Hybrid Anaerobic Baffled Reactor Research Articles

The Dynamic Shift of Bacterial Communities in Hybrid Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR)—Aerobic Granules Process for Berberine Pharmaceutical Wastewater Treatment

Because of its anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antibiotic properties, berberine has been used extensively in medication. The extensive production of berberine results in the generation of wastewater containing concentrated residual berberine. However, to date, limited related studies on the biological treatment of berberine wastewaters have been carried out. A lab-scale anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR)–aerobic granular sludge (AGS) process was developed for berberine removal from synthetic wastewater. The system showed effective removal of the berberine. In order to better understand the roles of the bacterial community, the ABR–aerobic granular sludge system was operated in the state with the highest BBR removal rate in this study. The bacterial community dynamics were studied using the 16S rDNA clone library. The results showed that the hybrid ABR-AGS process achieved 92.2% and 94.8% overall removals of berberine and COD, respectively. Bacterium was dominant species in ABR, while the CFB group bacteria and Betaproteobacteria were dominant species in AGS process. The uncultured bacterium clone B135, Bacillus endophyticus strain a125, uncultured bacterium mle1-42, uncultured bacterium clone OP10D15, and uncultured bacterium clone B21.29F54 in ABR, and uncultured bacterium clone F54, uncultured bacterium clone ZBAF1-105, uncultured bacterium clone SS-9, and uncultured bacterium clone B13 in AGS process were identified as functional species in the biodegradation of berberine and/or its metabolites. Both anaerobic and aerobic bacterial communities could adapt appropriately to different berberine selection pressures because the functional species’ identical functions ensured comparable pollutant removal performances. The information provided in this study may help with future research in gaining a better understanding of berberine biodegradation.

Simultaneous removal of ammonia nitrogen and sulfide by coupled anammox and sulfur autotrophic denitrification process from industrial wastewater

This work presents an experimental study on the coupling between anammox and sulfur autotrophic denitrification for simultaneous removal of ammonia nitrogen and sulfide in industrial wastewater, leading to less environmental pollution. In a low-load continuous operation mode hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor (HABR) was started with 7 <pH<8.2 and temperature 30–35 °C. After 60 d of continuous operation successful enrichment of methanogenic granular sludge (MGS) size 7 and 5 mm was achieved. In the mature granular sludge phase (HRT 10 h), with influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) 1100 mg/L, the effluent COD 90 mg/L and removal efficiency was 90%. The MLSS, MLVSS, and f values were 9520, 6980, and 0.7. After 42 d of continuous operation with influent COD 600–700 mg/L, NO3−-N 250-300 mg/L, and COD/NO3−-N 2 to 2.8 (temperature 30–35 °C and pH 6.5–7.5) successful enrichment of denitrifying granular sludge (DGS) was achieved. In the research, the anammox start-up periods in MGS and DGS reactors are 86 and 118 d. An experimental comparative analysis to explore the influence of COD/TN 1:1,1:1.8,1:4.5, and 1:8.5 on the two reactors was performed. For COD/TN 1:1.8, the NH4+-N, NO2−-N, and TN removal efficiency were 54%, 73%, and 52%. The removal efficiency of the #2 reactors NH4+-N, NO2−-N, and TN were 50%, 60%, and 55%. S2−/NO3−-N of 2:5, 3.5:5, 5:5, 6.5:5 were investigated. Influent pH 7.5–8.0, temperature 30–35 °C and HRT 6.5 h, with average influent NH4+-N, NO3−-N, S2−, COD concentration 60, 25, 75, and 25 mg/L, the maximum removal efficiency of #1 reactor was 70%, 97%, 82%, and 100%. For 2# reactor 82%, 99%, 84%, and 100%. When MGS as carrier, the NH4+-N, NO3−-N, and S2− removal efficiency reached 67.67%, 98.59%, and 99.1%. With DGS as carrier, the NH4+-N, NO3−-N, and S2− removal efficiency reached 81.82%, 98.69%, and 84.18%. However, the coupling phase S0 production and productivity results showed that the DGS reactor was significantly better than the MGS reactor. Under the same hydraulic conditions the two reactors successfully coupled after 54 d of operation. Additionally, polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analysis, revealed that the microbial community change is related to the concentration of organic matter, nitrogen and sulfur in the water. Building on these findings, future study will focus on the optimization of the mix design to provide practical engineering guidance.

Hydrodynamic behaviour and treatment performance of the hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor

Hydrodynamic behaviour and treatment performance of the hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor

Active Charcoal and Zeolite to Reduce COD and Ammonia of Domestic Wastewater

Domestic wastewater contains high organic matter and nutrient. These compounds can be harmful for the environment if discharged directly to water bodies. Hybrid Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (HABR) technology might be a solution to overcome this problem. The present study aimed to investigate HABR technology for removal COD and ammonia in domestic wastewater. The HABR technology used 7 compartments with a suspended and an attachment system. Design of HABR reactor with is arranged in a series of laboratory scale with a size of 90 cm x 20 cm x 30 cm using activate charcoal (AC) and zeolite (ZE) media. The data collection process is carried out 5 days after seeding and acclimatization period. The collected data is presented in the form of table and figure containing data on the reduction of pollutant levels and efficiency. The highest COD removal value up to 63.77% and 57.22% occurred in AC dan ZE, respectively. The final COD concentration in AC dan ZE media was 67.75 mg/L and 80.00 mg/L. The highest ammonia concentration removal occurred in AC and ZE value up to 68.98%. and 73.47%, respectively. The final ammonia concentration in AC media and ZE was 9.37 mg/L and 8.01 mg/L. The final COD and ammonia concentrations in all treatments met the requirement of domestic wastewater quality standard according to Minister of Environment and Forestry Republic of Indonesia Decree No. 68 of 2016, where the COD and ammonia concentration should be 100.00 mg/L and 10.00 mg/L, respectively.

HYBRID ANAEROBIC BAFFLED REACTOR FOR REMOVAL OF BOD AND PHOSPHATE CONCENTRATION IN DOMESTIC WASTEWATER

Hybrid Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (HABR) is a development technology from the Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR), which was already known as a technology that is successful in treating domestic waste. Aims: The objectives of these studies were to investigate the efficiency of reducing BOD and phosphate levels in HABR with zeolite (ZE) and activated carbon (AC) media. Methodology and Results: HABR reactor made of acrylic material with a size of 90 cm x 20 cm x 30 cm. The reactor designed has 7 compartments, with details the first 5 compartments are suspended growth microorganism reactors and the next 2 compartments are attached growth microorganism reactors. Conclusion, significance, and impact of study: The result of the research showed that the efficiency of reducing BOD concentration in the reactor with ZE and AC media were 59.30% and 65.12%, respectively. The final BOD concentration in the AC reactor is 30 mg/L, this value meets the domestic wastewater quality standard required by East Java Governor Regulation Number 72 of 2013 concerning Wastewater Quality Standards for Industry and/or Other Business Activities. The final BOD concentration in the ZE reactor exceeded the required quality standard with a value of 35 mg/L. The final phosphate levels of the two reactors meet the wastewater quality standards for business and/or laundry activities with a maximum phosphate concentration of 10 mg/L. The final phosphate levels in the ZE and AC reactors were 3.74 mg/L and 8.79 mg/L, respectively. The efficiency of phosphate removal in ZE and AC reactors were 70.58% and 30.87%, respectively.

Performance of HABR + MSABP system for the treatment of dairy wastewater and analyses of microbial community structure and low excess sludge production

The potential of the system, a hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor (HABR) coupled with a multi-stage active biological process (MSABP) reactor, for simulated dairy wastewater at various temperature, hydraulic retention time (HRT), and pH was investigated. Percentage removals of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH4+ were optimized using response surface methodology. Under optimized conditions (temperature, 33 °C; HRT, 24 h; pH, 7.35), the removal efficiencies of COD and NH4+ were 99.89% and 97.83%, respectively. Miseq sequencing analysis exhibited that the anaerobic segment of the system was dominated by fermentation and acetogenic bacteria, and in the aerobic segment, microorganisms involved in the nitrogen cycle were significantly enriched. Meanwhile, it could be found that the excess sludge production of the process was much lower than that of other bio-processes. The average excess sludge production rate was 0.025–0.05 g SS/g COD removed under different organic loadings.

A simplistic approach of algal biofuels production from wastewater using a Hybrid Anaerobic Baffled Reactor and Photobioreactor (HABR-PBR) System.

The current technologies of algal biofuels production and wastewater treatment (e.g., aerobic) process are still in question, due to the significant amount of fresh water and nutrients requirements for microalgae cultivation, and negative energy balance in both processes, especially when considered in the context of developing counties around the world. In this research, a simplistic sustainable approach of algal biofuels production from wastewater was proposed using a Hybrid Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (HABR) and Photobioreactor (PBR) system. The study suggests that the HABR was capable of removing most of the organic and solid (>90% COD and TSS removal) from wastewater, and produced a healthy feedstock (high N: P = 3:1) for microalgae cultivation in PBRs for biofuels production. A co-culture of Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella sorokiniana, and Scenedesmus simris002 showed high lipid content up to 44.1%; and the dominant FAMEs composition (C16-C18) of 87.9% in produced biofuels. Perhaps, this proposed low-cost technological approach (e.g., HABR-PBR system) would connect the currently broken link of sustainable bioenergy generation and wastewater treatment pathway for developing countries.

Performance Evaluation of Pilot-scale Hybrid Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (HABR) to Process Dyeing Wastewater Based on Grey Relational Analysis

A pilot-scale six-compartment hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor (HABR) with effective volume of 18 m3 was used to treat dyeing wastewater. The HABR system was able to treat the wastewater efficiently after FeSO4 pretreatment, as indicated by removal efficiencies of 33.7% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 39.9% for suspended solid (SS), and 22.5% for sulfate (SO42−) during steadily operational period. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that the concentrations of alkanes, amides, organic acids, ketones, phenols, and esters were much lower in the effluent than those in the influent; many high-molecular-weight compounds such as cyclanes, quinolines, and phenols were successfully transformed to low-molecular-weight ones. As illustrated from the results of generalized grey relational analysis (GGRA), COD removal efficiency was more closely associated with flow rate, organic loading rate (OLR), water temperature, and influent SS among the whole selected possible factors. Based on the overall treating effectiveness and the GGRA study, the optimized operation strategy of the dyeing wastewater treatment by HABR was obtained as the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12 h for steady-state operation with an up-flow velocity of 1.7 m/h as well as OLR of 1.5–2.0 kg COD/(m3·d).

Performance comparison of uninsulated and insulated hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor (HABR) operating at warm temperature.

In this research, a hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor (HABR) configuration was proposed consisting of a front sedimentation chamber and four regular baffled chambers followed by two floated filter media chambers for the treatment of domestic wastewater. Performance comparison of uninsulated and insulated HABRs was carried out operating at warm temperature (18.6-37.6 °C) under variable HRTs (30 h and 20 h). The study suggests that almost similar chemical oxygen demand (91% vs 88%), total suspended solids (90% vs 95%), turbidity (98% vs 97%), and volatile suspended solids (90% vs 93%) removal efficiencies were obtained for uninsulated and insulated HABRs. Higher removal of total nitrogen (TN) of 41%, NH4 +-N of 44%, and NO3 --N of 91% were achieved by the insulated HABR compared to TN of 37%, NH4 +-N of 36%, and NO3 --N of 84% by the uninsulated HABR, whereas lower PO4 3- removal efficiency of 17% was found in the insulated HABR compared to 24% in the uninsulated HABR. This indicated insulation increased nitrogen removal efficiencies by 4% for TN, 8% for NH4 +-N and 7% for NO3 --N, but decreased PO4 3-removal efficiency by 7%.

Hydrodynamic performance of a hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor (HABR): effects of number of chambers, hydraulic retention time, and influent temperature.

Hydrodynamic performance of a biological reactor is an important design concern since it directly affects the treatment efficiency. In this research, a hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor (HABR) was proposed with improved design concepts and principles. The HABR consisted of a front sedimentation chamber, four regular baffled chambers followed by two floated filter media chambers. The effects of operating variables 5-20 hr hydraulic retention time (HRT) and 10-40 °C of influent temperature, as well as their interactive effects, on the hydrodynamic behaviour were investigated by residence time distributions study and response surface methodology. The study suggests that the hydrodynamic performance is greatly influenced by the number of chambers in the reactor rather than HRT and influent temperature. The influence of HRT and feed temperature were mainly observed on the front chambers (1-4) rather than rear chambers (5-7). The optimum reactor performance - low dead space (<10%), excellent hydraulic efficiency (>0.75), and intermediate mixing pattern (Peclet number > 10) - were achieved using the proposed HABR with more than five chambers.

Nitrogen Removal Performance of Novel HABR Reactor over CANON Process

The startup of novel hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor (HABR) and the feasibility of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process were studied. The reactor was operated by gradually decreasing HRT to improve total nitrogen load. After startup, the change of nitrogen concentrations, conductivity, pH and MLSS was measured along the reactor, and then the microbial morphology and spatial structure of bacteria were defined. The test results indicated several points:under the experimental condition of an average NH4+-N of 40 mg·L-1 in influent, the quick start-up process was successfully achieved by continuous operation within 89 days, and stabilized over 187 days. The average NH4+-N and TN concentrations of effluent were below 2 mg·L-1 and 10 mg·L-1 respectively, the average removal efficiencies of NH4+-N and TN reached above 96% and 83% respectively, and a NRR of 0.15 kg·(m3·d)-1 was obtained. During the stable phase, the concentrations of NH4+-N and TN gradually declined along the reactor, while the concentrations of NO2--N and NO3--N remained constant at relatively lower values. The highest nitrogen removal efficiency of ammonia occurred in compartment 1, and the reason was confirmed by SEM and FISH microbiological analysis that enriched functional bacteria of AOB and AnAOB coexisted in compartment 1.

A Comprehensive Evaluation of Parameters Affecting Treating High-Strength Compost Leachate in Anaerobic Baffled Reactor Followed by Electrocoagulation-Flotation Process

In this study, high-load compost leachate was successfully treated in a hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR)/electrocoagulation-flotation (ECF) system. The interaction effects of operational factors in ABR, i.e., influent chemical oxygen demand (COD), hydraulic retention time (HRT), and COD/nitrogen (N) ratio on the efficiency of COD removal and biogas production rate (BPR) were analyzed and correlated by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum conditions of ABR were found at COD = 8250 mg/L, HRT = 46 h, COD/N ratio = 70, where COD removal and BPR reached 84 % and 76 mL/mg h, respectively. COD/N ratio and HRT were found to be the most effective parameters, respectively, on COD removal and BPR. The organic loading rate (OLR) values varied from 0.45 to 5.66 kg/m3 day. The data presented indicate that the ECF reactor successfully satisfies the discharge criteria for most of the experimental domain. The outcomes have exposed that sequential ABR/ECF reactors are a competent system in treating low- and high-strength compost leachate.

Research on treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater by hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor

The printing and dyeing wastewater was treated by a pilot-scale hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor (HABR) which was modified from general anaerobic baffled reactor by adding combined packing in the upper part of each compartment and inert carrier at the bottom of the reactor. The start-up of the reactor, the performance of HABR in treating printing and dyeing wastewater, and the transformation of sulfate and removal of bivalent sulfur in the treatment were investigated. The results showed that less time was taken during the start-up in comparison with the general one, and higher COD removal efficiency and sufficient color removal rate were also obtained in the HABR. When the hydraulic retention time was 12–13 h and the sludge return ratio was 0.3, the average COD and color removal rates were 47% and 56%, respectively. The anaerobic bacteria community in each compartment developed well because of available substrates and specific environmental conditions. The results also showed that high reduction rate of SO42- was reached in the HABR, and the S2− transformed from SO42- could be removed by adding Fe2+ into the wastewater in order to reduce the inhibitory effect on the anaerobic bacteria and the odor.

Performance of a novel HABR–CFASR system for the biological treatment of mixed printing and dyeing wastewater (MPDW)

Mixed printing and dyeing wastewater (MPDW) is characterized by a low-strength chemical oxygen demand (COD; average of around 1,000 mg/L), a high fraction of recalcitrant components, a low COD/SO42- ratio (approximately 1.0), and a high pH (about 8–10 without adjustment). In this study, a biological system that combined a hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor (HABR) and a cross flow aerobic sludge reactor (CFASR) was successfully used to treat MPDW that was discharged from an industrial zone. The HABR–CFASR system was fed with real MPDW. In the start-up stage, the system had low organic loading rates of 0.66 and 0.45 kg COD/(m3·d) for the HABR and CFASR, respectively. These increased to 2.03 and 1.00 kgCOD/(m3·d), respectively, in the steady stage. The pH of the HABR influent was reduced by adding H2SO4 at a decreased dosage over the course of the experiment. Most of the final effluent from the combined treatment process was stable below 100 mg-COD/L and 20 mg-BOD/L after 12 h-HRT in the HABR followed by 20 h in the CFASR. The sulfate removal rate reached 17.59%, and the COD/SO42- ratio varied slightly around 1.0, regardless of the Ns (sulfate loading rate), which varied between 1.5 and 2.5 kgSO42-/(m3·d). A GC/MS analysis demonstrated that the amount and types of organic compounds declined significantly after the HABR treatment.

Performance of Hybrid Anaerobic Baffled Reactor in Treating Wastewater with High Strength of Suspended Solids

Operating anaerobic reactors at high strength of suspended solids (SS) can lead to instability and high concentration SS in effluent. To overcome these limitations, anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) was modified by enlarging the first compartment and filling carriers in up-comer regions to produce the hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor (HABR). Consequently, more favorable conditions were created in the first compartment such as longer hydraulic retention time, better settlement characteristics and longer cell retention time. The carriers improved the retention of SS and cell across the reactor. An ABR with enlarged first compartment (no carriers) was used to compare the performance. The influent COD and SS concentrations were increased from 700 and 300 to 7000 and 2800 mg/L, respectively. After a 187 days operation, with influent COD and SS of 7000 mg/L and 2800 mg/L, both HABR and ABR kept an efficiency of higher than 94.0% in treating COD and an efficiency of higher than 93.0% in removing SS. Higher removals of COD and SS were observed in the HABR than in the ABR. At the same time, performance of HABR was more stable than that of ABR.

Comparison of two mathematical models for correlating the organic matter removal efficiency with hydraulic retention time in a hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor treating molasses

A modelling of the anaerobic digestion process of molasses was conducted in a 70-L multistage anaerobic biofilm reactor or hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor with six compartments at an operating temperature of 26°C. Five hydraulic retention times (6, 16, 24, 72 and 120h) were studied at a constant influent COD concentration of 10,000mg/L. Two different kinetic models (one was based on a dispersion model with first-order kinetics for substrate consumption and the other based on a modification of the Young equation) were evaluated and compared to predict the organic matter removal efficiency or fractional conversion. The first-order kinetic constant obtained with the dispersion model was 0.28h(-1), the Peclet dispersion number being 45, with a mean relative error of 2%. The model based on the Young equation predicted the behaviour of the reactor more accurately showing deviations lower than 10% between the theoretical and experimental values of the fractional conversion, the mean relative error being 0.9% in this case.

Improving the simultaneous removal efficiency of COD and color in a combined HABMR–CFASR system based MPDW. Part 1: Optimization of operational parameters for HABMR by using response surface methodology

The aim of this study was to implement central-composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the operational parameters for hybrid anaerobic baffled microbial reactor (HABMR) remedying mixed printing and dyeing wastewater (MPDW). The individual and interactive effects of three variables, hydraulic retention time (HRT), pH, sludge loading rate (SLR) on the COD and color removal rates were evaluated. In the area of HRT: 12.5–13.9h, pH: 9.0–9.5 and SLR: 0.27–0.33kgCOD/(kgMLVSSd), COD and color removal rates of HABMR exceeded 40% and 60%, simultaneously. The check experiment revealed that the amount of COD and color in the effluent could be decreased by 9.97% and 10.12% compared to the usual operating conditions, respectively. The results verified that the RSM was useful for optimizing the operational parameters of HABMR in treating MPDW.

The performance evaluation of hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor for treatment of PVA-containing desizing wastewater

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-containing desizing wastewater discharged from final textile wastewater has a great impact on the environment. In the paper, an improved lab-scale hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor (HABR) was developed to treat desizing wastewater. Under optimum condition (alkalinity of influent 500mg/L, effluent recycle ratio of 94 times influent rate and hydraulic retention time of 5d), the system demonstrated a good performance of COD and PVA removal efficiencies (around 42.0% and 18.0% respectively) and the average concentration of alkalinity in the effluent was around 700mg/L and pH value was above 6.8. Microbial selection and zoning are encouraged inside the HABR. The improved lab-scale HABR proved to be a suitable technology for desizing wastewater treatment.

Kinetic modelling and performance prediction of a hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor treating synthetic wastewater at mesophilic temperature

A modelling study on the anaerobic digestion process of a synthetic medium-strength wastewater containing molasses as a carbon source was carried out at different influent conditions. The digestion was conducted in a laboratory-scale hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor with three compartments and a working volume of 54 L, which operated at mesophilic temperature (35 °C). Two different kinetic models (one model was based on completely stirred tank reactors (CSTR) in series and the other an axial diffusion or dispersion model typical of deviations of plug-flow reactors), were assessed and compared to simulate the organic matter removal or fractional conversion. The kinetic constant ( k) obtained by using the CSTR in series model was 0.60 ± 0.07 h −1, while the kinetic parameter achieved with the dispersion model was 0.67 ± 0.06 h −1, the dispersion coefficient ( D) being 46. The flow pattern observed in the reactor studied was intermediate between plug-flow and CSTR in series systems, although the plug-flow system was somewhat predominant. The dispersion model allowed for a better fit of the experimental results of fractional conversions with deviations lower than 8% between the experimental and theoretical values. By contrast, the CSTR in series model predicted the behaviour of the reactor somewhat less accurately showing deviations lower than 10% between the experimental and theoretical values of the fractional conversion.

Start-Up Procedures and Analysis of Microbial Segregation in HABR Using Synthetic Brewery Wastewater

A laboratory-scale hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor (HABR) with five compartments using synthetic brewery wastewater as organic loading rates (OLRs) was investigated for the start-up performance and the effects of microbial community segregation on reactor start-up. Experimental results demonstrated that it was found that the COD removal efficiencies were 92~96% at 1.2 kgCOD/(m3•d) feeding over a period of 33 d, after which the reactors then successfully started. The highest percentage of CO2 in biogas was found in Compartment 1, thereafter decreased from Compartment 2 to Compartment 5 which corresponded to the increased of the percentage of CH4. It indicated that the proper anaerobic consortium in each separate compartment was developed along with specific environmental conditions, which offers the explanations that high treatment efficiency of HABR accompanied by high process stability and low operational requirements in start-up period.