Hybrid Electrical Energy Storage Research Articles

Performance improvement of a standalone PV system using supercapacitors: modeling and energy management

Standalone photovoltaic (PV) systems are the most common and practical application in remote areas and communities far from the power grid. However, in the case of supplying a pulsating load with only a battery as a storage unit, their performance degraded. Therefore, hybrid electrical energy storage (HEES) systems represent a viable solution. This paper investigates the impact of utilizing a supercapacitor (SC) to work cooperatively with a battery storage unit to enhance the overall system behavior. Two scenarios of battery storage systems with/without SC are considered. A comprehensive modeling and sizing approach is established and presented in detail. Then, an energy management system (EMS) is proposed to enhance the HEES system’s performance. A proportional-integral (PI)-based controller is designed and examined to control the power electronic converters and hence improve energy management. The HEES system operation is simulated and evaluated using MATLAB/Simulink to feed a pulsating load, where the drawn pulsated load current is composed of two components: one component is supplied by battery, and the other component is fed from SC. Finally, the performance of the two hybrid configurations is evaluated in terms of battery voltage and current fluctuations, transient response, and load voltage and current ripples. The obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of introducing SCs into HEES system.

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Boron-Doped Graphene for High-Performance Zinc-Ion Hybrid Capacitor Using Aloe Vera Gel Electrolyte

The great interest in developing emerging zinc-ion capacitors (ZIC) for energy storage applications is due to their inexpensiveness and the future necessity for hybrid electrical energy storage devices. The Zn-ion hybrid capacitor device was assembled using boron (B)-doped reduced graphene oxide (B-RGO) material, which acts as the cathode, and pure zinc metal as an anode. This research work aims to study the influence of B-doped reduced graphene oxide (B-RGO) with Aloe vera gel as an electrolyte. The reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and B-RGO electrode active materials were confirmed through X-ray diffraction (XRD), RAMAN, Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and field emission-transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM) analysis. The surface morphological images reveal that a few-layered nanostructure B-RGO was used in the Zn-ion hybrid capacitor device. The electrochemical performance of the Zn-ion hybrid capacitor was evaluated through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) measurements, with a wide active potential range of 0–2 V versus Zn/Zn+. The mixture composition of Aloe vera extract and 1M ZnSO4 electrolyte generated a stable voltage and exhibited good capacitive behavior. The fabricated ZIC coin cell device with the Aloe vera gel semi-gel electrolyte containing ZnSO4 demonstrated improved Zn+ ionic exchange and storage efficiency. Moreover, the B-RGO electrode active material exhibited excellent cycle stability. The simple one-step electrochemical technique is the most suitable process for boron doping into graphene nanosheets for future energy storage applications.

Impact of hybrid electrical energy storage system on realistic deregulated power system having large-scale renewable generation

Frequency stabilization in the deregulated power system (DPS) becomes more significant because of increased complexities and uncertainties due to higher penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) among other operational challenges of the system. Variable generation due to RESs and frequent load deviations impact the supply and demand balance which causes huge frequency deviations in the system. The issues associated with the grid due to RES can be effectively tackled by maintaining power balance using different types of energy storage and advanced control mechanism. This article evaluates the suitability of hybrid electrical energy storage (HEES) and a novel (1 + TDF)-PI cascade controller to tackle the frequency regulation issues of the two-area DPS. The DPS has a power generation capacity of 2000 MW in each area integrated with RESssuch as geothermal power plant (GPP) and realistic dish-sterling solar thermal system (RDSTS). To resemble the practical operational situation of the DPS, several contract transaction scenarios and nonlinearities have been considered and examined. The HEES is a combination of a Super-Capacitor (SC) and redox flow battery (RFB). The SC is very fast responding and it can counter immediate variations in the power whereas, the RFB system can counter large variations of the power as needed in the system. The supremacy of the proposed controller has been confirmed by equating its performance with other well-known controllers. Compared to the state-of-the-art approaches, with the proposed controller smaller setting time has been achieved i.e. 10.72 s and 10.579 s for area-1 and area-2 frequency and 1.25 s for tie-lie power under the BBT scenario. Moreover, the system performances and capabilities to handle system nonlinearities have been prominently enriched due to precise control and a quick response provided through the proposed HEES.

Dynamic programming based economic day-ahead scheduling of integrated tri-generation energy system with hybrid energy storage

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is considered as a promising energy generation source in the future integrated energy system due to its high efficiency and flexibility in the combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP, tri-generation) system. However, optimization of the economic day-ahead scheduling is challenging due to various couplings between the energy storage components. To this end, an economic day-ahead scheduling model is proposed for the SOFC-based integrated tri-generation energy system (ITES), based on which dynamic programming (DP) is introduced for efficient solution. Considering the predicted cooling/heating/electric load profiles, the proposed dispatching optimization problem is constructed and solved by minimizing the fuel consumption subject to various device safety constraints. Simulation results based on a typical load scenario demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed optimization method. It is revealed that the ITES with hybrid electrical and thermal energy storage units can not only achieve higher overall efficiency than the system with a single energy storage unit, but also significantly reduce the running time of the energy conversion devices. The proposed optimization framework in this paper can efficiently coordinate the operation among the energy generation, conversion and consumption components, depicting a promising prospect in the application of future ITES.

Thermodynamic Analysis of a Hybrid Electrical Energy Storage System Integrating High‐Temperature Thermal Energy Storage and Compressed Air Energy Storage for Mitigating Renewable Energy Curtailment

Compressed air energy storage (CAES) system can smooth out the fluctuated power from renewable energy and allow it to meet electricity demands reliably. It further enables the mitigation of renewable energy curtailment. A hybrid energy storage system integrating high‐temperature thermal energy storage (HTTES) and CAES is proposed. In the energy charging process, the high‐ and low‐quality power from renewable energy are stored separately in the air storage reservoir (ASR) and HTTES system. In the energy discharging process, the compressed air is heated to high temperature in the HTTES system and finally expands in air turbines for electricity generation. Thermodynamic analysis reveals that a round trip efficiency of 64.36% with an energy storage density of 5.38 kWh m−3 can be achieved. It is found that the proposed hybrid system has the beneficial effect of improving the system performance. The largest exergy destruction takes place in the HTTES system. The round trip efficiency is mostly sensitive to the output temperature of HTTES, the isentropic efficiency of compressors and turbines, and the maximum and minimum operating pressures of ASR.

POWER management and control of A PHOTOVOLTAIC system with hybrid battery-supercapacitor energy storage BASED ON HEURISTICS METHODS

Grid-scale electrical energy storage (EES) systems are enabling technologies to enhance the flexibility and reliability of electricity grids with high penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources such as solar and wind. They allow excess of generation to be stored for later use and can respond quickly to power fluctuations. Unfortunately, there is no single type of EES technology that can effectively fulfill all the desired requirements. Hybrid EES (HEES), combining two or more EES, are an emerging, viable solution. While batteries have a higher energy density, supercapacitors (SC) have a higher power density and are characterized by a fast discharge rate. The combination of both technologies results in a HESS solution which can address the challenges associated with the large-scale deployment of distributed renewable energy sources and enhance the grid reliability. The goal is to design a power management strategy to enhance the performance of the HEES. This paper proposes various robust design methods for the control of the power electronics converters and enhance the performance of the power management of the HEES. These robust design strategies are based on pole placement, linear matrix inequalities (LMI), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA). The performance of these control schemes is compared in terms of the transient response time and robustness. The results obtained demonstrate the effectiveness of the power management strategy (PMS) for the photovoltaic (PV) system with HEES and the enhanced robustness of the controllers using GA and PSO-based tuning techniques.

Influence of high permittivity nanoparticle coating on composite graphite electrodes of electrical double layer capacitor

Supercapacitors gained more attention in energy storage systems in order to improve the power density in both commercial and industrial applications. This paper deals with a study on mathematical and simulation model of an Electric Double Layer Capacitor (EDLC) based on Finite Element Modeling (FEM) in COMSOL, a Multiphysics simulation software. The simulation model studied the performance characteristics of the nanoparticle coating on the electrodes of EDLC. In addition, a graphite composite material is fabricated as electrode, where Titanium dioxide and Aluminum dioxide nanoparticles are coated separately on each pair of electrodes. The influence of high permittivity nanoparticles on the dielectric properties are investigated targeting improvement in efficiency as well as the life span of the hybrid electrical energy storage. Selection of high permittivity nanoparticle shown improvement in dielectric properties of the EDLC.

Preface

After successfully held for two consecutive year, 2020 3rd International Conference on Green Buildings and Environmental Management (GBEM 2020) continued to be held on June 12 this year. Despite the impact of COVID-19 and worldwide travel restriction, GBEM 2020 continued to be carried out under the enthusiastic participation of scholars without postponing the original schedule by conducting the form of virtual conference to avoid personnel gatherings. GBEM 2020 aims to provide a flexible platform for the experts and scholars in the field of Green Buildings and Environmental Management to present and disseminate the state-of-the-art research, share the latest trends, and promote the cooperation between each other.The committee of GBEM 2020 was composed of over seventy experts. With such profound academic influence, GBEM 2020 attracted over 100 persons to join the online meeting. The conference model was divided into two parts, including keynote presentations and online discussion. In the first part, each keynote speakers were allocated 30 minutes to present their talks via Zoom. After the keynote talks, all participants joined in a WeChat communication group to discuss more about the talks and presentations. We are honored to have invited five distinguished experts as our keynote speakers. Dr. Jinfeng Zhou, Secretary General of China Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development Foundation, was the first one to perform a thought-provoking speech on why Green Engineering Needs to Fundamentally Solve the Problem of Green Thinking Deficiency. Secondly, Prof. Hongxing Yang from Hong Kong Polytechnic University held his speech on Design optimization of hybrid renewable energy and electrical energy storage systems for power supply to buildings. Thirdly, Prof. Hamidi Abdul Aziz from Universiti Sains Malaysia talked about Sustainable solid waste disposal for developing countries: A journey to sanitary landfilling. Then we had Prof. Mohan Kolhe, representing University of Agder, Norway, whose speech is about Implementation of Demand Response Program in Residential Households (EU FP7 Project ‘Scalable Energy Management Infrastructure for Aggregation of Household’SEMIAH). Last but not least, Prof. Ismael Guerrero Arias from Loyola University of Spain discussed his research on Potential of unsubsidized solar energy and energy storage. Their insightful speeches had triggered heated discussion in the second session of the conference. The WeChat discussion lasted for about 30 minutes. Every participant praised this conference for disseminating useful and insightful knowledge.We are glad to share with you that we still received lots of submissions from the conference during this special period. Hence, we selected a bunch of high-quality papers and compiled them into the proceedings after rigorously reviewed them. These papers feature following three categories but are not limited to: Green Building, Structures and Civil Engineering, Environment Management, and other related fields. All the papers have been through rigorous review and process to meet the requirements of International publication standard.We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the committee members, the distinguished keynote speakers, as well as all the participants. We also want to thank the publisher for publishing the proceedings. May the readers could enjoy the gain some valuable knowledge from it. We are expecting more and more experts and scholars from all over the world to join this international event next year.Committee member, Committee are available in the pdf.

An allocative method of hybrid electrical and thermal energy storage capacity for load shifting based on seasonal difference in district energy planning

Abstract The power generation of renewable energy represented by wind and solar energy on energy supply-side has uncertainty. Meanwhile, the fluctuation problems in power system is also caused by increasing number of air-conditioning loads on energy demanded-side. For addressing the fluctuation, energy storage technology is considered as a crucial solution. Energy storage technology can also improve the flexibility of the power system and reduce the peak-valley difference. However, a large scale of electrical energy storage has less economic. Hybrid energy (including electrical and thermal energy) storage can be seen as a practicable solution instead of electrical energy storage. An allocative method of hybrid energy storage capacity is proposed in this paper. By use of this method, the mathematical model is explored between hybrid energy storage capacity and peak-valley difference. It is convenient to determine the capacity of hybrid energy storage depending on peak valley difference required. Moreover, seasonal difference of electrical load can determine the capacity of electrical and thermal energy storage, respectively. In addition, the economy model of energy storage capacity helps to find out the optimal capacity. This proposed method can be used as an analysis tool of district energy planning and energy system renewal.

Identification of parameters for the hybrid electrical energy storage system in autonomous power system

The article describes the approach to the selection of parameters of a hybrid electrical energy storage system (EESS) based on supercapacitors (SC) and lithium ion battery (LIB) for an autonomous power station with a diesel generator set (DGS). The calculations of transients in an autonomous power supply system with an abruptly variable load and participation of a hybrid EESS. The procedure of determining the share of participation in the energy exchange of storage subsystems based on LIB and SC is presented.

Thermal and economic analysis of hybrid energy storage system based on lithium-ion battery and supercapacitor for electric vehicle application

A hybrid electrical energy storage system (EESS) consisting of supercapacitor (SC) in combination with lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery has been studied through theoretical simulation and experiments to address thermal runaway in an electric vehicle. In theoretical simulation, the working temperature of Li-ion battery and SC has been varied from 0 to 75 °C in steps of 25 °C and the effect of the variation is observed on the output current, voltage and power of Li-ion battery and SC for a calculated load using the standard driving cycle. Further, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) have been performed to investigate the effect of temperature on SC. EIS measurements of SC indicate a low equivalent series resistance of 0.095 Ω at 25 °C. CV measurements indicate a high value of capacitance of 56.65 F/g at 25 °C for a scan rate of 5 mV s−1. Through theoretical simulation of EESS, a temperature increase ( $$ \Delta T $$ ) of 0.41 °C is calculated considering an initial peak of 10-s duration for the case of EESS without SC, whereas the use of SC reduces $$ \Delta T $$ to 0.025 °C. Further, optimal size calculation for hybrid EESS is done to achieve the least cost, wherein Li-ion battery capacity has been varied from 0 to 200 Ah and the SC capacity has been varied from 0 to 5 F in MATLAB simulation. The optimal combination is obtained as 30 Ah capacity of Li-ion battery and 3 F capacity of SC by connecting load across hybrid EESS for a duration of 3600 s.

Optimal operation of hybrid electrical and thermal energy storage systems under uncertain loading condition

This paper presents a hybrid model of an energy storage system including thermal and electrical energy storage systems in the building with thermal and electrical loads. Building receives its energy from electrical grid and purpose is to reduce the daily energy cost by optimal operation of hybrid energy storage system. Load forecast error is included as uncertainty and both thermal and electrical loads are modeled by Gaussian probability distribution function. The proposed problem for optimal cooperation of hybrid thermal-electrical storage systems is mathematically expressed as mixed integer binary linear programming. The scenario-based stochastic modelling is also included to deal with uncertainty in loading. The expressed stochastic optimization programming minimizes the daily energy cost in building and determines the optimal charging-discharging pattern for both thermal and electrical storage systems at the same time. The results demonstrate that electrical energy storage system reduces the cost about 15%, the thermal energy storage system decreases the cost about 17%, and coordinated thermal-electrical energy storage system reduces the cost about 34%. As a result, the best operation is achieved by the coordinated thermal-electrical energy storage system.

Routing in WSNs Powered by a Hybrid Energy Storage System through a CEAR Protocol Based on Cost Welfare and Route Score Metric

Implementing a low cost, power efficient and high performance routing protocol in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is an important requirement for transmitting a packet through network. In this paper we propose, a new cost and energy aware routing protocol (CEAR) that works based on the two metrics such as cost welfare metric and route score metric.A hybrid electrical energy storage (HEES) framework which holds numerous banks of heterogeneous electrical energy storage (EES) components to be specific battery and a ultra-capacitor is used for providing energy to the network exhibit in the WSN for routing. The simulation results shows that our proposed routing protocol routes the packet efficiently by choosing the best path that also reduces the cost and routes the packet with reduced power consumption. The quantitative metrics in terms of packet delivery ratio of 0.93, average end to end delay of 110 secs, packet loss ratio of 0.75, average throughput attained of 250 bits/sec and efficiency of 98-99.9% overpowers the performance of our proposed work.

Brownian-snowball-mechanism-induced hierarchical cobalt sulfide for supercapacitors

Transition metal sulfides with hierarchical (ball in ball) micro/nanoporous structures have drawn wide spread interests for various applications, such as energy storage, catalysis, solar cells, owing to their unique features and intriguing properties. However, precise control of synthesizing process for hierarchical porous nanospheres of transition metal sulfides remains a big challenge. In addition, the charging and discharging process of transition metal sulfides in electrochemical storage is still a black box. Herein we design and precise control of synthesizing a transition metal sulfide with hierarchical porous nanosphere structure, namely cobalt sulfide hierarchical porous nanospheres (HPNs). Brownian snowball mechanism is put forward to explain the formation mechanism of CoS samples, which is supported by first-principles calculations. The proposed Brownian snowball mechanism helps us understand the formation process and facilitates comprehensive and precise manipulation, a key requirement for industrial scale-up. The CoS hierarchical porous nanospheres with a specific surface area of approximately 140 m2/g possess a total specific capacitance of 1310 F/g and 932 F/g at a current density of 5 A/g when used as electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors. The capacitance reflected hybrid electrical energy storage and is separated into double layer charging and the Faradaic contribution from the OH− ions reactions with surface atoms. It is demonstrated that Faradaic capacitance dominates in CoS hierarchical porous nanospheres exceeding 770 F/g by an analysis of the voltammetric sweep data.

Harvesting-aware charge management in embedded systems equipped with a hybrid electrical energy storage

A sustainable energy supply trend for portable embedded devices is energy harvesting, although its variability necessitates having energy storage systems (ESSs) besides. Requirements like energy and power capacities motivate the using of two or more complementary ESSs (e.g. battery and supercapacitor) in the form of a hybrid ESS (HESS). The capacity of most ESSs is divided into two instantly available charge (IAC) and instantly unavailable charge (IUC) parts. This paper first defines the concept of effective power as the sum of external applied power and internal charge migration power between IAC and IUC. It then proposes an adaptive charge/discharge management method, aware of energy harvesting, to use the possibilities of storing the surplus harvested energy into the HESS IUC part and extracting that stored energy to face with energy shortage. Simulation results show up to 20% improvements in the system lifetime in comparison to the state-of-the-art HESS charge management policies.

CREATION OF A BIG POWER HYBRID ELECTRIC ENERGY STORAGE FOR PREVENTION SHORT-TERM INTERRUPTION OF POWER SUPPLY TO INDUSTRIAL CONSUMERS

The article gives a comparative analysis of different types of electricity accumulators. A possibility of using a hybrid electrical energy storage based on accumulator batteries and supercapacitors of high power is substantiated as one of the ways to prevent short-term power failures caused by short circuits in external power supply networks. Simulation models of the high power battery, supercapacitor battery and hybrid storage was constructed to evaluate the efficiency of this method.

Model-based comparison of hybrid propulsion systems for railway diesel multiple units

ABSTRACTIn order to reduce operating costs, railway vehicle operators need to find technical solutions to improve the efficiency of railway diesel multiple units on non-electrified railway routes. This can be achieved by hybridization of diesel multiple unit propulsion systems with electrical energy storage systems to enable brake energy recuperation. After highlighting the state of the art of hybrid railway vehicles and electrical energy storage systems, a simulation model of a generic diesel multiple unit in a 3-car formation is developed and equipped with three types of hybrid power transmissions. Simulations on realistic service profiles with different driving strategies show the potential for fuel consumption reduction for the different transmission types. On a suburban service profile, a 3-car diesel multiple unit is able to achieve simulated fuel savings of up to 24.1% and up to 18.9% on a regional service profile.

Review, analysis and simulation of different structures for hybrid electrical energy storages

Output power in a hybrid power system is constant while the input power with variable characteristics that is generated by different sources. Using Hybrid Electrical Energy Storage (HEES) systems, is growing rapidly since there is an obvious need for clean energy. This paper introduces different parts of a HEES system and then proposes HEES systems which employ battery, ultracapacitor and flywheel as main energy storage devices. The behavior of a hybrid electrical energy storage including battery as the main energy storage device and a diesel generator as auxiliary energy source, also battery/flywheel and battery/ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system with purpose of supplying load with constant power is analyzed. Results of the simulation show how well ultracapacitor and flywheel can replace battery in maintaining the load with continuous power.

A District Approach to Building Renovation for the Integral Energy Redevelopment of Existing Residential Areas

Building energy renovation quotas are not currently being met due to unfavorable conditions such as complex building regulations, limited investment incentives, historical preservation priorities, and technical limitations. The traditional strategy has been to incrementally lower the energy consumption of the building stock, instead of raising the efficiency of the energy supply through a broader use of renewable sources. This strategy requires an integral redefinition of the approach to energy building renovations. The joint project SWIVT elaborates on a district redevelopment strategy that combines a reduction in the energy demand of existing buildings and their physical interconnection within a local micro-grid and heating network. The district is equipped with energy generation and distribution technologies as well as hybrid thermal and electrical energy storage systems, steered by an optimizing energy management controller. This strategy is explored through three scenarios designed for an existing residential area in Darmstadt, Germany, and benchmarked against measured data. Presented findings show that a total primary energy balance at least 30% lower than that of a standard building renovation can be achieved by a cluster of buildings with different thermal qualities and connected energy generation, conversion, and storage systems, with only minimal physical intervention to existing buildings.

Design and Management of Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Electrical Energy Storage Systems for Regulation Services

Regulation services (RS) play an important role in maintaining the stability of electric grids by correcting for short-term mismatches between electricity generation and demand. RS providers dynamically supply electricity to the grid or consume electricity from it, in response to regulation signals, in return for economic compensation. This capability is commonly realized through large-scale electrical energy storage (EES) systems based on batteries. However, the highly transient nature of the regulation signals implies that the batteries used for RS are subject to frequent charge and discharge cycles, leading to shortened battery life and thereby impacting the profitability of RS. In this work, we explore the use of hybrid EES (HEES) systems, which combine batteries and supercapacitors, to improve the profitability of RS. HEES systems have the potential to reduce the cost of providing RS by utilizing supercapacitors to respond to the high-frequency components of the regulation signal, prolonging battery life. However, realizing this potential presents several challenges. First, the benefits of HEES systems have a profound dependence on the type of hybrid topology (i.e., active or passive), which results in a tradeoff between the implementation cost and the utilization of the supercapacitor capacity. Second, the allocation of energy storage capacity to batteries and supercapacitors should be carefully determined in the design phase because the reduction in battery replacement cost due to the use of supercapacitors must be balanced against the increased upfront cost for supercapacitors. Third, active HEES systems involve the problem of managing the power flows to batteries and supercapacitors so as to realize maximum cost benefits. To address these challenges, we present a framework for the design and management of a HEES system, so as to maximize the profit from the perspective of an RS provider. This framework consists of i) a design-time capacity optimization phase that determines the best allocation of capacity to batteries and supercapacitors and ii) a run-time management scheme that selects how the different storage devices are orchestrated considering their characteristics and the incoming regulation signal. Our experiments show that, with the proposed capacity optimization and management framework, the use of a passive or an active HEES system can improve the profit of RS providers by 1.16 $\times$ or 5.44 $\times$ , respectively.