Hungarian Works Research Articles

Személynevek és földrajzi nevek A Pál utcai fiúk fordításaiban

This paper presents decisions taken by translators concerning names in the novel A Pál utcai fiúk [‘The Paul Street Boys’]. It examines the extent to which the target language texts retain or domesticate the Hungarian names and explores the implications of these strategies. The central question is, what translation decisions are given preference in the rendition of a Hungarian work when translated into the language of a central culture? This analysis forms part of a broader research project in which the translation choices under investigation concern textual elements (e.g., sociopragmatic elements, realia and onomastic elements) that bear the spatial and temporal imprint of a particular period and culture.

The prevalence and mental health correlates of exposure to offensive behaviours at work in Hungary: results of a national representative survey

BackgroundWithin the last decades, a substantial number of reports have established bullying behaviours as a severe risk to the health and safety of workers. However, in Hungary, the severity of this issue remains largely unknown. Therefore, the current study aimed to 1) determine the prevalence of offensive workplace behaviours in the Hungarian working population and 2) examine the relationship between exposure to these offensive behaviours and certain mental health indicators.MethodsThe cross-sectional analyses of the present study are based on a sample of 13,104 active workers being representative of the Hungarian working population according to gender, age, educational level, and 18 occupational sectors. The mid-length version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire II (COPSOQ II) was used to measure workplace offensive behaviours (bullying, sexual harassment, threats of violence, and physical violence) in the 12 months preceding the survey. Examined mental health correlates included depressive symptomatology (Beck Depression Inventory), functional somatic symptoms (PHQ-15), perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale), and general well-being (WHO Well-being Index).ResultsAlmost half (48.7%) of the sample reported exposure to some form of offensive behaviour; 37.6% of participants reported occasional-, while 11.1% reported weekly or daily exposure. More women than men were exposed to offensive workplace behaviours, and those targeted the most were individuals aged 18–29 and in companies employing 20–49 employees. Top managers reported the lowest amount of bullying, while unskilled labourers reported the most frequent exposure. A moderately strong relationship was discovered between exposure to workplace offensive behaviours and all indicators of mental health.ConclusionWorkplace bullying was revealed to be a significant public health concern according to this large, representative data set from Hungary. Strategies to reduce the occurrence and impact of these behaviours on employee health should be a priority for occupational health and safety interventions.

Hungarian Works and Research on the History of Women’s Education Until the Middle of the 20th Century

In Hungary, as early as in the 19th century several works were published that had a retrospective view and surveyed the earlier attempts in the field of female education, at the same time, although, a number of works have been published on the subject. In this article the author presents an overview of thematic works written mostly in the 19th until the middle of 20th centuries in Hungary. It shows that the exploration of the history of women’s education is an eminent area among the numerous topics of educational and women’s history often researched in previous centuries. Long and short monographs, collection of papers, readers, articles and essays were analyzed about the Hungarian history of girls’ and women’s education, along with some summaries dealing with overall female emancipation from various perspectives.

Assessing meaningful work among Hungarian employees: testing psychometric properties of work and meaning inventory in employee subgroups

BackgroundThe construct of meaningful work (MW) has become the subject of various studies. Workers who experience MW have higher career and organizational commitment, report fewer days absent, and are characterized by a higher level of well-being. The aim of this study is to test a measure of MW, the Work and Meaning Inventory by Steger et al. This measure was created on theoretical background, and it constructs MW from three dimensions: psychological meaning, meaning-making, and greater good motivation.MethodsThe analysis was conducted in a Hungarian sample (N = 2,498), using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and multiple-group CFA.ResultsThe three-dimensional model of the WAMI was confirmed in the analysis. In our study, the measure proved to be reliable, even in the test–retest analysis. Moreover, the discriminant and convergent validity of the WAMI was tested, with various relevant constructs: the presence and the search for life meaning, life satisfaction, and job satisfaction. Also a multiple-group CFA was conducted with the three-factor model, confirming measurement invariance regarding sex and working position.ConclusionsIn line with the original version of the WAMI, the three-dimensional model was confirmed, with good psychometric properties in the Hungarian working context.

Inside Animalinside, Ottilie Mulzet's Translation of László Krasznahorkai’s Állatvanbent

László Krasznahorkai is now the best-known Hungarian writer in the English-speaking world (perhaps in the world, period). But what is the precise nature of the relationship between his Hungarian works and their English translations that have been, on the whole, so well received in Britain and especially the USA? This article takes a very close linguistic look at one his shorter works, ÁllatVanBent, in a version by Ottilie Mulzet, co-recipient with George Szirtes of the translators’ share of the 2015 Man Booker International Prize, which recognized Krasznahorkai for his “achievement in fiction on the world stage.” I argue that Ottilie Mulzet’s translation is in a hybrid English that in some places evidences a misunderstanding of the Hungarian, and in others claims to be a foreignized, “Krasznahorkai-English” that is, however, insufficiently justified by the original. More broadly, the article thus takes issue with the increasingly widely held view that the translator is not merely a co-author but enjoys a kind of authorial autonomy that implies that the translation can be judged without close reference to the original. As Krasznahorkai’s known views on translation suggest the acceptance of this notion, he is therefore, to a degree, complicit in the partial misrepresentation (and hence misconstrual) of his work.

Hungarian Byzantinist Scholar Gyula Moravcsik and Soviet Historical Science

In this article, the connections of Gyula Moravcsik (1892–1972), a great Hungarian Byzantinist, with Soviet historical science are reconstructed. Chronologically, the article is concerned with the period after World War Two, when Hungary fell into the orbit of Soviet political influence. However, the article outlines the origins of the formation of Moravcsik’s contacts and explains the reasons for his interest in the work of Russian scholars, both of which began during the First World War, and then developed in the 1920s and 1930s. This article shows that politics had a direct impact on the dynamics of Moravcsik’s contacts with Soviet scholars; immediately after the end of Second World War, they were curtailed by ideological campaigns in the USSR and the atmosphere of late Stalinism, and only revived during the Thaw. Using specific examples, the main methods of intellectual interaction between Moravcsik and his colleagues from the USSR are demonstrated. The Hungarian scholar provided them with supporting information, helped them to study foreign historiography, and contributed to the publication of works by Soviet scientists in Hungary, and Hungarian works in the USSR. Moravcsik’s work found many favourable responses in the USSR, and he himself closely followed the Soviet scientific literature and published his works in Russian, in particular in the famous review Vizantiiskii Vremennik. The circle of Soviet scholars with whom Moravcsik established the closest and strongest relations are outlined (including Boris Gorianov, Evgenii Kosminskii, Gennadii Litavrin, Nina Pigulevskaya, and Zinaida Udalʹtsova). It is shown that Moravcsik, even during the Cold War, advocated the development of international scientific relations and promoted the achievements of Russian and Soviet Byzantine studies. Moravcsik has always divided science and politics, and therefore the dramatic turns of the history of the twentieth century could not shake his positive and respectful attitude towards Russian historical science. Despite the fact that not all the possibilities of Moravcsik’s cooperation with Soviet scholars were realised, the results of his contributions should be considered successful.

Загальна характеристика народного музичного інструментарію Словаччини в історичному аспекті

Research objective. The aim of the study is to uncover the history of folk musical instruments in the historical and cultural context. The main principle is a comprehensive approach to solving the tasks. The methodology of the study is to use theoretical, historical, cultural, artistic and scientific approaches, which allowed us to reveal the interaction of trends represented by the phenomena of multiculturalism, as well as the relationship between ethnicities, regions and countries in our time. The article is based on the methodological principles of the historical approach to the analysis of artistic phenomena. The common ethnographic border between the Ukrainian and Slovak populations in the Transcarpathian and Presov regions contributed to cultural, economic and folklore ties between them. Self-improving and adapting to new forms of life, the folk instrumental, vocal and dance culture of the Ruthenian-Ukrainians of Eastern Slovakia is largely a part of the modern social life in modern public life. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the attempt to comprehensively cover folk musical instruments that are historically present in Slovakia. In more than 230 settlements of northeastern Slovakia, along the Slovak-Polish state border, Ruthenian-Ukrainians, which are the westernmost ethnic branch of the Ukrainian people, live today. The practical significance of the study. Research materials can be used in the fields of arts, cultural studies, as well as to serve as a basis for further research in specialized and higher education institutions. Conclusions. Nowadays, the processes of Slovakization of the Ukrainian population, mutual influences both in vocal and instrumental performance (in musical language, styles, various playing technique, etc.) are increasing in the territory of Eastern Slovakia. Pipes, flutes, fujars, clarinets, bagpipes, violins, double basses, harmonicas, accordions, accordions, etc. are used in various spheres of life of Ruthenian- Ukrainians and Slovaks. The musical-instrumental culture of Eastern Slovakia has an important ethno-integration function that promotes the preservation of ethnic, national and cultural identity, as well as the popularization of musical folklore. Along with Slovak songs and instrumental tunes, Polish, Romanian, Gypsy, Ruthenian, Ukrainian, Czech, and Hungarian works are performed today. The current state of folk instrumental performance of Slovakia is characterized by the partial preservation of the local tradition, the functioning of such musical instruments as guitars, mandolins, various harmonics, in particular heligocar. Today, more than 10 Ukrainian cultural societies are active in Eastern Slovakia. The main task of the societies is to promote and revive history, the Ukrainian language and culture. To this end, various art competitions, festivals, master classes are organized and held. Awareness of the essence of musical instruments is impossible without taking into account the entire historical and cultural context – the specifics of social and ethnic consciousness, life, rituals, type of economic activity.

The Hungarian Market of 19th Century Urban Nationalism and the Recycling of the Urban Mystery Novel

Following the success of Eugène Sue's serial novel Les Mystères de Paris a pattern emerges in the era's literary market. Sue's works provide a narrative, politico-cultural and economic model with a worldwide impact. These works created a new way of presenting a city, while also developing a type of narrative that sometimes precedes the actual urbanization of an area, thus offering ready-made panels when talking about often unfinished processes. Several Hungarian works following the same literary model were published that used the panels introduced by Sue in relation to a city early in the process of urbanization and promote a distinctly national image of Budapest. The popularity of Sue's works helped the kindred Hungarian novels become successful projects. This piece of research attempts to identify the ways in which these transnational patterns became adapted and domesticated by the earliest Hungarian urban mysteries and helped the emergence of a specifically urban nationalist sentiment.

Approaches to Life Story Analyses of Multigenerational Hungarian Worker Families in the Twentieth Century

The main aim of the research project, that also includes this paper, is the investigation of the social history of Hungarian factory workers from the late nineteenth century to the end of the twentieth century in the case of Ózd, a small industrial city in northeast Hungary. For the purpose of this research the author uses not only the traditional historical and statistical sources and methods, but family history, personal history, and life story approaches too. The basic sources of the research are the registers of births, marriages, and deaths, and various kinds of family history and life story interviews. From this material, the author reconstructs a multigenerational worker family life story. Families were one of the determining groups of the Hungarian working class in the nineteenth and twentieth century. The major questions of the research and paper are the following: How is it possible to reconstruct the life stories of ordinary families and people? How can this reconstruction help us gain a deeper insight into the stratification and the internal power/hierarchical structures of the factory and local society? The first part of the study is an outline of the history of the factory and the settlement. The second part reconstructs and analyzes a typical multigenerational family history as a case study. Finally, the article investigates the process of socialization of multigenerational worker families. Through this analysis the author introduces and characterizes the main elements of the value system and the most typical patterns of social behavior of this section of Hungarian workers from the late nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century.

Camões e a literatura húngara do século XIX

Camões, because of his romantic,life and the patriotism that reflects his masterpiece, Os Lusíadas, became very popular in nineteenth-century Hungary. On the one hand, it was the romantic feeling of the time that consecrated him a prominent poet and, on the other hand, the political and mental conditions of Hungary fighting at that time for the mental and political independence of the country. That is why frequent references are made to both his figure and his work, and the poet appears several times as a central figure in Hungarian works of fiction and poetry.

Preferences for vaccines against children’s diarrheal illness among mothers in Poland and Hungary

PurposeAlthough the World Health Organization recommends universal rotavirus immunization, uptake of the vaccine is low in Poland and Hungary, where it is not covered by the National Immunization Program. This study aimed to quantify mothers’ preferences for vaccines preventing children’s diarrheal illness and to examine whether willingness to vaccinate varies with working status. MethodsMothers of children aged <3 years living in Poland and Hungary completed an online discrete-choice experiment survey. In each of 9 choice questions, respondents indicated whether they preferred no vaccination or one of two hypothetical vaccine profiles described in terms of 6 features. Vaccine preference parameters were estimated for working and non-working mothers using a random-parameter logit model and were used to calculate the relative importance of changes in vaccine features. Results350 mothers in Poland and 350 mothers in Hungary were surveyed. Of the attributes evaluated, changes in vaccine cost were most important in both countries, followed by changes in severity of illness prevented, vaccine effectiveness, mode of administration, duration of illness prevented, and number of doses. Mothers in both countries had a strong preference for vaccination versus no vaccination, which was more pronounced among working mothers. In Poland, working mothers placed less weight on effectiveness, illness severity, and cost than non-working mothers and were more likely to rate disruptions in work, child care, and routines as important reasons to vaccinate. In Hungary, working mothers were statistically significantly less likely to opt out of vaccination than non-working mothers. Preference for vaccination itself, relative to improving vaccine effectiveness (from 50% to 90% effective), was 7 times greater among working than among non-working mothers in Poland but was not considerably different between working and non-working mothers in Hungary. ConclusionsPolish and Hungarian working mothers are more likely to vaccinate children against diarrheal illness than non-working mothers.

„Végy társadnak a harczba…” A vitéz szigetvári nő(k) a 19. századi képzőművészetben

The trope of the valiant woman/women fighting with arms during the Ottoman siege of Szigetvár in 1566 has mainly been studied by Hungarian historiography and literary history, and art history has hardly paid attention to the motif in the visual arts. In the historical and literary sources the trope has had three distinguishable – and sometimes connected – variants since the 16th century, each of them also represented in Hungarian works of art. The story of the woman fighting at the side of her husband already cropped up in the Hungarian historical song created in the year of the battle: before the final charge the defenders wanted to kill their wives or brides to save them from falling into pagan hands but a valiant woman asked her husband to give her armour and weapon to fight the enemy. The story passed into the Transylvanian German poet Christian Schesaeus’ Ruinae Pannonicae (1571) and into a Latin-language album in memory of Miklós Zrínyi published in Wittenberg in 1587. The motif is included in the mid-17th century biographies of women by the French Jesuit poet Pierre Le Moyne, in the February 1749 issue of Mercure de France and in several 18-19th century German and Austrian periodicals and literary works. From the early 19th century the heroic deed of the brave woman of Szigetvár appeared in several Hungarian magazines and pieces of juvenile literature often together with the story of the valiant women of Eger. The first visual representation of the brave woman of Szigetvár is the monumental painting about Zrínyi’s charge from Szigetvár by Austrian Peter Krafft created upon the commission of the National Museum in 1825: there is a helmeted woman with a determined look in her eyes among the troops charging out of the castle. This detail was to be repeated not only in several engravings made after Krafft’s painting but also in multiplied prints including title-pages of printed music. Another variant of the trope appears in the Italian Giovanni Michele Bruto’s manuscript of the history of Hungary written in the 1570s-80s. In this version some brave women and mothers whom their husbands wanted to kill entreated them to let them die fighting against the foe with their children held as shields. This motif is included in German-language plays on Zrínyi by August Werthes and Theodor Körner written at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. The women and children locked in the castle are also shown in Alajos Rohn’s lithograph Zrínyi’s oath after Béla Vízkelety’s painting of a tableau vivant staged after Körner’s Zrínyi play in a charity performance at the National Theatre of Pest on 3 April 1860. Women and children are important actors in Bertalan Székely’s monumental painting Zrínyi’s charge (1879–1885) showing a woman picking up a fallen sword to fight the Ottomans. The third variant of the motif of the courageous woman cropped up in literature at the turn of the 18-19th century: in the plays by Werthes and Körner Zrínyi’s wife blows up the powder-house with a torch to send as many of the intruding Ottomans into the netherworld as she could. The best-known example of the theme is the oil painting by Xavér Ferenc Weber The final moments of Szigetvár (1871) also shown at the 1873 Vienna World Fair. A fusion of historical and legendary elements can be seen in the 20th century colour print entitled Ilona Zrínyi’s heroism in defence of the castle of Munkács 1688 in which Ilona Zrínyi is about to dip her torch into a powder barrel to kill the invading Ottomans while defending the castle of Munkács in 1688 (actually against the Habsburg imperial troops).

Women directors in Hungarian cinema 1931–44

ABSTRACTVirtually nothing has been written about Hungary's three pioneering women film directors in English or Hungarian. The only mentions of the three directors and their films are found in throwaway comments in Hungarian works of film history, in an incorrect entry in a national filmography published in 1999 by the Hungarian Film Institute, and in a dismissive article of 1985, which ignores one of the three films altogether. This article seeks to make up for this critical and historiographical oversight. This article asks why did these filmmakers succeed; and why and how did they succeed in an industry so utterly dominated by men? The other aim of this article is to move beyond discovery, and read the films in their context to assess the contribution they made to national cinema and the dominant nationalist discourse in interwar and wartime Hungary.

The relationship of work-related psychosocial risk factors with depressive symptoms among Hungarian workers: preliminary results of the Hungarian Work Stress Survey

Research has shown that psychosocial stress acts as a risk factor for mental disorders. The present study aims at processing the preliminary results of the Hungarian Survey of Work Stress, concerning the relationship between depressive symptoms and work stress. Cross-sectional survey among Hungarian workers was carried out (n = 1058, 27.5% man, 72.5% woman, age 37.2 years, SD = 11 years). Psychosocial factors were measured using the COPSOQ II questionnaire, while BDI-9 was used for the assessment of depressive symptoms. Statistical analysis was carried out applying Spearman's correlation and logistic regression. A quarter of the workers reported moderate or severe symptoms of depression (BDI≥19). The study confirmed the association between depressive symptoms and work-family conflict (OR = 2.21, CI: 1.82-2.68), possibilities for development (OR = 0.76, CI: 0.59-0.97) meaning of work (OR = 0.69, CI: 0.59-0.89) and commitment (OR = 0.60, CI: 0.47-0.78). The results point toward the need of such organizational measures that allow for the reduction of psychosocial stress.

The workers' state: industrial labor and the making of socialist Hungary, 1944-1958

In 1956, Hungarian workers joined students on the streets to protest years of wage and benefit cuts enacted by the Communist regime. Although quickly suppressed by Soviet forces, the uprising led to changes in party leadership and conciliatory measures that would influence labor politics for the next thirty years. In The Workers State, Mark Pittaway presents a groundbreaking study of the complexities of the Hungarian working class, its relationship to the Communist Party, and its major political role during the foundational period of socialism (1944 1958). Through case studies of three industrial centers Ujpest, Tatabanya, and Zala County Pittaway analyzes the dynamics of gender, class, generation, skill level, and rural versus urban location, to reveal the embedded hierarchies within Hungarian labor. He further demonstrates how industries themselves, from oil and mining to armaments and textiles, possessed their own unique labor subcultures. From the outset, the socialist state won favor with many workers, as they had grown weary of the disparity and oppression of class systems under fascism. By the early 1950s, however, a gap between the aspirations of labor and the goals of the state began to widen. In the Stalinist drive toward industrialization, stepped up production measures, shortages of goods and housing, wage and benefit cuts, and suppression became widespread. Many histories of this period have focused on Communist terror tactics and the brutal suppression of a pliant population. In contrast, Pittaway s social chronicle sheds new light on working-class structures and the determination of labor to pursue its own interests and affect change in the face of oppression. It also offers new understandings of the role of labor and the importance of local histories in Eastern Europe under communism.

Immunochemotherapy As Induction (R-CHOP and R-HyperC-VAD/R-MA) in Mantle Cell Lymphoma, a Hungarian Multicenter Open Label Phase II Study (Rituximab [MabThera®] in Mantle Cell Lymphoma, REMENY)

AbstractAbstract 4889 Background:Considering the especially poor outcome of mantle cell lymphoma with traditional induction chemotherapies, the Hungarian working group initiated a Hungarian Mantle Cell Lymphoma Study (REMENY) using rituximab (MabThera) based immunochemotherapy. The structure of the trial:National, multicenter, open label trial rituximab based immunochemotherapy induction in mantle cell lymphoma. Two therapies were available according to investigators' choice: R-CHOP-21 (8x) or R-HyperC-VAD/R-MA according to the MD Anderson protocol. High dose therapy + autologous stem cell support (ASCT) was allowed, according to the investigators decision.Diagnosis was based upon standard histology. Initial staging included the standard protocols, imaging techniques, bone marrow evaluation and gastrointestinal endoscopy (not compulsory at initial staging). Recruitment period was planned to be 3 years, the follow-up 2 years.Remission was evaluated according to Cheson (IWC) criteria,CR was qualified only after completion of gastroscopy and colonoscopy, which did not reveal any mantle cell related abnormality. In some cases FDG PET-CT was allowed to substitute for endoscopy.Primary endpoints: OS and PFS, safety Results:Recruitment started in June 2007 and completed unexpectedly early (Nov 2008).48 patients were included, per protocol Patients were 31 (64.58%), follow-up (24 months) was completed for 15 (31.25%) patients. Ann Arbor III-IV B 43 (89.58%) was dominant.Table 1Response to immunochemotherapyR-CHOPR-HyperC-VAD/R-MASignificanceITT N(%)36 (75%)12 (25%)ORR20 (55.6%)7 (58.3 %)p=1.000CR13 (36.1%)6 (32%)p=0.501PR7 (19.4%)1 (8.3%)p=0.659R-CHOPR-HyperC-VAD/R-MASignificancePer protocol N(%)265ORR18 (69.2%)4 (80 %)p=1.000CR11 (42.3%)4 (80%)p=0.172PR7 (26.9%)0 (0%)p=0.562Median PFS for all patients was 30.4 months (SD 5.839, 95% CI: 19–41.9). PFS median for those patients who reached a CR has not been reached while it was 23.7 months in PR (p=0.031). [Display omitted] Safety:One hundred-thirteen adverse events occurred in 31 (64.58%) patients; 53 serious adverse events in 15 (31.25%) patients: 17 cytopenia, including fever with neutropenia 7, transient bronchospasm during rituximab (MabThera) infusion 1, hyperglycemia 1 which may be treatment related. There were 20 death cases, 13 of them due to progression of disease, two due to septic complication, three heart failures and one second malignancy (breast cancer). Significantly more patients on the R-HyperC-VAD/R-MA arm experienced adverse events (11/12 patients, 91.6%) compared to R-CHOP (20/36, 55.5%, p=0.035). Conclusion:This trial further confirmed the value of adding rituximab to standard induction therapies in mantle cell lymphoma. The results are conforming to data published in literature. Higher percentage of patients completed R-CHOP regimen. R-HyperC-VAD/R-MA was more effective in inducing CR, but could be completed only in one third of patients. However, in those patients who adhered to R-HyperC-VAD/R-MA therapy, it resulted in 80% CR, vs. 42.3% in the R-CHOP group. This difference is not statistically significant (p=0.172) possibly due to low case numbers. Those patients who reached CR had significantly longer PFS. PFS obtained in this trial is comparable to international data, and could be further improved by adding immunotherapy maintenance. Planned total number of patients (48) entered the trial during the first 12 months. This was surprising, as the expected number of mantle cell lymphoma based on the international incidence data is cca. 30–35 yearly. The unexpectedly high patient numbers need further explanation. Disclosures:Off Label Use: Rituximab is not authorized for Mantle Cell Lymphoma in Hungary.

Multicultural Societies: Kálmán Mikszáth, Pál Závada and Péter Huncik

Three Hungarian works, one from the 19th century and two contemporary novels, reflect changing attitudes to ethnicity and nationality questions within Hungary, including the area that became part of Czechoslovakia after World War I. Kálmán Mikszáth’s Tót Atyafiak shows a society in which the various nationalities of Upper Hungary live in harmony. Ethnic problems seem not to be present. Pál Závada’s Jadviga Párnája presents a more complex picture: while the protagonists seem free of nationalistic sentiments, they are conscious of their Slovak roots, their customs and language. A majority in the city and community which forms the backdrop to the story, they are a minority in the larger region of the Hungarian Plain. However, different customs and language are not perceived as setting themselves off from other Hungarians. Outside forces and prejudices do intrude since key sections of the story occur during World War I and its aftermath. The third novel, Péter Hunčik’s Határeset examines the fate of the population of Ipolyság, a town in what is now southern Slovakia. This is an area which still has a large Hungarian population; many families nevertheless have a background that includes Slovak and other nationalities. With the border changes of 1920, 1938 and 1945 lives are disrupted. Communism further complicates the tensions and absurdities fueled by outside forces. The works are testimonies to tolerance because the protagonists most affected are open to other ethnicities, other nationalities.

Reinventing Hungarian work culture in a global context

Work culture is an integrative component of the transformation process. At first sight, Hungarian work culture appears globalized, but many of the globalized or “westernized” characteristics remain superficial. The lack of a deeply-rooted democratic culture can easily be traced at the workplace. The entrance of multinational companies in Hungary has provided opportunities and challenges to the Hungarian workforce, including the model of the “globally integrated enterprise”. While multinational enterprises become more integrated and efficient on the global level, their local social and economic contexts disintegrate. If new forms of cooperation and partnership will emerge, a new work culture in Hungary could increase in momentum and flourish. Identifying critical junctures in work culture has underscored the need for new partnerships among employees and employers who together can positively change the economic landscape and prospects for the future. This study is based on empirical research by using the me...

Lakatos’ philosophical work in Hungary

This paper attempts to present a general picture of the most important philosophical elements found in the Hungarian writings of Imre Lakatos, later the famous philosopher of science in England, with a focus on his views on science and its social context. In the first section, Lakatos’ life in Hungary is summarized, with a special emphasis on those few years when most of the Hungarian works were written. The second section offers a list of his Hungarian publications, each item accompanied by a brief description. Then we examine the lost doctoral dissertation and its possible contents as reconstructed from the reports of the readers and the published texts. Finally we identify the main philosophical sources the young Lakatos could have used, and give a summary of his basic views on science.

Johannes Nádasi. Europäische Verbindungen der geistlichen Erzählliteratur Ungarns im 17. Jahrhundert by Gábor s&gt; Tüskés (review)

REVIEWS 34I long outlast. There is very little to criticize. The Englishis perfectlyreadable, if at times flavoured with Slavicisms, and there might have been more attentiondevoted to the ratherlessharmoniousrelationsbetween the Crimean Tatars, who were Ottoman vassals, and Poland-Lithuania. The narrative section at times assumes too much knowledge on the part of its readers, and there is the odd slip the Swedes invaded Poland in I702, not 1704. Nevertheless, the book overall is a remarkableachievement, and deserves to find a place in all seriousacademic libraries. King'sCollege London ROBERT I. FROST Tuiskes,Gabor.Johannes Jfddasi. Europdische Verbindungen dergeistlichen Erzdhlliteratur Ungarnsim _7.Jahrhundert. Fruhe Neuzeit, 62. Max Niemeyer, Tuibingen, 2001. x + 533 pp. Notes. Tables. Map. Illustrations.Bibliography .Index. DM I76.00. DURING the EarlyModern period, despite the religious and political disputes of the time, personal movement and international contacts were conducted freely over a much wider area than was the case in later more nationalistic centuries. For this reason, broadly-based studies are not only desirable but also necessary in order to do justice to both the traditions and the individual figures of the age. Such is the case with the author examined in this study, Johannes Nadasi. He was born in I614 in the town of Nagyszombat (German: Tyrnau, today Trnava in Slovakia),a Hungarian and a Roman Catholic. At an early age he entered the Jesuit novitiate, studying in several places including Graz, becoming a priestin I64I and aprofessorof logic in I644. He spoke Latin, Hungarian and Slovak. After missionary activity primarily in Hungary he was sent to Rome in I65I, where he stayed until I669. The bulk of his writings,mainly in Latinbut sometimes in Hungarian, appearedduring thisperiod. In I669 he moved to Vienna, where he died in I679. Gabor Ttiskes gives us, in the second part of his substantial study, a portrayalof Nadasi's life, which is fairlywell documented for the time, and a full analysis of his works, which consist mainly of meditational writings, including Marian devotions, and some works on the history of the Jesuit order. Nadasi seems to have been an enthusiastic teacher and keen scholar and publisher, but a modest and retiring person, diplomatic in his dealings with others and with no interest in participation in the acrimonious disputes of the age. Tuiskesidentifiestraditionaland experimentalcharacteristicsin the worksand also examines Nadasi's use of sources,comparing his stylewith the source in the case of Latin and Hungarian works, and assessing the interrelationship of publication in the two languages. Few readerswill be able to follow him on all this groundwhich makesthis studyall the more valuable. But Tuskes has been careful not merely to provide a monograph on an author and his works, but also to situate man and work in the context of the age, thus providing a case studyof tendencies in the religiousliteratureof the time. The firstpart of the volume studies the traditions and genres of Jesuit meditationalliteratureand the use of the exemplum in Catholic spiritualwriting of the age, especiallyasit affectedHungary. In the thirdpart,Tuskesexamines 342 SEER, 8o, 2, 2002 in great detail the impact of Nadasi's works.Here, for instance, there is a map of the places of publication, which are very widely spread across Europe, including Rome, Antwerp, Cologne, Vienna, Graz and Prague as major centres,but also rangingfromVilnius, Wroclawand Cracow in the north-east to Palermo in the south. There are also tables of printers and publishers, details of translationsof NAdasi'sworks and close analysisof the translations into Hungarian, illustrationsof title pages, and indications of readershipthat demonstratethat acquaintancewith and actualuse of Nadasi'sworkwent well beyond the intended use and beyond theJesuit order. A significant item is the bibliography provided of Nadasi's works. This contains five manuscripts and sixty-two printed works, with details of the originaland latereditions. It is chronologicallyarranged,usuallyconsistingof a title and a reference to a standard bibliographical reference work. Only when there is no referencein the latter to location does Tuskes offerdetailsof a librarylocation. In general he has provided a good clear record of Nadasi's worksthat sortsout independently and non-independentlypublisheditems. A necessarypart of such a volume is the index, since the readerwill want to checkon otherinternationalnames fromtheperiod. This index oddlyincludes references to mythological figures...