Hungarian Vetch Research Articles

Genotoxic effects of copper nanoparticles on Vicia pannonica Crantz. root meristem cells

With the increasing use of metal nanoparticles, their access to the food chain has become the main concern for scientists. The present study sheds light on the copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs), which are widely used in many industries today. For this purpose, Vicia pannonica Crantz., a common fodder plant, was used and exposed to metal-based Cu NPs. To determine the genotoxic effects on root meristem cells, total of 3 different concentrations (50 ppm, 150 ppm, and 300 ppm) of Cu NPs and the control in deionized water solutions were prepared. The determination of the accumulation and elimination of Cu NPs in Vicia pannonica used in the study was carried out using with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), SEM element mapping, and energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDS) characteristic spectrum analysis. All doses of Cu NPs caused significant decreases in the Mitotic index of V. pannonica meristem cells compared to the control. Multiple analyzes carried out in the study showed that Cu NPs caused abnormalities in cell division such as C-metaphase, polar aberration, deconstructed anaphase, chromosome breakage, loss of genetic material, failure to assemble in the metaphase plate, deconstructed metaphase, asynchronous division remaining chromosome in metaphase, adhesion, deconstructed prophase, advanced chromosomes, and chromosome bridges in anaphase. Results support that Cu NPs have a genotoxic effect on V. pannonica.

Agrobiological substantiation of growing Hungarian vetch in mixed crops

The production of high-protein feed stays an integral part of the development of feed production. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biological characteristics of Hungarian vetch when grown in agrophytocenoses using different types of winter cereals. Changes in the chemical composition of dry matter at different microstages of growth and development were studied, and the influence on the yield, nutrient content, and digestibility of plant material was determined depending on the stages of growth and development. The study was conducted using field, laboratory, laboratory-field, and statistical methods. It was found that to reach the full flowering phase, the sum of active temperatures should be 754°C, with precipitation of about 100 mm and daylight hours of 973 h. Observations of the growing season indicate the relationship between plants and the environment, which is important to consider when growing Hungarian vetch. Vetch plants reach a height of 100-104 cm in conditions of excessive moisture. The phytocoenotic balance of such mixtures, specifically vetch of the Orlan variety and winter triticale of the Bozhych and Bohodarske varieties, ensures sustainable productivity and nutritional value of plant material. The best harvesting time for high quality vetch is from the beginning to the middle of flowering, which ensures a crude protein content of 17-20% in dry matter. The effectiveness of mixed phytocoenoses has been confirmed by ecological tests of crop combination models in different soil and climatic zones of Ukraine, where yields of 36.2-51.8 t/ha of green mass and 7.1-11.5 t/ ha of dry matter were obtained over the years of use. The creation of a mixed crop allows producing high-quality plant material that is superior in energy and protein content to conventional vetch and oat mixtures. It was recommended to create such mixtures by sowing 2.5 mln/ha of cereal and 2.1 mln/ha of leguminous components after applying N45P45K45 to form a crop with high digestibility and nutrition. The system of mixed cropping of Hungarian vetch is promising for the production of silage and high-quality haylage in the face of climate change and as a precursor for post-cutting sowing of maize or sorghum crops

Evaluation of Some Hungarian Vetch (Vicia Pannonica L.) Genotypes In Semi-Arid Conditions

Bazı Macar fiği (Vicia pannonica L.) genotiplerinin tarımsal özelliklerinin belirlenmesi için yapılan bu çalışma; Bahri Dağdaş Uluslararası Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Konya merkez arazisi ve Toprak, Su ve Çölleşme ile Mücadele Araştırma Enstitüsü Karapınar arazisi olmak üzere iki lokasyonda yağışa bağlı koşullarda bir yıl süreyle (2016-2017 yetiştirme sezonunda) kışlık olarak yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, 18 adet Macar fiği saf hattı ile 3 şahit Macar fiği çeşidi (Altınova, Beta ve Tarm Beyazı) olmak üzere toplam 21 genotip kullanılmıştır. Çalışma Tesadüf Blokları Deneme Deseni’ne göre üç tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; Macar fiği genotiplerinin %50 çiçeklenme süresi 161.3 – 169.7 gün, ana sap uzunluğu 69.2-85.3 cm, ana sap kalınlığı 1.4-2.1 mm, doğal bitki boyu 58.3-75.0 cm, yeşil ot verimi 1.914-3.503 kg/da, kuru ot verimi 417-755 kg/da, tane verimi ise 130-186 kg/da arasında değişiklik göstermiştir. İncelenen özellikler bakımından Macar fiği genotipleri arasında önemli farklılıklar belirlenmiştir. İki lokasyonda yürütülen araştırma sonuçlarına göre yeşil ve kuru ot verimi açısından en yüksek verim DMF-15 numaralı genotipten elde edilirken, en yüksek tane verimi ise DMF-1 numaralı genotipten elde edilmiştir. Her iki lokasyonda da DMF-15 genotipi kuru ot verimi ile ön plana çıkmıştır.

The Quality of Silage and Yield in Hungarian Vetch and Forage Crops and Rye Intercropping System

The aim of the study was to determine silage yield and quality of Hungarian vetch/forage pea (V/P) with rye (R) mixed in an intercropping system that provides maximum level of faulting from the field. The field experiment was conducted in 2021-2022 to examine the effects of different binary sowing ratio (20:80%R/P, 40:60%R/P, 60:40%R/P; 80:20%R/P; 20:80%R/V, 40:60%R/V, 60:40%R/V; 80:20%R/V, 100%R, 100%P, 100%V) in 3 replications. The treatments were harvested in July 2022 for silage, and hay yield and fresh yield were determined in the intercropping treatments before ensiling. On the same day, silages were filled by the same mix ratios in plastic cans. After fermentation, the dry matter ratio, pH, sucrose, crude protein, ADF, NDF, mineral matters and organic acid were defined in silages. Before ensiling the highest fresh and dry yield were obtained from 80:20%R/P. Yield values were decreased by increase of rye ratio in the mix. The dry matter, crude protein, lactic acid formation, the inhibition of undesirable micro‐organisms and nutritional quality has been improved in rye silages prepared with H. vetch and F. pea contribute. Consequently, the combinations of the H. vetch and F. pea contribute to rye silage are complementary, and the intercropping of the binary combination made profitable forage yield and silage quality, according to sole treatments. The positive effects in the investigated parameters are in all mixed ratios, but, 80:20R/P, 60:40R/P and 80:20R/V silages were more superior to the others.

Plant and soil N of different winter cover crops as green manure for subsequent organic white cabbage

Leguminous cover crops used as green manures can reduce fertilizer inputs by supplying nitrogen (N) via mineralization of incorporated N-rich biomass derived from biological N2 fixation. In a multi-year trial at three locations in Germany, the effects of leguminous, non-leguminous and mixed green manure crops on the yield of the subsequent cash crop white cabbage (Brassica oleracea convar. capitata var. alba) were investigated. The winter cover crop treatments were forage rye (Secale cereale L.), a mixture of forage rye with winter Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz), sole-cropped winter Hungarian vetch, winter pea (Pisum sativum L.), and winter faba bean (Vicia faba L.) with bare soil as a control. Sole-cropped legumes showed higher marketable cabbage head yields (head weight > 1.0 kg) compared to the other cover crop treatments, with 25.5, 25.9 and 28.1 Mg ha− 1 for vetch, pea and faba bean, respectively. The aboveground biomass of the legume winter cover crop treatments had higher N offtakes with 185, 177 and 159 kg N ha− 1 for vetch, pea and faba bean, respectively, with significantly lower carbon (C)/N ratios compared to rye and rye with vetch. The constant C/N ratio of the aboveground biomass of leguminous cover crops throughout the growing period indicates that the optimum incorporation date to achieve high N mineralization rates is less time dependent in leguminous compared to non-leguminous cover crops. The results of the present study show that leguminous winter cover crops do not reduce the soil N availability for a succeeding high N demanding cabbage crop resulting in yields comparable to agricultural practice without winter cover crops.

Productivity of binary vetch-and-grass mixtures in the conditions of a plain agricultural landscape of the western Ciscaucasia

The purpose of this study is to establish the most suitable components in terms of productivity and quality for the effective cultivation of a binary vetch-and-grass mixture for the purpose of further harvesting haylage from it. The studies were carried out on winter crops: vetch + wheat and vetch + triticale; the soils are represented by leached, low-humus, powerful chernozems, located in the conditions of the alluvial-loess plain agricultural landscape of the Western Ciscaucasia (Krasnodar Territory) with plowed steppes. The subjects of the study were: Triticum aestivum L. variety of Tanya; Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus variety of Khleborob; Vicia pannonica Granz varieties of Chernomorskaya and Orlan; Vicia vilossa op Roth varieties of Lugovskaya-2 and Glinkovskaya. Two cuttings were studied in different phenological phases. According to the results of the study, when mowing in the first ten days of May, the most productive grass mixtures are winter wheat of Tanya + Hungarian vetch of Orlan (green material – 102.6 c/ha, dry weight – 19.7 c/ha) and winter triticale of Khleborob + downy vetch of Glinkovskaya (100.2 c/ha of green material and 20.0 c/ha of dry mass). According to the results of laboratory studies, the most nutritious grass mixture was based on winter triticale and downy vetch.

Floristic and coenological data from the travertine substrates of the SAC “Travertini Acque Albule (Bagni di Tivoli)” (Lazio Region – Central Italy)

During a phytosociological field-work campaign on the vegetation of the travertine outcrops, included in the Special Area of Conservation (SAC) “Travertini Acque Albule (Bagni di Tivoli)” (Central Italy), several taxa of particular interest were identified. Carex vulpina, Lolium apenninum, Onosma echioides subsp. angustifolia, Typha domingensis, T. laxmannii and Vicia pannonica subsp. pannonica are new for the Lazio administrative Region, while Ophrys illyrica and Zannichellia peltata are confirmed for the flora of this Region. For each of these taxa phytosociological samples describing the plant communities in which they were found are provided. New records for rare species were also reported for cryptogams such as Algae, Lichens and Mosses.

Determination of Suitable Hungarian Vetch Cultivars (Vicia pannonica Crantz) for Ecological Conditions of Muş Province

Bu çalışma, Muş ili ekolojik koşulları için uygun Macar fiği çeşit veya çeşitlerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada 10 adet Macar fiği (Aygün, Enes, Sarıefe, Kansur, Oğuz-2002, Akçalar, Anadolu Pembesi 2002, Doğu Beyazı, Tarm Beyazı-98 ve Budak) çeşidi bitkisel materyal olarak kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada; bitki boyu 62,2-114,5 cm, yeşil ot verimi 1747-3547 kg/da, kuru ot verimi 585-1225 kg/da, ham protein oranı %18,0-20,2, ADF (asit deterjan lif ) oranı %31,6-37,3, NDF (nötr deterjan lif) oranı %36,9-41,7,P (fosfor) oranı %0,35-0,37, K (potasyum) oranı %3,27-3,47, Ca (kalsiyum) oranı %1,37-1,45, Mg (magnezyum) oranı %0,25-0,28, Mn (mangan) içeriği 34,8-49,1 ppm, Fe (demir) içeriği 304,4-467,7 ppm, Cu (bakır) içeriği 63,7-95,6 ppm ve Zn (çinko) içeriği 21,2-42,8 ppm arasında bulunmuştur. İstatistiksel olarak çeşitler arasında ham protein, NDF, P, K, Ca, Mg ve Mn oranları açısından herhangi bir farklılık görülmemiştir. En yüksek bitki boyu, yeşil ve kuru ot verimleri Anadolu Pembesi 2002 ve Oğuz-2002 dışında kalan diğer çeşitlerden elde edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla Muş ili ekolojik koşullarında Anadolu Pembesi 2002 ve Oğuz-2002 dışında kalan çeşitlerin yetiştirilmesinin avantajlı olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Determination of Optimum Mixture Rate and Cutting Time for Hungarian Vetch and Rye Mixtures

Determination of Optimum Mixture Rate and Cutting Time for Hungarian Vetch and Rye Mixtures

KAYSERİ EKOLOJİK KOŞULLARINDA MACAR FİĞİ (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) + ARPA (Hordeum vulgare L.) KARIŞIK EKİM SİSTEMİNDE UYGUN KARIŞIM ORANLARININ BELİRLENMESİ

Bu çalışma; Kayseri ekolojik koşullarında macar fiği + arpa karışık ekim sisteminde uygun karışım oranlarını belirlemek amacı ile, 2015-2017 yıllarında Beta macar fiği ve Bülbül-98 arpa çeşidi kullanılarak tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 4 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Denemede, saf ekimler ile birlikte % 70 arpa + % 30 macar fiği, % 50 arpa + % 50 macar fiği ve % 30 arpa + % 70 macar fiği karışımları yer almıştır. Araştırmada kuru madde verimi, kuru otta macar fiğ oranı, ham protein oranı ve verimi, asit deterjan lif (ADF) ve nötr deterjan lif (NDF) oranları ile nispi yem değeri (NYD) incelenmiştir.
 
 Çalışmada, elde edilen sonuçlara göre; karışımda macar fiğ oranı arttıkça kuru madde veriminin azaldığı ve en yüksek kuru madde veriminin arpa yalın ekiminden elde edildiği tespit edilmiştir. Ancak karışımda macar fiğ oranı arttıkça NDF oranı azalmış, protein oranını ise artmıştır. İki yıla ait verim ve kalite (ADF, NDF, NYD ve protein) parametreleri birlikte incelendiğinde %70 macar fiği+%30 arpa karışımları Kayseri ve benzer ekolojiler için önerilebilir.

Determination of Some Yield Characteristics of Hungarian Vetch Varieties and their Evaluation as Bee Pasture

This study was carried out to determine some yield characteristics of Hungarian vetch varieties and to evaluate them as bee pastures based on bee-plant relationship. Eight Hungarian vetch varieties were used in the study. In Bingöl province, where the research was carried out, flowering of Hungarian vetch started on April 18. Counts started on April 23 and ended on May 11. Hungarian vetch remained blooming for about three weeks in Bingöl province. An average of 14.9 bees per m2 visited the Hungarian vetch and the bees remained on the flower for an average of 9.0 seconds. It has been determined that Hungarian vetch has an average of 377 flowers per m2, the natural plant height is 38.7 cm, the fruit per plant is 21.3, the seed per fruit is 4.0, the seed yield is 22.5 kg/da, and the thousand-seed weight is 33.0 g. Also, it was observed that the Hungarian vetch reached the highest natural plant height by April 30, the number of bees visiting the plant was high on May 04-07, the bees stayed on flower for a long time when the plant bloomed the most. It was seen that Kansur and Efes varieties are distinguishable for the features such as the number of bees per m2, the duration of the bee staying on flower, and the number of flowers, while the features such as natural plant height, seed yield and thousand-seed weight, are distinguished in Akçalar, Efes and Tarm Beyazı varieties.

Bazı Macar Fiği (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) Genotiplerinin Tohum ve Kes Verimleri ile Kes Kalitelerinin Belirlenmesi

Çalışma, bazı Macar fiği genotiplerinin tohum ve kes verimleri ile kes kalitelerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla, 2014, 2015 ve 2016 yıllarında 3 yıl süre ile yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, bitki materyali olarak 10 adet Macar fiği genotipi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre üç tekrarlamalı olarak kurulmuştur. Araştırmada; genotiplerin tohum verimi, kes verimi, bin tane ağırlığı, keslerin ham kül oranı, ham protein oranı ve verimi, asit deterjan lif (ADF), nötral deterjan lif (NDF), sindirilebilir kuru madde (SKM) ve kuru madde tüketimi (KMT) oranları, nispi yem değeri (NYD) gibi özellikleri değerlendirilmiştir. Denemenin yapıldığı her üç yılda da ele alınan bütün özellikler yönünden genotipler arasındaki farklılıkların istatistiki olarak çok önemli düzeyde olduğu saptanmıştır. Üç yıllık deneme sonucuna göre; Macar fiği genotiplerinin tohum verimleri 35.4-126.7 kg/da, kes verimleri 463.2-1110.0 kg/da, bin tane ağırlıkları 25.32-43.23 g, keslerin ham kül oranı %5.30-12.49, ham protein oranı %7.04-15.01, ham protein verimi 36.10-154.43 kg/da, ADF oranı %29.28-49.72, NDF oranı %44.18-63.64, SKM oranı %50.17-66.09, KMT oranı %1.88-2.73 ve NYD 73.52-134.64 arasında değişim gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, Bingöl koşullarında verim açısından Anadolu Pembesi, kalite açısından ise Oğuz, Ağrı Populasyonu ve Hat-5 genotiplerinin diğer genotiplere göre daha üstün olduğu görülmektedir.

Comparison of Alternative Sowing Methods in Hungarian Vetch and Triticale Cultivation in Terms of Yield and Weed Biomass

Comparison of Alternative Sowing Methods in Hungarian Vetch and Triticale Cultivation in Terms of Yield and Weed Biomass

Dynamics of increasing the yield of vetch-triticale grass mixture due to the use of a new complex biofertilizer

In the Krasnodar Territory, on the experimental field of the Krasnodar Research Centre for Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, an experiment was conducted to determine the effect of a new complex biofertilizer on the yield and biometric indicators of a vetch-triticale fodder grass mixture. The conducted experiment shows that with the use of a new complex bio-fertilizer, an increase in the density of planting is observed in triticale (by 16 pieces or by 24%) and in Glinkovskaya vetch by (15 pieces or by 30%). Empirically, it was found that it is best to cultivate vetch-triticale grass mixtures for livestock feed with varieties of Hungarian vetch, in particular with the Orlan variety, since this variety showed a greater increase in green mass both in the experimental and in the control variant. It was also found that the use of a new bio-fertilizer has a positive effect on the overall agrochemical characteristics of the soil, improving and enriching its composition.

Determination of the alleviating effect of liquid vermicompost on germination and seedling development of Hungarian Vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) under salt stress

Aims: The alleviating aspects of liquid vermicompost (VCL) on the seed germination and juvenile seedling growth of Hungarian vetch, which is an important fodder plant in Turkey and in the world, under salt stress were evaluated.Methods and Results: Two experiments in laboratory and greenhouse conditions were established according to a randomized plot design with three replications. In the experiments, liquid vermicompost levels were applied as control (0%) - 1% - 2.5% - 5% and 10% and salt solutions were prepared with control (pure water), 30 mM, 60 mM and 90 mM NaCl doses. At the end of the laboratory experiment, germination rate and index of Hungarian vetch seeds, length, fresh and dry weights of plumule, and length, fresh and dry weights of radicle were examined. In the greenhouse experiment, the emergence ratio, seedling height, seedling fresh and dry weights, root length, root fresh and dry weights of Hungarian vetch were investigated.Conclusions: It was observed that the parameters measured in the germination and seedling period of Hungarian vetch were negatively affected by salt stress, but the negative effects of salt stress decreased due to the increase in the amount of liquid vermicompost applied.Significance and Impact of the Study: The present study can be an important reference in terms of revealing the stimulating attribute of VCL and inhibiting attribute of salinity on the germination and various parameters of Hungarian vetch plant. The alleviative and regulatory effect of VCL appeared mostly in its 5% and 10% dose applications during the germination and juvenile seedling of Hungarian vetch, moderately sensitive to salt stress.

​Effect of Legume and Cereal Mulches on Weed Dynamics and Potato Yield

Background: Non-chemical management methods, including cover crops, has an essential role in diminishing weed infestations and reducing the use of herbicides. Methods: To evaluate the suppressive effects of four cover crop options on weed populations, a field experiment was conducted in factorial randomized bock design with three replications at Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station, Ardabil, Iran, in 2016. The treatments consisted of legumes and cereal cover crop as one factor (Control, Rye, Common vetch, Grass pea and Hungarian vetch) and crop management strategies as a second factor [forage use (FU) and land cover use (LCU)]. Result: Grass pea sown as fodder use strategy recorded the highest fresh and dry weight of weeds significantly. The greatest potato yield production was observed in Rye and Hungarian vetch plots, approximately 5000 kg ha-1 in both FU and land LCU strategies. Generally, it seems that Rye and Hungarian vetch could be acceptable options to use in potato production as cover crops.

Assessment of The Effects of Silicon Application on Growth Parameters and Some Bioactive Components in Hungary vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz)

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of 10 mM silicon (Si) application on salt stress (50, 100, and 200 mM NaCl) tolerance in Hungarian vetch seedlings (Ege Beyazi-79) based on growth parameters (shoot length and fresh weight, organic dry matter, and moisture), bioactive compounds as chlorophyll, carotenoid, proline, protein, nitrate, and nutrient status. Silicon was applied to the seedlings from the leaves and NaCl from the salt soil, both of which were dissolved in Hoagland solution. The results revealed that the highest shoot length Si+100 mM NaCl was recorded and the highest fresh and dry weight was recorded with length Si+50 mM NaCl. The highest dry matter was obtained from Si and 200 mM NaCl. The highest chlorophyll, carotenoid, proline, protein, and nitrate were obtained from 100 mM NaCl+Si, while the lowest chlorophyll, carotenoid, and nitrate were obtained from 200 mm NaCl and the lowest proline and protein from 100 mM NaCl, respectively. The amount of K, Mg, and S were low in NaCl doses but high in Si and Si + NaCl doses, and P was higher in all groups compared to the control. The content of Na, Co, and Se were high in all groups except Cl 50 NaCl, while Mn, Zn, and Ni were higher in Si and Si + NaCl doses. Silicon content of samples was high at higher NaCl + Si doses. The results provided by this investigating indicated that silicate concentrations positively affected the parameters examined in Hungarian seedlings, and increased the tolerance of seedlings to salt stress.

The effect of microbial inoculants and molasses on quality and in vitro digestibility of silages prepared with different proportions of ryegrass and Hungarian vetch

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of microbial inoculants and molasses on the quality and in vitro digestibility of the silages ensiled from the cultivation of different proportions of ryegrass-Hungarian vetch mixtures grown in Central Anatolian conditions. For this purpose, 5% molasses and 10 g/ton (1.25 × 10$^{11}$ CFU/g) inoculant were added to silages of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) containing 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica L.), under laboratory conditions. The prepared silages were opened at the end of 60 days and their physical analysis, chemical contents, fermentation parameters, in vitro digestibilities using rumen inocula obtained from cannulated Holstein cow, and energy levels were determined. In the study, it was determined that the microbial inoculant increased the lactic acid level significantly (p < 0.05). In vitro digestibility of organic matter and energy values increased in silages containing 60% HV compared to other silages and with both additives (p < 0.05). The neutral detergent fiber levels increased in mixtures containing 40% and 60% Hungarian vetch (p < 0.05). The increase in the vetch ratio affected the external appearance of the silages negatively (p < 0.05), and the physical properties were adversely affected by the inoculant (p < 0.05). As a result, it was determined that Hungarian vetch can be mixed with ryegrass up to 80% with and without inoculant and molasses additive to obtain high-quality silage. But the highest digestibility values were obtained when Hungarian vetch was mixed at a 60% level. It would be more appropriate to prefer molasses to avoid undesired changes in physical properties.

Determining the proper sowing time for the mixture of Hungarian vetch and triticale under continental climate conditions

ABSTRACT: The research was conducted to determine forage yield and some quality characteristics of Hungarian vetch + triticale mixture, sowed in five different times under rainfed conditions of central Anatolia, Turkey. The mixture was sowed in the second, third and fourth week of October, and the first and the second week of November in 2017 and 2018. Depending on the sowing times, plant height (PH) of Hungarian vetch and triticale was between 46.7 and 59.4 cm, and 85.9 and 93.4 cm, respectively. Green forage yield (GFY) was between 1746.2 and 2059.4 kg da-1, dry matter yield (DMY) was between 541.0 and 707.6 kg da-1, crude protein yield (CPY) was between 80.4 and 110.3 kg da-1, digestible dry matter yield (DDMY) was between 340.8 and 453.9 kg da-1, acid detergent fiber (ADF) ratio was between 31.8 and 33.7%, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ratio was between 44.7 and 49.5%, total digestible nutrient (TDN) was between 57.9 and 60.4% and relative feed value (RFV) was between 118.6 and 133.8. Sowing time had a significant effect (P &lt; 0.05) on PH of triticale, while it has a very significant effect (P &lt; 0.01) on GFY, DMY, CPY, DDMY, NDF ratios and RFV. Delaying the sowing time caused a decrease in the GFY, DMY and quality of the mixture. Results revealed that the first week of October is the most appropriate sowing time to obtain high dry matter yield with high quality under continental climate conditions of the central Anatolia.

YIELD, QUALITY AND PROFITABILITY OF HUNGARIAN VETCH (Vicia pannonica Crantz) UNDER DIFFERENT TILLAGE SYSTEMS AND SEED RATIOS

In this study, Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz) ‘HV’ production, under different tillage systems (zero ‘ZT’, reduce ‘RT’ and conventional ‘CT’) and seed ratios (80, 100, 120, 140, 160 kg ha-1) was evaluated in yield, protein content and profitability for forage and seed. This two-year study was conducted in Yozgat-Turkey conditions in 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 seasons. The experiments were arranged in split-plot, with the tillage systems as main plots and seed ratios as split-plots. Previous crop was wheat in both years. According to the two-year averages, the tillage systems were ordered statistically as follows: CT=RT=ZT for hay yield, ZT = CT &gt; RT for protein content of hay, RT=ZT=CT for seed yield and ZT&gt;RT=CT for protein content of seed. However the effect of year was significant for the treatments and, although not significant, seed ratio exhibited different effects changing depend on forage or seed harvest. Namely, seed yield was relatively more at the low seed ratios (80-100 kg ha-1) while hay yield was more at the high seed ratios (140-160 kg ha-1). Yield performances and low costs made ZT and RT economically superior than CT in both productions. Considering the yield and economy, ZT has seen as a more suitable system in HV cultivation with the seed ratio of 100 kg ha-1 for seed and 140 kg ha-1 for forage purposes. All these results have showed that HV cultivated with conservation tillage systems, especially with ZT can be competitive by conventional tillage regarding yield, moreover is much better for economically.