Hunter Scale Research Articles

Dexmedetomidine Versus Ketamine Pretreatment to Alleviate Propofol Injection Pain: A Randomized and Blinded Study

Background: Both ketamine and dexmedetomidine have proven effective in relieving the pain resulting from propofol injection. However, studies comparing them directly are limited. The primary outcome was to compare the incidence of propofol injection pain after dexmedetomidine pretreatment with ketamine pretreatment. Secondary outcome was to study the changes of haemodynamic parameters that arise after the administration of the pretreatment drug till anaesthesia was induced with propofol.
 Methods: In this randomized, triple blinded, parallel arm single centre study, we compared pre-treatment with dexmedetomidine 0.5mcg/kg (Group A) and ketamine 0.5mg/kg (Group B). Our primary objective was to compare the incidence of propofol injection pain. The McCririck and Hunter scale was used to evaluate the pain. Secondarily, we compared the changes of haemodynamic parameters that arose after the administration of the pre-treatment drug till induction of anaesthesia with propofol.
 Results: Among 168 patients evaluated for eligibility, 140 were included for final analysis with 70 patients in each group. The incidence of propofol injection pain in Group A was 74.3% (52/70) and that in Group B was 42.9% (30/70) (p value <0.001). No pain was reported by 25.7% (18/70) and 57.1% (40/70) patients in Group A and B respectively. Mild and moderate to severe pain was experienced by 58.6% and 15.7% patients in Group A, where as it was 40% and 2.9% patients in Group B respectively.
 Conclusion: Ketamine leads to a greater reduction in both the frequency and intensity of pain resulting from propofol injection when compared to dexmedetomidine.

Evaluation of efficacy of low dose IV ketamine for prevention of pain associated with IV propofol injection

Propofol is a widely used intravenous anaesthetic that is known to cause distressing local pain at the site of injection. Ketamine pretreatment is one of the methods proposed to attenuate Propofol injection pain due to its local anaesthetic properties.The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of low dose (100 mcg/kg) I.V. Ketamine in decreasing I.V. Propofol injection pain by using McCrirrick and Hunter scale.72 adult patients of ASA Physical status 1 and 2 of either sex undergoing elective surgical procedure under general anaesthesia were randomly allocated into two groups.Group- A (n=36): Pre-treatment with Ketamine 100µg/kg (1ml) and Group- B (n=36): pre-treatment with 0.9% Normal Saline (1ml).Comparison between group A and group B using McCrirrick and Hunter Evaluation Scale at 5,10 and 15 seconds intervals were statistically highly significant (p value<0.0001). None of the patients in group A experienced moderate or severe pain at all 3 intervals as compared to group B. McCrirrick and Hunter evaluation score mean values were also highly significant at all time intervals between both the groups. Hemodynamic parameters, EtCO and SpO were comparable between two groups. There was no incidence of any adverse effects in both the groups. I.V. Ketamine in a dose of 100mcg/kg with tourniquet as pretreatment before Propofol was useful in significantly reducing the incidence and severity of pain without any adverse haemodynamic effect.

COMPARISON OF EFFICACY OF INTRAVENOUS LIGNOCAINE VERSUS BUTORPHANOL AS PRETREATMENT IN REDUCING PAIN DUE TO PROPOFOL INJECTION.

Background And Aims: Propofol is almost an ideal intravenous anesthetic agent but pain on injection becomes a major side effect. This study compares the efcacy of lignocaine and butorphanol in reducing the pain on propofol injection. Methods: After obtaining approval from institutional ethical committee and consent, hundred patients aged between 18 to 60 years, belonging to ASA physical status I and II posted for elective surgeries were randomly allocated into two groups of 50 each, group L received intravenous Lignocaine 40mg and group B received Butorphanol 2mg with manual venous occlusion one minute prior to propofol administration. The grade of the pain was assessed using Mc Crirrick and Hunter scale. Hemodynamic parameters were also monitored. Analysis was done by SPSS software. Chi square test and Fisher exact test was used for incidence of pain and severity of pain respectively. P value <0.05 was considered statistically signicant. Results: Both the groups were similar with respect to demographic variables. The incidence of pain was 18% in group receiving butorphanol and 38% in group receiving lignocaine with p value of 0.026. The severity of pain, grade I was 18% in group receiving butorphanol and 26% in group receiving lignocaine, the severity of pain, grade II was 12% in group receiving lignocaine and 0% in group receiving butorphanol with p value of 0.014. Conclusion: Pretreatment with Butorphanol 2mg is more effective than 2% lidocaine (40 mg) in minimizing the incidence and severity of pain associated with propofol injection.

COMPARISON BETWEEN EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUS LIGNOCAINE AND KETAMINE IN ALLEVIATING PROPOFOL INJECTION PAIN IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING SURGERIES UNDER GENERAL ANAESTHESIA

Background: Propofol is the most commonly used intravenous inducing agent. Sharp, burning or aching pain on injection is a major problem. The cardiovascular response to the pain can aggravate adverse events in patients with history of coronary artery disease Small boluses of ketamine, magnesium, dexmedetomidine, ondansetron, dexamethasone, lignocaine hydrochloride, ketorolac, metoclopramide and opioids have been tried. To compare analgesic effe Aim: cts of using intravenous ketamine and lignocaine in alleviating pain following propofol injection. A prospective randomized double blinded st Methods And Material: udy was conducted in Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Kelambakkam among 50 participants undergoing surgeries under general anesthesia. Tourniquet was applied midarm ,Group L was given 21.3mg of 2% lignocaine and Group K was given 15mg of ketamine. Tourniquet was removed after 30seconds and then 1/3rd dose of total dose of 2mg/kg propofol was given. Degree of injection pain was evaluated using Mccririck Hunter scale. Results: Pain score on propofol injection was similar in both groups. Among the patients, 54% reported no pain,in that 76% patients were in Group L and 52% patients in Group K. McCRIRICK AND HUNTER PAIN SCALE rating between two groups are similar with the p value of more than 0.05. The pre-treatment of 15mg ketamine is as effective as 21.3mg 2% l Conclusions: ignocaine in reducing the severity of propofol injection pain.

Artificial intelligence-based prediction of lycopene content in raw tomatoes using physicochemical attributes.

Lycopene consumption reduces risk and incidence of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Tomatoes are a rich source of phytochemical compounds including lycopene as a major constituent. Lycopene estimation using high-performance liquid chromatography is time-consuming and expensive. To develop artificial intelligence models for prediction of lycopene in raw tomatoes using 14 different physicochemical parameters including salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), firmness, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), colour values on Hunter scale (L, a, b), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity (AOA). The post-harvest data acquisition was collected through investigation for more than 100 raw tomatoes stored for 15 days. Linear multivariate regression (LMVR), principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) models were developed by splitting data set into train and test datasets. The training of models was performed using 10-fold cross validation (CV). Principal component analysis showed strong positive association between lycopene, colour value 'a', TPC, TFC and AOA. The R2 (CV), root mean square error (RMSE) (CV) and RMSE (Test) for best LMVR model was observed to be at 0.70, 8.48 and 9.69 respectively. The PCR model revealed R2 (CV) at 0.59, RMSE (CV) at 8.91 and RMSE (Test) at 10.17 while PLSR model revealed R2 (CV) at 0.60, RMSE (CV) at 9.10 and RMSE (Test) at 10.11. Results of the present study show that epidemiological studies suggest fully ripened tomatoes are most beneficial for consumption to ensure recommended daily intake of lycopene content.

Dexmedetomidine versus ketamine infusion to alleviate propofol injection pain

Introduction: Propofol a widely used anesthetic agent administered for induction and maintenance of anesthesia, post operative and ICU sedation and anticonvulsant agent. Pain on injection is a common complain during propofol administration. Many drugs like local anesthetic, opiates, esmolol, clonidine, ketamine have been tried to alleviate propofol injection pain. Here we have compared the effect of dexmedetomidine and ketamine in alleviating propofol injection pain. Materials and methods: 108 patients of either sexes, in the age groups 20-50 years, posted for routine surgical procedure under general anaesthesia were included in the study. The cases were randomly divided into 2 groups of 54 each. Group-D:-Patients received dexmedetomidine 0.5µg/kg in 20 ml Normal saline at a rate of 120 ml / hr Infused over 10 min. Group-K:- Patient received ketamine 0.5mg/kg in 20ml Normal saline at a rate of 120ml/hr infused over 10 mins. Immediately after infusion, 1% propofol in a dose of 2mg/kg IV was given over 20 seconds. Starting from the time of injection, the patients were assessed for pain by asking an open ended question, “Does it Hurts” in every 5 seconds until the patient become unresponsive. Degree of pain score was advocated by “McCririck and Hunter Scale.

Propofol ve Rokuronyum Enjeksiyon Ağrısı İçin Vibrasyon Anestezisi

ABSTRACT Objective: Despite numerous strategies for preventing or alleviating pain associated with propofol and rocuronium injections, it remains common and distressing for patients. Application of vibration is an effective method of reducing pain during facial cosmetic injections and some venipuncture procedures. But it has been studied in limited trials for the context of propofol or rocuronium injection pain. This randomized study aims to evaluate the effect of vibration anesthesia on the incidence and severity of propofol and rocuronium injection pain. Methods: Fifty-one patients who underwent elective gynecologic operations under general anesthesia, were randomized, into two groups. On the dorsal side of the hand, a 20 G intravenous cannula was inserted. In Group V (n=25), propofol and rocuronium was administered following 1 minute of pre-treatment with the vibration device on the intravenous catheter trace. In Group C (n=26) vibration was not applied before drug administration. Propofol pain was recorded according to McCrirrick and Hunter scale and rocuronium injection pain response was evaluated with a four-point scale. Results: The number of patients who experienced propofol injection pain, in the vibration group was significantly lower than in the control group (p=0.007). The percentage of pain free patients in Group V was 88%, whereas 46% in Group C. The incidence of withdrawal movements associated with rocuronium injection pain was also significantly lower in Group V (p=0.043). Percentage of pain free patients in Group V was 28% whereas 3.8% in Group C. Conclusion: Vibration anesthesia before propofol and rocuronium injection significantly reduced the injection pain. Keywords: Injection pain, propofol, rocuronium, vibration

Low Temperature Bleaching of Jute Using Peracetic Acid: A Novel Process

Jute, a natural golden fibre, is renewable and widely available and mostly used for the packaging of agricultural crops and commodities in the form of sack bag. However, over a period of time it has secured its own market in the field of home textiles and other lifestyle products due to its ethnic colour, good strength and biodegradable properties. Recently, jute has also been used in apparel products, particularly meant for outer and winter garments. Bleaching of jute has thus become an essential operation for making a white glossy fabric, that is, the base material to be used for subsequent coloration. The conventional hot hydrogen peroxide bleaching process produces good white fibre with a high loss in tensile strength. The present peracetic acid bleaching of scoured jute produces a satisfactory whiteness index of 65.8–77.7 with minimum loss of bundle strength. The peracetic acid bleached jute fibre could retain 85% of its bundle strength, when the bleaching was carried out at 70°C with 20 g/l peracetic acid for 120 min. A satisfactory whiteness index of 77 (Hunter scale) can be achieved incurring a low weight loss of <4.2 using the optimized recipe. The peracetic acid bleaching process may be considered as energy efficient and environment friendly, as the process is carried out at a near neutral pH of 7.5–8 and lower temperature of 50–70°C, in comparison to the 85–90°C and pH level of 11–11.5 (highly alkaline) normally used in hydrogen peroxide bleaching. The changes in physical, morphological and chemical properties after the peracetic acid bleaching of jute at optimized conditions were evaluated in detail.

Physicochemical, nutritional and sensory qualities of salted Philippine mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos L.) eggs

Diet diversification as well as a sustainable supply of the raw materials for utilization in processing salted eggs leads to an increase in the demand and consumption of salted duck eggs in the Philippines. In this study, the physicochemical, nutritional and sensory properties of salted duck eggs made in the laboratory were evaluated. Physicochemical properties revealed that the sample collected registered a pH and water activity of 7.1 and 0.88, respectively. In addition, the samples showed a total colour difference of 15.01 using the Hunter scale system. The samples exhibited an average of 1.03% salt content. Furthermore, proximate composition, mineral and fatty acid analyses of samples proved that a considerable amount of these nutrients were present in salted duck eggs that were analysed. Protein, fat, carbohydrate, crude fibre and ash content were 11.49, 10.15, 3.54, 1.07 and 1.01%, respectively. On the other hand, minerals such as phosphorus, potassium and calcium were recorded at 4.46, 3.92 and 3.61 mg/100 g, respectively. In general, the major fatty acids found in the samples were oleic acid (C18:1), myristic acid (C14:0) and linolenic acid (C18:2). Sensory evaluation revealed that flavour was regarded by the panellist as a major consideration in evaluating the quality of salted duck eggs. This study proved that salted duck eggs have nutritional and quality characteristics that can be considered as an alternative source of protein, fat and minerals for human consumption.

Hybrid bleaching of jute yarn using hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid

An alternative eco-friendly method of bleaching of jute fibre and yarn has been developed using peracetic acid as bleaching agent and it is found that the treatment produces satisfactory whiteness with minimum loss in tensile properties. Comparative study on bleaching of jute using these two bleaching agents (hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid) clearly demonstrates that hydrogen peroxide bleaching produces 5-8 grades higher whiteness in HUNTER Scale but peracetic acid bleached fibre and yarn show better retention of tensile strength after bleaching. Partial bleaching of jute has also been carried out using 25%, 50% and 75% (normal dose) of both bleaching agents separately and their whiteness indexes as well as tensile strength are evaluated. In both the bleaching processes, whiteness increases with increase in concentration of bleaching agents and tensile strength retention decreases. It is also clear that for any particular percentage of bleaching agent, whiteness index is more in peroxide bleached sample, while tensile strength is more in case of peracetic acid bleached samples. Hence, hybrid bleaching has been carried out using both the bleaching agents (peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide) by two-step bleaching process so that the synergistic effect can produce higher whiteness with high retention of tenacity. Moreover, the sequence of bleaching, i.e. peracetic acid followed by hydrogen peroxide or vice versa has also been studied in detail. It has been found that the hybrid bleaching of jute using peracetic acid followed by hydrogen peroxide produces better whiteness with high retention of tensile strength. The hybrid bleaching of jute using 75% peracetic acid followed by 25% hydrogen peroxide produces the best result.

Pretreatment with dexmedetomidine and magnesium sulphate in prevention of etomidate induced myoclonus - A double blinded randomised controlled trial.

Pretreatment with dexmedetomidine and magnesium sulphate in prevention of etomidate induced myoclonus - A double blinded randomised controlled trial.

English

BACKGROUND This study was conducted to compare and evaluate the efficacy and safety of prior intravenous dexmedetomidine with intravenous lignocaine as pre-treatment for prevention of propofol injection pain. METHODS In this prospective, randomised and double blinded clinical study, a total of 200 patients aged between 18 and 70 years of American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) grade I or II posted for elective surgery under general anaesthesia utilising propofol as the inducing agent, were randomly allocated into two groups of 100 patients each, using computer generated random number tables. Group I received intravenous lignocaine 0.2 mg / Kg and group II received intravenous dexmedetomidine 0.5 mcg / Kg respectively prior to administration of propofol (2 mg / Kg) for induction during general anaesthesia. Pain during propofol administration was assessed for each patient using the McCririck and Hunter scale. Peri-operative haemodynamic changes and side effects were noted. Data was analysed using chi-square test and a P-value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS A total of 200 patients (100 patients in lignocaine group and 100 patients in dexmedetomidine group) were studied. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) diminution in pain score was discovered to be higher in group II (dexmedetomidine) as compared to group I (lignocaine). 80 % in the dexmedetomidine group had no pain compared to 62 % of the patients in the lignocaine group which is statistically significant. Dexmedetomidine also had a more remarkable effect on the heart rate (10 minutes after intubation) compared to lignocaine, with P = 0.054 which is statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Intravenous dexmedetomidine is a superior pre-medication compared to intravenous lignocaine in the prevention of pain following propofol administration. It also has additional properties of sedation, analgesia, anxiolysis and sympatholytic action making it a better alternative for the anaesthesiologist and the patient. KEY WORDS Analgesia, Anxiolysis, Pre-Treatment, General Anaesthesia, Sedation, Sympatholytic Action

Comparison of lignocaine and nitrous oxide in reducing pain due to Rocuronium injection: A prospective observational study

Background and Objectives: Rocuronium bromide is used in anaesthesia to endotracheal intubation and skeletal muscle relaxation. Rocuronium causes pain on parenteral injection as a common adverse effect. In this prospective observational study pre-treatment with lignocaine and nitrous oxide used to reducing the adverse effect i.e pain of Rocuronium injection.Methodology: A prospective observational study was conducted on 200 patients those underwent modified radical mastectomy and thyroidectomy under general anesthesia were randomly assigned in to two groups (Group L and Group N). Group L (n-100) received 4ml of 1% intravenous preservative free Lignocaine followed by a sub-paralysing dose of intravenous Rocuronium 0.06 mg/kg, diluted with normal saline to an injection volume of 5ml over 10 seconds. Group N received 50% Nitrous oxide in oxygen for 2 minutes followed by a sub-paralysing dose of intravenous Rocuronium 0.06 mg/kg, diluted with normal saline to an injection volume of 5ml over 10 seconds. Pain in the arm, and their response was assessed according to McCrirrick and Hunter scale).Results: It was observed that both lignocaine (Group L) and Nitrous oxide (Group N) reduced Rocuronium injection pain similarly (82% vs 91%; P >0.05).Conclusion: In our study we had compared the effect of 40mg 1% Intravenous preservative free lignocaine and Inhalational 50% Nitrous oxide in reducing pain due to Rocuronium injection and found that both were equally effective in reducing pain of Rocuronium injection.

Two-Step Bleaching of Jute Yarn and Fabric Using Hydrogen Peroxide and Peracetic Acid

ABSTRACT Bleaching of jute has become essential for making white glossy fabric or base material for coloration intended for value added and diversified products. The conventional hot hydrogen peroxide bleaching process produces white fiber with high loss of tensile strength and impairing the feel. On the other hand newly developed peracetic acid bleaching of jute produces minimum loss of tenacity without impairing the feel but whiteness achieved is slightly low. Partial bleaching of jute was carried out using 25%, 50%, and 75% of the normal dose of bleaching agents and their whiteness index as well as tensile strength were evaluated. In all the cases hydrogen peroxide produced 5–8 grade higher whiteness in HUNTER scale while peracetic acid bleached sample retains higher tensile strength. So, two-step bleaching was carried out using hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid following single-bath and double-bath processes. Two-step single-bath bleaching of jute fabric using 75% peracetic acid followed by 25% hydrogen peroxide bleaching treatment results in best effect with respect to optical and physical properties.

Effect of Low Dose Ketamine on Propofol Injection Pain: A Double-Blind Clinical Trial

Background: Propofol, most frequently used intravenous anesthetic for induction of routine elective surgical procedure. Pain on propofol injection (POPI) still remains a considerable concern for the anesthesiologist. A number of techniques has been tried to minimize propofol-induced pain with variable results.
 Objective: This study was performed to determine the effect of ketamine on reducing pain on propofol injection (POPI) at the onset of anesthesia.
 Materials and Methods: A total of 80 adult healthy patients were selected in this study of either sex, scheduled for routine elective ENT surgery under general anesthesia. The patients enrolled were divided randomly into two groups of 40 patients each. Group I (ketamine group) received 10 mg intravenous ketamine in 10 ml normal saline. Group II (placebo group) received 10 ml of 0.9% intravenous normal saline. Then the patients were induced with propofol and asked to report their pain during injection of propofol and recorded according to the Mc Cririck and Hunter scale.
 Results: The incidence of pain experienced in ketamine group was 10% patients and in saline group was 60% patients, which is statistically significant p<0.05. The severity of POPI was also lower in ketamine group than the saline group (p<0.05). The incidence of mild and moderate pain in ketamine group versus saline group was 7.5% versus 45% and 2.5% versus 15% respectively p<0.05. There was no severe pain recorded in any groups.
 Conclusion:Intravenous ketamine in low dose before induction of general anesthesia can be effective medication in reducing pain on propofol injection.
 KYAMC Journal Vol. 11, No.-2, July 2020, Page 96-99

Comparison of intravenous granisetron and intravenous lignocaine to alleviate pain on propofol injection: A double blind, randomized, controlled trial

The objective of the study was to compare effectiveness of intravenous (IV) granisetron (2 milligram) with IV lignocaine (30 milligram) in allaying pain on propofol IV administration measured at 15 seconds after propofol administration. 100 patients of age 18-50 years belonging to American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status grades I and II, chosen for elective surgery were randomized to two different groups (group L and group G) of 50 each. Patients of group L received IV lignocaine 30 mg and the other group G received IV granisetron 2 mg as pretreatment, before administration of propofol. Patients were assessed for pain after 15 seconds of IV administration of propofol with McCririck and Hunter scale. Both the pretreatments were found to prevent or decrease the pain on propofol administration. Pain assessed at the end of 15 seconds of propofol administration, showed that 76% in lignocaine group & 62%in granisetron group were not having any pain, 12% in lignocaine group and 20% in granisetron group had mild pain, and 12% in lignocaine group and 18% in granisetron group had moderate pain as assessed with McCririck and Hunter scale. There was no significant difference in the pain scores between the groups (χ2 = 2.310, P= 0.315). Both IV granisetron (2 mg) and IV lignocaine (30 mg) are equally effective in allaying pain on propofol injection.

Management of Pain During Propofol Injection Using Intravenous Nitroglycerine

Background: Propofol is an intravenous (IV) anesthetic agent, can irritate the skin, mucous membrane and venous intima. The main drawback is the pain at injection site following its intravenous injection.
 Objectives: This study was performed to evaluate the effect of intravenous nitroglycerine on pain in patients following propofol injection.
 Materials and Methods: Eighty adult patients of both sexes, aged 20-50 years, according to American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status were divided into two equal groups (n=40) to receive 200 mcg intravenous nitroglycerine diluted in 10 ml saline (group A) and 10 ml normal saline as placebo (group B) at an ambient operating room temperature in a randomized and double blinded fashion to compare the pain-relieving effects of the drugs during propofol injection before the patients lost consciousness. The pain on propofol injection was assessed according to the Mc Crirrick and Hunter scale.
 Results: The overall incidence and severity of pain were significantly less in Groups A (nitroglycerine group) than group B (placebo group) (p< 0.05). The incidence of mild and moderate pain in Group A versus group B was 25% vs 45% and 15% vs 30% respectively (p<0.05). The incidence of score '0' (no pain) was higher in Group A (60%) than Group B (25%) (p<0.05).
 Conclusion: Pretreatment with 200 mcg nitroglycerine with venous occlusion for one minute is effective pretreatment in alleviating propofol injection pain when compared to placebo.
 KYAMC Journal Vol. 10, No.-4, January 2020, Page 202-205

Effect of Intravenous Dexamethasone on Propofol Injection Pain: A Randomized Placebo Controlled Study

Background and aim of study: Pain on propofol injection (POPI) is a common problem. None of the commonly used methods completely attenuate the pain. Inflammatory response to propofol contributes to the pain. This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of dexamethasone in attenuation of pain following intravenous injection of propofol. Materials and methods: A total of 80 adult patients were scheduled in this study with either sex, ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) grade I and II, for routine elective surgical procedure under general anesthesia. The patients enrolled were divided randomly into two groups of 40 patients each. Group I received 0.15 mg/kg of intravenous dexamethasone in 5 ml normal saline and Group II (placebo group) received 5 ml of 0.9% intravenous normal saline, following exsanguination and occlusion of the vein of the arm. This was followed by 0.5 mg/kg of propofol intravenously.The patients were asked to report their pain during injection of propofol according to the McCririck and Hunter scale. Results: The incidence of pain experienced in dexamethasone group was 45% patients and in saline group was 70% patients (p<0.05). The severity of POPI was also lower in dexamethasone group than the saline group (p<0.05). The incidence of mild and moderate pain in dexamethasone groups versus saline group was 30% versus 45% and 15% versus 25% respectively p<0.05. There was no severe pain recorded in any groups. Conclusion: Pretreatment with intravenous dexamethasone (0.15 mg/kg) before injection of propofol is effective and safe in reducing the incidence and severity of pain on propofol injection (POPI). Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol; April 2019; 25(1): 28-33

Use of Dexmedetomidine for Preventing Pain on Propofol Injection: A Double Blinded Placebo Controlled Study

Background and aim of study: Propofol is a commonly used drug for general anesthesia. It can irritate the skin, mucous membrane and venous intima. The main drawback is the pain during intravenous injection. Aim of this prospective randomized study is to observe the efficacy of intravenous dexmedetomidine as pretreatment for the prevention of pain caused by the propofol injection.
 Methods: A total of 80 adult patients were selected in this study with either sex, ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) grade I and II, scheduled for routine elective surgical procedure under general anesthesia. The patients enrolled were divided randomly into two groups of 40 patients each. Group received 0.25 mcg of intravenous dexmedetomidine in 5 ml. Group II (placebo group) received 5 ml of 0.9% intravenous normal saline one minute before injection of propofol. The patients were asked to report their pain during injection of propofol according to the McCririck and Hunter scale.
 Results: The incidence of pain experienced in dexmedetomidine group was 35% patients and in saline group was 70% patients (p<0.05). The severity of POPI was also lower in dexmedetomidine group than the saline group (p<0.05). The incidence of mild and moderate pain in dexmedetomidine groups versus saline group was 20% versus 45% and 15% versus 25% respectively p<0.05. There was no severe pain recorded in any groups.
 Conclusion: Pretreatment with 0.25 mcg/kg of dexmedetomidine with venous occlusion for one minute, effectively reduces pain on propofol injection.
 Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 10, No. 2: July 2019, P 164-168

Evaluation of California-Grown Blood and Cara Cara Oranges Through Consumer Testing, Descriptive Analysis, and Targeted Chemical Profiling.

The acceptability of Moro, Tarocco, Cara Cara, Shahani, Bream Tarocco, Boukhobza, and Sanguinelli oranges from both commercial and research orchards was tested with adult (n = 152) and child (n = 72) consumers. Qualitative focus groups were also conducted to understand consumer familiarity and thoughts about the fruit. Sensory descriptive and chemical analyses were carried out to identify drivers of liking. Overall, consumers preferred the lighter colored varieties consisting of Tarocco, Cara Cara, and Boukhobza. One cluster of adults (n = 80) showed preferences towards sweet and fruity flavors and away from sourness and citric acid. The second adult cluster (n = 72) was tolerant of the sour fruit but did not like fruit high in bitterness and flavonoid content. The largest child cluster (n = 42) showed preferences for samples higher in orange and tropical flavors (Cara Cara, Tarocco, and Boukhobza varieties). The appearance of the Cara Cara was strongly liked by the consumer population in both quantitative and qualitative settings. Hunter scale a color values strongly correlated to the higher berry/dried fruit flavors, and concentrations of naringenin. Focus group participants noted that they were relatively unfamiliar with blood oranges. Growers and producers may want to invest in the lighter colored varieties, such as Cara Cara, Tarocco, Boukhobza and Shahani, as these were liked by a majority of consumers and were low in less desirable sensory characteristics, such as bitterness and sourness. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Through consumer tests, sensory evaluation, and chemical analyses, this research uncovered which sensory properties may drive consumer acceptance of blood and Cara Cara oranges, and informed potential production and marketing strategies for increasing their consumption. This information should benefit the citrus industry as a whole and may enhance the use of specialty oranges by the food, beverage, and food service industries.