Hungarian Period Research Articles

Frequency Conditions in the Description of Historical Phonological Dialectal Differences

Abstract The primary and direct source material for describing phonological dialectal differences is represented by linguistic data found in charters. The source value of the data in particular charters for historical linguistics, however, may vary greatly. This is especially true for the earliest attested era, the early Old Hungarian period, which lasted from 895 to 1350. My study deals with the usability of linguistic records of the early Old Hungarian period. In this period the data found in charters are mainly proper names: place names and personal names, accordingly my examples are also of this category.

Növénynevet tartalmazó településnevek

The paper examines the relationship between place names referring to the natural environment and plant names. It provides a comprehensive picture of the role of plant names in the formation of settlement names describing the natural environment: what form plant names take in early Old Hungarian settlement names, when and in what proportion they appear in early Old Hungarian sources, and what shifts in their frequency occurred over the centuries. The study also examines the spatial characteristics of the name type and the distribution of certain plant names. Summarising the results, it can be concluded that in the early Old Hungarian period, the settlement names derived from plant names were usually formed by adding suffixes to single words. Morphematic naming played the dominant role in the formation of these settlement names. A significant increase in the number of such settlement names can be seen from the beginning of the 13th century, and continued at a steady pace until the end of the early Old Hungarian period. Settlement names of botanical origin are relatively common and cover the whole Carpathian Basin. Settlement names also include names of various plants, but the frequency of certain plant names varies greatly.

An introduction to György Márkus’s aesthetics: Transformation from praxis aesthetics to theory of aesthetic modernity

György Márkus, as a leading member of the Budapest School led by György Lukács in Hungary, is closely concerned with aesthetics. His final unfinished writings in political exile in Sydney were focused on the question of modern cultural autonomy. From the 1960s to the new century, from Budapest to Sydney in Australia, he established a new form of Neo-Marxist aesthetics on the basis of critical theory drawn from Lukács to the Frankfurt School. His aesthetics includes three dimensions: an aesthetics of praxis, a reconstruction of Lukács’s aesthetics and a theory of aesthetic modernity. His aesthetics is characteristic of analytic philosophy, especially ‘categorical analysis’. It shifts from philosophical aesthetics in the Hungarian period, which is based on an ontological foundation, that is, materialist phenomenology, to social or sociological aesthetics in the Australian period concerning social modernity, institution, constitution, culture, and so on. This is a turn from a philosophical paradigm to a structural one as regards aesthetics, which indicates a break with Lukács’s late return in the early 1960s to Hegelian inspired Ontology of Social Being. Márkus is strictly and essentially an essayist in fragments, who distinguishes himself from the other members of the Budapest School in this way. Ironically, this genre is once again influenced by the young Lukács’s aesthetics.

“Erased from the Face of God”

The paper looks into how influential the ideology of economic nationalism was in Slovene lands and in what contexts it appeared. This is explored through a case study of an entrepreneur and landowner, Anton Kajfež, and his sons, owners of one of the largest Slovene companies in Kočevje (Gottschee) before World War I and in the interwar period. The company focused primarily on timber trade and became a significant shareholder in many regional companies and banks. Kajfež was a promoter of the local Slovene economy and used his wealth to strengthen it with a series of projects designed to attract Slovene labour, with the goal of overtaking the influence of the Gottscheers, a local group of German origin. The Kajfež family ran up a deficit of several million dinars, so bankruptcy had to be declared in 1928. Because of the close ties the Kajfež company established in the region, the collapse was a major blow to the entire local Slovene economy and politics. The Gottscheers celebrated the company’s demise and its negative impact on Slovenes. The affair is an example of a late interwar national struggle between Slovenes and Germans, much more common in the Austro–Hungarian period.

A szövegbe illesztés módjai Szent István Veszprémi püspökségnek írt adománylevelében

Insertions in the Donation Letter to the Archdiocese of Veszprém from Stephen I of Hungary The original copy of Stephen I’s 1009 charter diploma establishing the Archdiocese of Veszprém has not survived; only interpolated versions with later modifications are available for research. As an interpolated charter diploma, the donation letter to the Archdiocese of Veszprém was relegated to the periphery of linguistic interest for a long time. Recently, however, the linguistic investigation of this donation letter has begun. This paper examines the methods of name choice and their insertion into the charter text. The author points out what new perspectives emerge in charter diploma analysis by applying this relatively recent approach and how examining the textual context assists interpretation and sheds light on unresolved issues. An analysis of name insertion methods contributes significantly to the evaluation of interpolated charter diplomas, to the distinction of chronological layers and ultimately, to the integration of new, early name records into the research into the relatively datadeficient initial phase of the Old Hungarian period.

FAMILY STRUCTURE AND AVERAGE AGE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN YASINIA HUTSULS SPOUSES IN 20 – 40 YEARS OF THE XXTH CENTURY

Based on the available archival sources and scientific literature, this publication presents a review of the family structure between the spouses of the Yasinia Hutsuls in the 20 – the 40s of the last century. The author considers the quantitative indicators of families with and without children, determines the share of complete, incomplete families and singles, outlines the number of families by generation. He also analyzes his ethnographic data collected in 2015, comparing the data reflected in them and those available from archival documents. Along with this, a family structure comparison and its constituent elements, which are affected by the study, taking data from the previous historical period - the end of the XIXth – the first two decades of the XXth century and 1970 – the 1980s in order to trace the influence of the two world wars on the object of study. Using the mathematical analysis method, the author conducts a study of fluctuations in the average age difference between husband and wife in 20 – 40 years, based primarily on the available archival data from the State Archives of the Transcarpathian region correlating them with the available ethnographic data. The average age difference between married couples, the author follows the books of the household accounting of the village of Stebnyi for the early 1970s in the records of which there is the necessary data on the study period. For comparison, in the chronological context, the indicators of average age difference in the village of Yasinia for the first two decades of the last century are taken. As a result of a detailed analysis of the narratives, the author concludes that the structure of the Yasinia Hutsul family in the Czechoslovak and Hungarian period has undergone significant changes: there was a fracture in the general spread of large families, were trends in the formation of small families, which consisted of a married couple and 3-5 children. At the same time, the First World War slowed down the decline in the average age difference by almost two decades, while the Second World War slowed down by only one. In general, the study of the family structure and marital relations of the Yasinia Hutsuls requires a more significant expansion of the source base, especially the further study of new archival materials, their introduction into scientific circulation.

Health utility measurement by time trade-off method in Hungary

Time trade-off (TTO) is a widely used method to assess health-related quality of life and health utilities for economic evaluations of health technologies. Little is known about the use of TTO in the Hungarian context. To systematically summarize the existing literature on the method in Hungary. In January 2020, we conducted a systematic literature search in three electronic databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science and the Hungarian Periodicals Table of Contents Database). Our inclusion criteria were: (1) original publications, which (2) measured utilities by using TTO, (3) from a Hungarian sample. Nine publications containing seven original studies were included that reported utilities for 23 different health states in seven chronic diseases (age-related macular degeneration, chronic migraine, Crohn's disease, pemphigus, primary dysmenorrhoea, psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis). Sample sizes ranged from 108 to 1996 respondents. Two studies used general population samples, another two used patient groups and three studies used both. Six studies used a form of conventional TTO and one used composite TTO method. The most frequent timeframe was 10 years (71%). The lowest mean utility was 0.34 (uncontrolled pemphigus vulgaris), while the highest was 0.94 (mild primary dysmenorrhoea). The overall proportion of non-traders ranged between 0 and 29% across studies. A growing number of studies are using TTO to assess utilities for chronic conditions from the general population or patients in Hungary. The majority of Hungarian TTO studies have met international quality standards. The assessment of TTO utilities is recommended also in other chronic conditions to assist health technology assessment. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(14): 542-554.

ANALYSIS OF GYORGY LIGETI’S MUSICA RICERCATA: MOVEMENT I

Musica Ricercata is a piano piece written by György Sandor Ligeti, the composer of the 20th century. He composed this piece during his Hungarian period, which is considered to be Ligeti’s early period. Under the shadow of the censorship and pressure imposed on artists by cultural policies in Hungary, he tries to develop an innovative perspective. During this period Ligeti reimagining the main elements of music, such as sound, interval, melody and rhythm and composed the Musica Ricercata. The work consists of eleven movements and pitch class used in this work increases exponentially in each successive movement. In Movement I only one pitch class was used, except for the last four meassure, and the movement was shaped by the use of this pitch class in different ways. This study explores how the diversity in the Movement I of Musica Ricercata is achieved. To investigate this aim, after literature research and data collection, Movement I has been analyzed harmonically and technically; motivic and rhythmic studies are shown on the sheets. While doing this analysis, it was based on the pitch class and post-tonal theory terminology. Ligeti’s research on motive, register, articulation and rhythm, in order to eliminate the monotony, were examined. In addition to being limited and sequential, the structures created with certain materials were shown; and the primitive forms of the techniques such as rhythmic crescendo and static structures that the composer created in his later periods were determined. Keywords: György Sandor Ligeti, Musica Ricercata, contemporary piano music, pitch class

Nyelvjárási jellemzők megjelenése boszorkányperes jegyzőkönyvek kézirataiban

On the appearance of dialectal features in manuscripts of witchcraft records The present paper explores the scribal context in witness depositions of Hungarian witch trials, focusing on the appearance of dialectal features in the manuscripts. Witness depositions of the Middle Hungarian period proved to be speech-based or speech related texts, however, it is not self-evident that the records also can be considered as particularly dialectal sources of the past. It is also requires investigation whether the variants reflects the language use of the witnesses themselves or the scribes. The present study deals with these questions analysing records from a narrower region and then extending the findings to a broader context (with comparison with other regions). Date came from close reading of manuscripts and queries of some morphological and lexically bounded phonological variants from the Old and Middle Hungarian corpus of informal language use. I will also argue that some of the studied variants were rather socially and historically than regionally embedded during the period.

Сорабістичні дослідження Володимира Моторного в українських та зарубіжних періодичних виданнях

Abstract Background: The scientific sorabic works of Professor V. A. Motornyy includes more than 50 scientific articles, reviews, reports on Lusatian topics and in general gives an opportunity to look into different periods of Lusatian-Ukrainian literary and cultural relations. The works of the scholar on the literature of Sorbian Lusatia, on Michał August Kral, the founder of Ukrainian literary studies in Lusatia, on the development of Ukrainian Sorbian studies, on Lusatian motives in Ukrainian literature, etc. are invaluable. V. A. Motornyy is the winner of the prestigious Domovina Prize in 2002, which he received for his services in the development of Sorbian studies in Ukraine and for disseminating, in particular in the form of publications, knowledge about Lusatian Serbs. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to draw public attention to the works of Professor Motornyy, which were published in Ukrainian, Lusatian, and Hungarian periodicals magazines and collections. We will take into account the most important for inter-Slavic cultural and literary contacts of the professor's articles, published in Ukraine and abroad, namely, in magazines and collections “Questions of Sorbian studies”, “Lĕtopis”, “Práce z dĕjin slavistiky”, “Studia Slavica Savariensia”. Results: The works of V. A. Motornyy on the Sorbian theme, which are essential in the All-Slavic context. His rich Sorbian heritage gives reason to hope that over the years it will not be forgotten what the famous researcher of literature and culture of the Lusatian Serbs devoted his scientific research to, that his scientific achievements will be necessary for future generations of Slavists. Over time, there are some transformations in scientific approaches to individual facts, their interpretations by literary science. Modern works of Lusatian, Polish and other foreign researchers will undoubtedly continue the scientific traditions of the Ukrainian scientist. Key words: V. А. Motornyy, Sorabic studies, Sorabic studies school in Lviv, periodicals, scientific interests, comparative research.

Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin

Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian nomadic groups arrived to the Carpathian Basin from the Eurasian Steppes and significantly influenced its political and ethnical landscape, however their origin remains largely unknown. In order to shed light on the genetic affinity of above groups we have determined Y chromosomal haplogroups and autosomal loci, suitable to predict biogeographic ancestry, from 49 individuals, supposed to represent the power/military elit. Haplogroups from the Hun-age are consistent with Xiongnu ancestry of European Huns. Most of the Avar-age individuals carry east Eurasian Y haplogroups typical for modern north-eastern Siberian and Buryat populations and their autosomal loci indicate mostly un-admixed Asian characteristics. In contrast the conquering Hungarians seem to be a recently assembled population incorporating un-admixed European, Asian as well as admixed components. Their heterogeneous paternal and maternal lineages indicate similar supposed phylogeographic origin of males and females, derived from Central-Inner Asian and European Pontic Steppe sources.

Hungarians Fighting for France in Indochina

After the Second World War, hundreds of thousands of young Hungarians became prisoners of war (POW). Most of them were transported to the east, to the Soviet Union, but still large numbers were captured by French, British or American troops after the collapse of the Third Reich. Hungarians and Germans joined the French Foreign Legion (FFL) in large numbers due to the terrible living conditions of the prison camps. Thousands of former Honvéd soldiers and members of the Hungarian Royal Levente Movement joined the Légion Étrangère to escape those camps, just to die for France in Indochina, from the mountains of Cao Bang to the fields of Dien Bien Phu. This period of the FFL is less researched than the well-known “périod hongrois” (Hungarian Period), the wave of refugees after the ill-fated 1956 Revolution. This article is about those young men, who went from a war to another just to fight on an even more lethal battlefield.

The Representation of Ireland in Bertalan Szemere’s Utazás külföldön or A Journey Abroad A Study of Szemere’s Image-Forming Sources

AbstractThe present study adds to my ongoing research into Irish-Hungarian relations in the nineteenth century. As such it is concerned with Bertalan Szemere’s representation of Ireland in his travelogue Utazás külföldön [A Journey Abroad]. It approaches Szemere’s work from the perspective of the following three questions. How does Szemere’s trip to Ireland fit into the tradition of Irish-Hungarian contacts? What urged Szemere to sail over to Ireland and extend his already long and tiring tour of Europe? And finally, what factors shaped Szemere’s image of Ireland in his travel account? A preliminary study of the conditions of Szemere’s trip and his actual account of the country has led me to the hypothesis that in the process of creating his own representation of Ireland Szemere heavily relied on external sources. I seek to answer these questions by identifying the place of Szemere’s travel account in the tradition of Hungarian-Irish contacts; by relating it to other texts on Ireland by Szemere’s Hungarian contemporaries; and by comparing it to particular reports on Ireland by European travellers. My aim is to prove that Szemere’s representation of Ireland was primarily informed and moulded by German and English sources as they were transferred to Szemere by some Hungarian periodicals. My study also emphasizes the importance of further research into the interaction of Hungarian and European discourse on Ireland in the nineteenth century.

モホイ=ナジのハンガリー時代:1895-1919 : 行動主義「MA」とモホイ=ナジの関係(1)

モホイ=ナジのハンガリー時代:1895-1919 : 行動主義「MA」とモホイ=ナジの関係(1)

The evolution of functional left peripheries in Hungarian syntax ed. by Katalin É. Kiss

Reviewed by: The evolution of functional left peripheries in Hungarian syntax ed. by Katalin É. Kiss István Kenesei and Anikó Lipták The evolution of functional left peripheries in Hungarian syntax. Ed. by Katalin É. Kiss. (Oxford studies in diachronic & historical linguistics.) Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Pp. 263. ISBN 9780198709855. $110 (Hb). This is the first English language book on Hungarian diachronic syntax in the generative framework. It summarizes the outstanding achievements of a four-year OTKA (Hungarian Scientific Research Fund) project on diachronic syntax of Hungarian, carried out at the Research Institute for Linguistics under the leadership of Katalin É. Kiss. The book is a somewhat more concise version of the Hungarian publication É. Kiss 2014, adapted to an international readership. The book provides an empirical overview of the syntactic changes in Hungarian, covering the following five major areas: basic sentence structure, DP structure, quantification, PP structure, and subordination. The book’s title is slightly misleading since the volume is not explicitly about the functional left periphery in all of the above areas, but rather about the development of functional material (in the left periphery or elsewhere) that is closely linked to historical change and grammaticalization. The diachronic data studied are texts originating between the end of the twelfth century and the end of the sixteenth century, from the second half of the Old Hungarian period (which roughly corresponds to six centuries between c. 900 and 1500) and the beginning of the Middle Hungarian era that followed it. In this period, the most important documents comprise forty-seven hand-written codices (Old Hungarian) and printed books in various genres (Middle Hungarian). These texts were annotated and entered into a corpus built for the project (currently available for the Hungarian-speaking audience at http://oldhungariancorpus.nytud.hu). The building of the corpus itself was a massive undertaking, the details of which (the process of digitalization, problems of character recognition, text encoding, annotation, etc.) are documented by Eszter Simon in the appendix to the volume. The five chapters detailing historical change in Hungarian share a methodology. The reconstruction of the Proto-Hungarian language (with no surviving documents) is based on the S-curve method (Croft 2000): new constructions first spread slowly, then fast, then slowly again, while old constructions are ousted following the reverse pattern. Using the backward extension of these curves, as well as comparisons with the Ob-Ugric sister languages Khanti and Mansi, the research established several features of Proto-Hungarian and Old/Middle Hungarian. The following gives a brief summary of the chapter contents. Ch. 1 by Katalin É. Kiss argues that Hungarian has changed from an SOV to an SVO language, a change that went hand in hand with the disappearance of unmarked objects and the appearance of the modern Hungarian left periphery. Possibly, rightward-dislocated phrases came to be reanalyzed as base-generated arguments, bringing about the reanalysis of preverbal elements as A-bar constituents, resulting in a Topic–Focus–V–X order (rather than, strictly speaking, SVO). The change must have taken place before the start of the Old Hungarian period since the fifty clauses of the first Old Hungarian document already utilize every clausal functional projection that is attested in Modern Hungarian. Although the head-final nature of Proto-Hungarian is argued for on the basis of evidence that VP, TP, and CP were all head-final in that period, the role of Tense is neglected throughout in the change from SOV to the Old Hungarian structure. Note that there is precious little on this topic even in the highly relevant chapter on finite and nonfinite subordination apart from an important, though rather brief, observation, claiming that ‘Old Hungarian was not an OV language any more, yet auxiliaries strictly followed the main verb, which means that VP was not head final, but TP/AspP still was’ (n. 17, p. 182). The paper also provides a detailed account of the development of object agreement, which is descended from topic-verb agreement in Proto-Hungarian, where the subject was a primary topic, and the object a focus or a secondary topic, which triggered agreement only in the latter case (an instance of differential object agreement...

A Tihanyi alapítólevél személynevei III.

The 1055 Foundation Deed of Tihany Abbey, a precious linguistic record of the Hungarian language, includes several Hungarian place names and personal names inserted into the Latin text of the charter. Research in the last decade has primarily focused on the place names of the deed, thus a modern day analysis of the relevant personal names is yet to be realised. The paper, surveying the personal names and the place names derived from personal names in the charter, intends to demonstrate that the different types of personal names (i.e. anthroponyms, hagionyms and theonyms) were included in toponyms as a result of seemingly similar tendencies in name giving and name use (based on the person’s role as a spiritual or real possessor) in the Old Hungarian period. Similarity can also be observed in the fact that both of these aspects could be expressed in grammatical forms either with or without a suffix. A comparison of the two subtypes reveals a minor distinction: while suffixless toponyms derived from the name of a patron saint, referring to spiritual ownership, can be found in several other languages, suffixless place names indicating real, factual possession indicate characteristically Hungarian name giving practices. The early name stock of the charter also attests that the practice of giving suffixless toponyms indicating possession can be traced to previous name giving strategies in the Hungarian language, thus its origins are not in the spread of the systematic use of place names referring to the patron saint of the settlement.

Polish Electoral Law in the 1920s in the Light of the Hungarian Period Literature and Electoral Law. A Comparative Historical Study

Polish Electoral Law in the 1920s in the Light of the Hungarian Period Literature and Electoral Law. A Comparative Historical Study

Over- or underestimated? Bibliographic survey of the biomedical periodicals published in Hungary

This publication - based on an article published in 2006 - emphasises the qualities of the current biomedical periodicals of Hungarian editions. The aim of this study was to analyse how Hungarian journals meet the requirements of the scientific aspect and international visibility. Authors evaluated 93 Hungarian biomedical periodicals by 4 viewpoints of the two criteria mentioned above. 35% of the analysed journals complete the attributes of scientific aspect, 5% the international visibility, 6% fulfill all examined criteria, and 25% are indexed in international databases. 6 biomedical Hungarian periodicals covered by each of the three main bibliographic databases (Medline, Scopus, Web of Science) have the best qualities. Authors recommend to improve viewpoints of the scientific aspect and international visibility. The basis of qualitative adequacy are the accurate authors' guidelines, title, abstract, keywords of the articles in English, and the ability to publish on time.

Klippel‐Feil syndrome in an Early Hungarian Period juvenile skeleton from Austria

AbstractThe excellently preserved skeleton of a juvenile from the Early Hungarian Period (10th century AD), recently excavated in Gnadendorf (Lower Austria), displays typical symptoms of Type II congenital ‘Klippel‐Feil syndrome’ (KFS): fused cervical vertebrae 2 and 3, and fused thoracic vertebrae 2 and 3. Other features observed in this skeleton clinically reported for KFS include a basilar impression and a spina bifida occulta. The bilateral symmetrical hypoplasia of the basilar part of the occipital bone is probably also linked to this syndrome, as well as the constricted external acoustic meati, which almost certainly led to hearing impairment. A cranial lesion and its possible consequences are discussed in the context of the specific KFS alterations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Eine vergessene Studie Ján Kollárs

Jan Kollar's forgotten study on the early history of Pannonian Slavs appeared in the German and Hungarian periodicals of Pest and Buda in 1841. Later Kollar published the more developed version of the notes on his traveling experience in the writing having the title Cestopis.