required by the motor. The proposed topology is managed by rule-based energy management systems (EMS), which considers pre-decided threshold parameters of various storage devices. Firstly, a power-based method to find the specifications of UCs and batteries is described which provides specifications for ESS hybridization. The proposed method, which is based on the prescribed set of limiting values of current and voltages, tries to maintain the UC voltage and battery current within range. This method reduces the above-average peaks of the required current from the batteries. Similarly, while recharging due to the regenerative braking, the proposed method removes the above-average peaks of the charging current of UCs. The proposed topology along with the EMS provides better state of charge (SoC) levels, giving a 38.6% increase in SoH levels of the batteries.

Energy management techniques and topologies suitable for hybrid energy storage system powered electric vehicles: An overview

Energy management system (EMS) in an electric vehicle (EV) is the system involved for smooth energy transfer from power drive to the wheels of a vehicle. During acceleration and deceleration periods, batteries in EV undergo high peak power consumption. Therefore, battery lifecycle degrades and subsequently reduces the drive range of an EV. Thus, hybridization of different energy resources becomes essential and seen as one of the alternative solutions for afore said issues. Further, hybridization along with efficient EM strategies helps to: (i) optimally utilize the energy storage systems during discharging and charging, (ii) improve the performance which in turn improves efficiency, and (iii) extend the drive range (iv) reduce the battery size. Though, many articles have been reported so far in literature for hybrid energy storage system (HESS) related to EM techniques; comprehensive review on: the configurations related to HESS, various EM strategies used in EV, performance evaluation of EM strategies for HESS configurations is not yet published. Therefore, this paper intends to provide a comparative assessment on different types of HESS topologies, types of EM techniques. The performance indices based on battery peak current reduction; amount of power stored back during regenerative braking has been compared and discussed. Further, a comparative analysis has been made on the system design and voltage variations. Hence, this review may be a nonstop solution for researchers and engineers working in the field of EVs.

Battery, Ultra-capacitor based Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) for EV applications with PI and Fuzzy logic controllers

The extensive use of vehicles based on IC engines has contributed to serious effects on the environment and accelerated depletion of fossil fuel reserves which has led to a rapid increment in fuel cost over the past few decades. By consideration of these undesirable effects, the automotive industry will move towards the electrified drivetrains for obtaining zero-emission and higher efficiency. In electrified vehicles, the drive is coupled entirely partially by e-motors powered by energy storage sources. The choice of the simple structured HESS topology is to make a better understanding of power flow and controlling circuits based on limits of existing energy storage sources and contribute to the electrification of the drive. The main intention of this paper, the excessive current which is required by the motor is to draw from the ultra-capacitor without burdening of battery. This will improve the efficiency of the storage sources and also smooth running of the drive. This document examines the feasibility and capacity of a HESS which integrates the battery and ultra-capacitor units and controlling through PI and Fuzzy controllers.

Energy Management on Battery/Ultracapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System based on Adjustable Bandwidth Filter and Sliding-mode Control

Abstract A real-time power-split control strategy for a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) used in electric vehicles is proposed in this work. The HESS topology corresponds to a semi-active ultracapacitor (UC) configuration. The HESS goals are to prevent battery degradation and to preserve its lifetime while improving the system efficiency by supplying the fast dynamics power demands through the UC pack. In order to generate the UC power reference, a digital low-pass filter whose bandwidth is adjusted according to the UC SOC is proposed. This allows a better usage of the UC available energy, while reducing frequent activation of controller protections and avoiding the calculation of the filter cut-off frequency for a certain driving cycle. The low-level control strategy is based on a sliding mode controller combined with a closed-loop current observer, which allows to improve the implementation performance while maintaining the current ripple bounded. Simulation and experimental results were presented showing that the proposed strategy preserves battery health in a more effective way than filter-based strategies with fixed bandwidth, for cases where no future information about the required power is available.

SMES/battery hybrid energy storage system based on bidirectional Z‐source inverter for electric vehicles

This study proposes a novel hybrid energy storage system (HESS) composed of a battery pack and a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) for electric vehicle. Typically, the SMES has a higher power density and lower energy density than other energy storage devices, while battery has higher energy density. Thus, the overall HESS performance can be increased in power and energy density by combining SMES and batteries. The proposed HESS is designed based on bidirectional Z-source inverter (ZSI). Compared to other SMES/battery-based HESS topologies that are two stage designs (including DC/DC and AC/DC converters), in this topology, SMES and battery can be incorporated into the Z-source network which results in lower cost and improved HESS performance. Furthermore, the battery converter has been eliminated due to the buck/boost feature of the ZSI. The fuzzy control method and filters are used to distribute power between the SMES and battery. This study also describes the proposed HESS performance principles and its operation in different modes.

A comprehensive study of battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system for standalone PV power system in rural electrification

The standalone photovoltaic power system is one of the promising solutions in rural electrification which has been widely implemented to supply electricity for basic household needs. Standalone photovoltaic power systems normally integrate energy storage devices, mainly Lead-acid battery, to compensate the supply–demand mismatch due to the nature of solar energy. However, the short cycle life of Lead-acid battery increases the operating cost of photovoltaic power systems. Supercapacitor-battery hybrid energy storage system has been proposed by researchers to extend the cycle life of battery bank by mitigating the charge–discharge stress due to the fluctuating power exchange. The existing hybrid energy storage systems and their corresponding energy management strategies vary in terms of topology, complexity and control algorithm which are often application oriented. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the state of the art for HESS and discusses potential topologies that are suitable for improving the service life of Lead-acid battery in standalone photovoltaic power systems. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation in Matlab Simulink for different hybrid energy storage system topologies in rural residential energy system applications have been carried out and their effectiveness in mitigating battery stress are investigated and compared. A battery health cost function is proposed in this paper to quantify the impact of many damaging factors on battery, thus the effectiveness of different hybrid energy storage systems in mitigating battery stress and the associated financial analysis can be quantitatively compared. Finally, a scaled-down hybrid energy storage system prototype has been developed and its performances in standalone photovoltaic system are emulated to validate the simulation analysis.

Design of High-Utilization Current-Sharing Controller for Battery-Ultracapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System

In this paper, a new control strategy of battery-ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is proposed for hybrid electric drive vehicles (HEVs). Compared to the stand, alone battery system may not be sufficient to satisfy peak demand periods during transients in HEVs, the ultracapacitor pack can supply or recover the peak power and it can be used in high C-rates. However, the problem of battery-ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is how to interconnect the battery and ultracapacitor and how to control the power distribution. This paper reviewed some battery-ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system topology and investigated the advantages and disadvantages, then proposed a new control strategy. The proposed control strategy can improve the system performance and ultracapacitor utilization, while also decreasing the battery pack size to avoid the thermal runaway problems and increase the life of the battery. The experiment results showed the proposed control strategy can improve 3% - 4% ultracapacitor utilization.

Dynamic power allocation of battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage for standalone PV microgrid applications

Standalone photovoltaic-based microgrid with energy storage system could be a promising solution for powering up off-grid communities. One of the major issues that hinder the development of standalone microgrids is the poor service life of the batteries. To address this issue, hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) and novel power management strategies have been proposed by researchers to enhance the service life of battery bank. This paper presents a novel multi-level hybrid energy storage system topology and its associated power management strategy to mitigate the charge/discharge stress on battery. Matlab Simulink model of typical standalone PV microgrid with different HESS topologies are developed to evaluate the performance of the proposed system. Actual solar irradiance data with different weather conditions and estimated load profile based on site survey results are used to analyze the effectiveness of different HESS in mitigating stress on batteries. A comprehensive analysis and benchmarking is presented to compare the technical and financial viability of the proposed system with existing HESS solutions. Simulation results show that the proposed HESS can improve the life expectancy of the battery and reduce the operating cost of the standalone PV-battery microgrid.

Comparison of the topologies for a hybrid energy-storage system of electric vehicles via a novel optimization method

The combination of batteries and ultracapacitors has become an effective solution to satisfy the requirements of high power density and high energy density for the energy-storage system of electric vehicles. Three aspects of such combination efforts were considered for evaluating the four types of hybrid energy-storage system (HESS) topologies. First, a novel optimization framework was proposed and implemented to optimize the voltage level of a battery pack and an ultracapacitor pack for the four types of HESS topologies. During the optimization process, the dynamic programming (DP) algorithm was iteratively applied to determine the optimal control actions. The simulation results with DP were used to evaluate the energy efficiency of different HESS topologies at different voltage levels. Second, the optimized voltage level of the battery and ultracapacitor in each topology indicates that a higher voltage level usually results in a better system performance. The simulation results also illustrate that the optimized rated voltage level of the battery pack is approximately 499.5 V, while for the ultracapacitor pack, the optimized voltage level is at its maximum allowed value. Note that the constraint of the battery voltage is initialized at 200–600 V. Third, the control rules for different HESS topologies were obtained through the systematic analysis of the simulation results. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of the four topologies were summarized through evaluation of the efficiency and operating currents of the batteries and the ultracapacitor.

A comparison study of different semi-active hybrid energy storage system topologies for electric vehicles

In this paper, four different semi-active hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs), which use both supercapacitors (SCs) and batteries, are compared based on an electric city bus running the China Bus Driving Cycle (CBDC). The SC sizes of the different HESS topologies are optimized by using the dynamic programming (DP) approach, based on a dynamic degradation model of the LiFePO4 battery. The operation costs of different HESSs, including the electricity and the battery degradation costs over a whole CBDC, are minimized in the optimization process. Based on the DP results, near-optimal control strategies of different HESSs for on-line uses are proposed. Finally, the four HESS topologies are comprehensively compared from different aspects, including operation cost, initial cost, and DC bus voltage variation. Simulation results show that all HESS topologies have their merits and drawbacks, and can be used in different applications with different requirements. In addition, about 50% of the operation cost of the energy storage system is reduced by the semi-active HESSs when compared to the battery-only topology. Thus the effectiveness of adopting the SC in the HESS is verified.

A New Topology and Control Strategy for a Hybrid Battery-Ultracapacitor Energy Storage System

This study investigates a new hybrid energy storage system (HESS), which consists of a battery bank and an ultra-capacitor (UC) bank, and a control strategy for this system. The proposed topology uses a bi-directional DC-DC converter with a lower power rating than those used in the traditional HESS topology. The proposed HESS has four operating modes, and the proposed control strategy chooses the appropriate operating mode and regulates the distribution of power between the battery bank and the UC bank. Additionally, the control system prevents surges during mode switching and ensures that both the battery bank and the bi-directional DC-DC converter operate within their power limits. The proposed HESS is used to improve the performance of an existing power-split hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). A method for calculating the parameters of the proposed HESS is presented. A simulation model of the proposed HESS and control strategy was developed, and a scaled-down experimental platform was constructed. The results of the simulations and the experiments provide strong evidence for the feasibility of the proposed topology and the control strategy. The performance of the HESS is not influenced by the power limits of the bi-directional DC-DC converter.

Synergistic Control of SMES and Battery Energy Storage for Enabling Dispatchability of Renewable Energy Sources

The use of renewable energy source can reduce greenhouse gas emission and fossil fuel pollution. Compared with fossil fuel energy, renewable energy is not stable and cannot supply firm electrical output (i.e., it is nondispatchable). Fluctuating power from renewables may result in grid power oscillation. To reduce grid swing, energy storage is necessary to smooth output from renewable energy. Energy storage with high energy density and fast response time or high power capacity is desired for compensation of fluctuating output. Generally, superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) has higher power capacity than battery energy storage, while battery provides higher energy density. Thus, this research proposes a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) composed of an SMES and battery. Novel and practical synergistic control is presented for firming power fluctuation by exploiting the strong power and energy capabilities of the SMES and the battery while within the efficient operating range of (i.e., state of charges of) HESS. Comprehensive case studies demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed HESS topology and control algorithm using PSCAD/EMTDC.