Hybrid Emulsion Research Articles

Effect of high quality hybrid coatings and coating condition on the properties of continuous glass fiber reinforced polypropylene prepreg composites

AbstractDue to the difficulty in infusing resin into interiors of fiber bundles by prevalent pre‐impregnation methods like melt impregnation and the substantial polarity difference between glass fibers (GF) and polypropylene (PP), the application of continuous glass fiber reinforced polypropylene (CGF/PP) composites has been restricted. In this study, a hybrid emulsion is prepared to address the polarity difference through coating process. And further by optimizing coating process parameters, composites glass fibers with excellent performance can be obtained. The study demonstrates that the composite glass fiber with coating amount of 15.34% exhibits good bunching and flexibility. The monofilament tensile strength and interfacial shear strength (IFSS) are increased by 2.53% and 109.74%, respectively compared to the desized glass fiber (GF0). Furthermore, after the hot‐pressing process, the composites glass fiber bundles show fully filled gaps and a completely wrapped surface. This study lays the foundation for producing CGF/PP prepreg composites conveniently, efficiently, and commercially.

Synthesis of Stearyl Alcohol/Polyethylene Glycol Hybrids as Water-Repellent Finishes for Cotton/Polyester Blended Fabric

AbstractNowadays, developing and innovation of new finishing agents that are cost effective, efficient, durable, and safe for the consumer as well as the environment are greatly required by the textile manufactures. In that concern, new stearyl alcohol/polyethylene glycol (SA/PEG) hybrids were synthesized, characterized, and applied as textile finishes to impart cotton/polyester fabric with water repellency. Such hybrids were synthesized by reaction of SA with PEG of molecular weight 1000 or 4000 Da in the presence of ammonium persulfate (APS) as initiator. The optimum conditions of the synthesis reaction are: APS/PEG, 20%; PEG/SA, 15%; reaction temperature, 80 °C and reaction time, 45 min. The synthesized hybrids are self-water dispersible that form oil-in-water stable emulsions. The results indicated that treating cotton/polyester fabric with easy-care finishing formulation containing 60 g/L of dimethyloldihydroxyethylene urea as a cross-linker, and 60 g/L of any of such hybrids emulsions imparts the treated fabric with water repellency, softness, and stiffness properties. Moreover, increasing the PEG molecular weight from 1000 to 4000 Da leads to a reduction in extents of softness and contact angle along with an enhancement in stiffness of treated fabric. Furthermore, the prepared hybrids emulsions-treated fabric samples are durable up to five washing cycles. The FTIR analysis confirmed the chemical structure of the synthesized SA/PEG1000 hybrid. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) revealed that the particles size of SA/PEG4000 hybrid emulsion is in the range of 34–70 nm and reaches to 185 nm in case of the SA/PEG4000 hybrid emulsion. The surface of SA/PEG1000 hybrid emulsion-treated fabric was characterized via scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Novel nano magnesium oxide modified hybrid emulsion for antimicrobial coating

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop an inorganic-organic hybrid emulsion polymer using grafted hyperbranched alkyd modified with nanometal oxide and to study the performance of the developed hybrid emulsion in paint formulation with respect to antimicrobial and other properties. Design/methodology/approach A novel hybrid emulsion polymer was synthesized by grafting of vinyl acetate (VAM), vinyl ester of versatic acid (VeoVa 10) monomers onto hyperbranched alkyd resin and incorporation of nano magnesium oxide (MgO) into the hybrid resin matrix during dispersion of resin in water. Subsequently, paint was prepared by using this hybrid emulsion followed by a performance study. Findings The performance of nano MgO modified into VAM and VeoVa 10 grafted hyperbranched alkyd resulted in unique properties of coating especially antimicrobial activity. Research limitations/implications In the present study, soya fatty acid, polyol and di basic acid have been used to prepare hyperbranched alkyd by condensation polymerization. Monomers like VAM and VeoVa 10 used for grafting onto hyperbranched alkyd and nano MgO have been incorporated into hybrid resin matrix during emulsification of hybrid resin in water. Practical implications Grafting of VAM and VeoVa 10 onto hyperbranched alkyd along with in situ incorporation of nano MgO in resin matrix is an effective technique to achieve excellent coating properties. Originality/value Nano MgO modified VAM and VeoVa 10 grafted hyperbranched alkyd-based hybrid emulsion can be used as binder in water-based metal primer, direct to metal (DTM) coating as well as topcoat application. The developed system has antimicrobial properties as well as superior mechanical properties.

Preparation and characterization of hydrophobic waterborne polyurethane self‐matting coating

AbstractA green method to synthesize self‐matting waterborne polyurethane acrylic hybrid emulsion with hydrophobic function is introduced in this study. A reactive waterborne polyurethane (RWPU) dispersion containing unsaturated CC double bonds was prepared from epoxidized soybean oil. Subsequently, the RWPU dispersion was copolymerized with fluorinated monomers of different carbon chain lengths to prepare polyurethane acrylic hybrid emulsion (PUF). The results revealed the gloss levels of PUF films to be as low as 12.4 gloss units at 60°. The morphology of PUF films was observed by scanning electron microscope and three‐dimensional surface profilometer, and the relationship between surface roughness and gloss was discussed in detail. In addition, thermal gravimetric analysis was conducted to determine the thermal stability of the PUF films, and the results denoted that these PUF films exhibited excellent thermal stability. Comprehensive performance tests indicated that the RWPU dispersion, which was copolymerized with hexafluorobutyl methacrylate at a weight of 10%, exhibited a low gloss, a high contact angle of 120°, and a high elongation percentage of 423%. Furthermore, the dynamic light scattering results showed small average particle size, revealing the excellent storage stabilities.

Maize‐derived zein/acrylic hybrid emulsion for superior skin adhesion and water resistance in cosmetic adhesives

AbstractWaterborne acrylic emulsions are considered suitable materials for cosmetic skin adhesives because of their positive attributes, such as their safe water‐based polymerization process and low volatile‐organic‐compound emissions. The significant challenge of inadequate water resistance in emulsion adhesives, which is primarily caused by the excess surfactants retained at the interface of emulsion particles upon film formation, necessitates urgent resolution for their viable application as cosmetic adhesives. Zein, a corn‐derived protein, possesses hydrophobic amino acids that provide exceptional water‐repellent characteristics. Therefore, zein is expected to exhibit a remarkable skin‐adhesion attribute. This paper presents the introduction of a pioneering zein/acrylic hybrid emulsion exhibiting remarkable skin adhesion and water resistance, which was achieved through the use of zein, a corn‐derived protein. After formation, the zein/ sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) complex can unfold the zein chain, thereby enhancing skin adhesion, while concurrently inhibiting surfactant migration to enhance water resistance. The zein/SDS complex was introduced into the Pre‐emulsion (PE) manufacturing process during emulsion polymerization. As expected, the zein/acrylic hybrid emulsion demonstrated favorable skin adhesion and a notable improvement in water resistance. This approach presents a promising avenue for the practical application of emulsion nanoparticles as eco‐friendly cosmetic adhesives, offering excellent durability and skin adhesion through the utilization of naturally derived proteins.

Synthesis of castor oil/PEG as textile softener

New castor oil/polyethylene glycol (CAO/PEG) hybrids were synthesized by reacting of CAO with PEG 300, 600, 1000, 2000 or 4000, in presence of ammonium per sulfate (APS) as an initiator. The optimum conditions to synthesis such hybrids are: PEG/CAO weight ratio, 35%; APS/PEG weight ratio, 15%; reaction temperature, 80 °C; and reaction time, 60 min. Only the hybrids based on PEG 1000 and 2000 formed oil in water stable emulsions. Treating cotton fabric samples with easy care finishing formulation containing 40 g/L of the synthesized hybrids emulsions results in an enhancement in softness, tensile strength, whiteness index, and stiffness along with a reduction in nitrogen content, wrinkle recovery angle, and wettability properties of treated fabric, compared to that sample finished in absence of that emulsions. The chemical structure of the synthesized CAO/PEG1000 hybrid was confirmed via the FTIR and 1HNMRanalysis whereas the TEM analysis showed that the particles size of that hybrid emulsion is in the range of 27–105 nm. Moreover, such hybrid emulsion treated fabric surface was characterized via SEM and EDX analysis. Furthermore, treating dyed samples with the nominated hybrid emulsion improves the color strength of that samples but keeps the washing fastness, wet rubbing fastness as well as alkaline perspiration fastness of the dyed/finished samples unchanged. The wet rubbing fastness and alkaline perspiration fastness of all the dyed/finished samples were enhanced while the light fastness of such samples decreased.

Polyacrylate modified alkyd hybrid latex with high anti-corrosion performance synthesized via solvent-free and emulsifier-free method

Polyacrylate modified alkyd hybrid emulsion (SPA-WAR) was prepared by solvent-free and emulsifier-free method to solve the problem of contamination of organic solvent in the preparation of alkyd resin. The originality of this paper lies in the special introduction of acrylic monomers. On the one hand, as a solvent, acrylic monomers play the role of reflux and dilution to reduce viscosity and drainage. On the other hand, as reactive monomers, acrylate monomers were grafted to alkyd resin to form macromolecular polymer. Due to the presence of hydrophilic groups in the polyacrylate chain, SPA-WAR can be obtained without the use of surfactants. This method does not need to add additional solvents and emulsifiers, and has the advantages of green environmental protection. Since the acrylate monomer plays the role of reflux condensation, the yield will also be greatly improved. In addition, compared with water-based alkyd resin (WAR) and acrylate-modified alkyd resin prepared by solvent method (PA-WAR), the particle size of SPA-WAR latex is smaller and the surface of SPA-WAR film is smoother. SPA-WAR coating has excellent physical properties and anti-corrosion properties. After 180 h salt spray treatment, SPA-WAR-latex coated tinplate has no obvious corrosion and diffusion.

Biobased Alkyd Acrylic Hybrid Core Shell Approach

The main objective of this work was to synthesize bio based alkyd-arcylic hybrid emulsion by using core shell approach. Step by step growing polymerization was used for the preparation of the bio-based alkyd resin. Bio-based sebacic acid was used in the synthesis. In the core shell approach; shell part contains acrylic polymer, core part contains bio based alkyd emulsion, which was synthesized by phase inversion. The acrylic shell was synthesized in the presence of the alkyd resin by the emulsion polymerization method.

A crosslinked waterborne poly(urethane‐urea) oligomer enables mechanically strong waterborne polyacrylate–poly(urethane‐urea) hybrid films with superior film‐forming ability

AbstractIn this article, a crosslinked waterborne poly(urethane‐urea) (WPUU) is synthesized based on the terminal aromatic amine polyether (DP‐1000) and aliphatic isophorone diisocyanate. Then WPUU is compound with acrylate monomer by emulsion polymerization to produce waterborne polyacrylate–poly(urethane‐urea) (WPUUA) hybrid emulsions. Compared with waterborne polyacrylate (WPA) film, the film‐forming ability of WPUUA film is improved and the surface roughness Ra and Rq of WPUUA film decreases from 47.5 and 36.4 nm to 35.2 and 18.8 nm, respectively. Meanwhile, the mechanical properties of WPUUA films are significantly improved compared to WPA film. In addition, the performances of WPUUA hybrid films can be modified according to requirements by adjusting the molar ratio between DP‐1000 and polyisocyanate. As a result, these WPUUA hybrid emulsions have great application potential in waterborne coatings and other fields.

Preparation and Characterization of the Cross-Linked Fluoro-Silicon Polyacrylate–Polyurethane Hybrid Emulsions for Superior Performance of Waterborne Coatings

Preparation and Characterization of the Cross-Linked Fluoro-Silicon Polyacrylate–Polyurethane Hybrid Emulsions for Superior Performance of Waterborne Coatings

Polyvinyl acetate and polyurethane-vinyl acetate hybrid emulsion: synthesis, characterization and properties

Polyvinyl acetate and polyurethane-vinyl acetate hybrid emulsion: synthesis, characterization and properties

Shape-Stable Hybrid Emulsion Gel with Sodium Acetate Trihydrate and Paraffin Wax for Efficient Solar Energy Storage and Building Thermal Management.

Organic-inorganic composite phase change materials (PCMs) are promising in the fields of solar energy storage and building thermal management. However, combining inorganic with organic PCMs meets a great challenge. In the current work, a shape-stable hybrid emulsion gel (EGel/GO) is developed via Pickering emulsion polymerization, which seamlessly combines sodium acetate trihydrate (SAT) in the water phase with paraffin wax (PW) in the oil phase. The polymer dual-phase cross-linking in EGel/GO forms a supporting framework that effectively enhances the material's shape stability, slows the loss of crystalline water in hydrates, and reduces supercooling. The addition of graphene oxide (GO) enhances EGel/GO-0.5's optical absorption properties, resulting in photothermal conversion efficiency as high as 89.1%. Furthermore, EGel/GO not only has high latent heat of 225.08 J/g but also has almost no leakage and no phase separation. The Pickering emulsion polymerization method paves a broad avenue for combining organic with inorganic PCMs, which is an ideal choice for the effective utilization of solar energy and building energy storage.

Mimicking animal adipose tissue using a hybrid network-based solid-emulsion gel with soy protein isolate, agar, and alginate

The growth of the plant-based meat analogue market has prompted the need for new approaches to replace animal adipose tissue. In this study, we developed a novel solid emulsion gel system using a hybrid gel network to simulate the thermal behavior and texture of adipose tissue. At various concentrations, emulsion gels were prepared using soybean oil, soybean protein isolate, agar, and alginate. After mixing all solutions at appropriate concentrations, cold-set gelation of agar was followed by ion-induced alginate gelation by immersion in calcium chloride solution. The resulting emulsion gel contained a dense network that trapped oil droplets and exhibited elastic behavior at all temperatures, similar to porcine adipose tissue. Furthermore, the optimized hybrid emulsion gel showed increased hardness compared with the single-agar emulsion gel. Overall, our findings suggested that the developed emulsion gel system could enhance the quality of plant-based meat analogues by mimicking the physical and thermal properties of animal adipose tissue.

Oil body-based one-step multiple phases and hybrid emulsion gels stabilized by sunflower wax and CMC: Application and optimization in 3D printing

In this paper, novel oil body (OB) based emulsion gels were prepared by mixing different ratios of two phases: Carboxymethyl-cellulose-coated OBs (CMC-OB) phase and Sunflower wax-based soybean oil (SW–SO) oleogel phase. The stabilization mechanism of OB emulsion gels was investigated by multiple microscopy techniques, and the decorating ability and 3D printability have been evaluated and optimized combined with the rheology analysis. Multiple phases and hybrid emulsion gels could be prepared by a one-step method due to the natural oil-in-water (O/W) structure of OB. In the first case, an (O1/W1)/O2 type emulsion gel was obtained when the OB-CMC phase content was 50 wt% and below, which with a higher elastic modulus was better for formability in 3D printing. Another case was that the OB-CMC phase was the continuous phase when the OB-CMC phase was 60, 70 wt%, and the emulsion gel system was O2/(O1/W1) structure with a 15 μm emulsion size and an unsatisfactory 3D printing capability. Then, two different approaches to improving the 3D printability of O2/(O1/W1) emulsion gels were compared, namely by increasing the strength of the inner phase and external phase by adding SW and OB content, respectively. With the addition of OBs, more suitable printing ink for 3D printing was obtained for the tight compaction of OBs in the external phase. The OB-based multiple phases and hybrid emulsion gels without low-molecular weight emulsifiers facilitated the broadening of OB applications in healthy, green, sustainable food products and 3D printing.

Sulfur-free and Surfactant-free RAFT-Mediated Hybrid Emulsion Polymerization: A Model System for Understanding the Controlled Synthesis of Hybrid Latex-Encapsulating Pigment

Sulfur-free and Surfactant-free RAFT-Mediated Hybrid Emulsion Polymerization: A Model System for Understanding the Controlled Synthesis of Hybrid Latex-Encapsulating Pigment

Perylene-Based Chromophore as a Versatile Dye for Light Amplification.

One of the challenges for modern optoelectronics is to find versatile, easily adaptable components for novel laser-based technologies. A very attractive perylene-derivative chromophore in different organic matrices for high-performance light amplification is discussed and outlined. Our approach demonstrates the outstandingly compatible laser dye and a viable strategy to provide an effective optical gain for stimulated emission enhancement. Through structural control, we produce simple optical devices embedded in organic matrices, such as poly(methyl methacrylate), nematic liquid crystalline (NLC) mixture, and a hybrid emulsion system (poly(vinyl alcohol) PVA + NLC mesophase). Importantly, we investigate and compare the spectroscopy of differently constructed organic systems in terms of stimulated-emission thresholds and light amplification process efficiency. Moreover, we report the effects of tunability for LC cells by an applied external electric field stimulus. Future directions of laser systems are outlined with an emphasis on the role of the perylene derivative. The studies meet current challenges in the field of modern organic technologies dedicated to various optoelectronic systems, including touch screens, displays, and Li-Fi networks.

X ray spectroscopy on 𝚵− atoms (J-PARC E03, E07 and future)

X-ray spectroscopy of hadronic atoms is a powerful method to study strong interaction between hadrons and nuclei. At J-PARC, we have conducted two experiments, J-PARC E07 and E03, for hadronic atoms with a doubly strange hyperon, Ξ−, aiming at the world-first detection of their X-rays. The first measurement is performed as a byproduct of J-PARC E07 experiment with the hybrid emulsion technique. The second one, J-PARC E03, is a dedicated experiment for detection of Ξ− Fe atom X rays. The preliminary results and the present status of E07 and E03 are shown in this article. Future prospects of Ξ−-atomic X-ray spectroscopy are also discussed. A new measurement has been proposed for detecting Ξ− C atom X rays, where a novel Ξ− tracking method will be applied to realize an improved signal to noise ratio.

Preparation and properties of a self-crosslinking styrene acrylic emulsion using amino-functional graphene oxide as a crosslinking agent and anti-corrosion filler

In this paper, we prepared a self-crosslinking amino-functional graphene oxide/styrene acrylic hybrid emulsion (AGO/SA). The styrene acrylic emulsion (SA) was synthesized with acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate (AAEM) by semicontinuous seeded emulsion polymerization. Then, amino-functionalized graphene oxide (AGO) was prepared via the modification of graphene oxide (GO) with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and reacted with the SA emulsion as a crosslinking agent by in situ polymerization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravity analysis (TGA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were applied to explore the chemical structures and morphologies of the samples. The anti-corrosion performance of the AGO/SA coatings was evaluated by Tafel polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Along with the crosslink between AGO and SA, the micropores in the matrix were reduced, the coating expressed improved corrosion resistance due to the graphene barrier, and the hybrid emulsion with 0.7 wt.% AGO exhibited the best anti-corrosion properties. These results indicate that AGO can act as both a crosslinking agent and an anti-corrosion agent in self-crosslinking hybrid emulsions, which have great potential in the field of environmentally friendly emulsions.

Development of Surface Coating based Hybrid Acrylic Copolymers for Coating Application, Preparation, Characterization and Processing

In this study, series of hybrid emulsion copolymers with different composition ratios of acrylic acid, methylacrylicacid with butyle-acrylate, methyl-metha-acrylate, polyvinyl alcohol were generated. The preparationwas performed in a batch reactor on an industrial scale to obtain the resulting resin. While applying variousprocesses of emulsion polymerization, batch polymerization was chosen to find optimum conditions byinvestigating the parameters of the monomer percentages, initiators, temperature and time. Dodecyl BenzeneSulphonic acid SDBA as emulsifier, as well as sodium dodecyl sulfonic acid SDBAS as co-emulsifier asredox couple initiator have been chosen as the best and most effective initiators to hybrid acrylic resinprocessing Water-dispersed acrylic resin was developed as a hydrophilic monomer, utilizing acrylic acid.To avoid gelatin and agglomeration, the reaction temperature of the acrylic resin preparation was takenfor 4 hours at 70oC. To understand the effect of silane coupling agent on the properties of hybrid emulsioncopolymers, in the presence of trimetyl-chloro saline. FTIR spectroscopy, 1HNMR spectra, thermal analysisas well as mechanical tests were widely studied confirmation of the hybrid acrylic resins. The various physicchemicalproperties of hybrid emulsion acrylic copolymers including density, viscosity, chemical resistanceand volatile matter were studied. The results show that hybrid emulsion acrylic copolymers are readilysoluble in aprotic polar solvents such as (Toluene, Acetone, Benzene, xylene, DMF, DMSO, Methanol, andethanol) without being in need for heating. The emulsion copolymers obtained had a great solid content aswell as have been used as binder in emulsion paints. These polymers have very useful properties such ashigh anticorrosive and chemical resistance, the experimental results reveal.

Pigment printing of polyester fabric using a single step synthesized PDMS-modified polyurethane-acrylic/pigment hybrid emulsion

A novel, waterborne polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-modified polyurethane-acrylic (Si-PUA)/pigment hybrid emulsion was synthesized by one-step miniemulsion polymerization for the pigment printing of polyester fabric. The phase structure, hydrophobicity, and thermal and mechanical properties of the formed films with different PDMS contents from the hybrid emulsion were investigated. The results indicated that the pigment particles were uniformly distributed in the homogeneous phase polymer substrate without phase separation occurring between the PDMS phase and polyurethane-acrylic. The hydrophobicity and toughness of the Si-PUA/pigment hybrid latex films gradually increased with the increase of PDMS content. Moreover, the obtained hybrid emulsion was used as a self-curable hybrid pigment that was applied to polyethylene terephthalate fabric for pigment printing. This showed that the Si-PUA/pigment hybrid latex particles yielded similarly good values in terms of color strength, and dry- and wet-rubbing fastness to the PDMS-free hybrid latex particles. Furthermore, use of the Si-PUA/pigment hybrid latex avoided certain problems related to printed fabric, such as poor air permeability and softness.