Hungarian Linguistics Research Articles

Performative updates and the modeling of speech acts

This paper develops a way to model performative speech acts within a framework of dynamic semantics. It introduces a distinction between performative and informative updates, where informative updates filter out indices of context sets (cf. Stalnaker, Cole (ed), Pragmatics, Academic Press, 1978), whereas performative updates change their indices (cf. Szabolcsi, Kiefer (ed), Hungarian linguistics, John Benjamins, 1982). The notion of index change is investigated in detail, identifying implementations by a function or by a relation. Declarations like the meeting is (hereby) adjourned are purely performative updates that just enforce an index change on a context set. Assertions like the meeting is (already) adjourned are analyzed as combinations of a performative update that introduces a guarantee of the speaker for the truth of the proposition, and an informative update that restricts the context set so that this proposition is true. The first update is the illocutionary act characteristic for assertions; the second is the primary perlocutionary act, and is up for negotiations with the addressee. Several other speech acts will be discussed, in particular commissives, directives, exclamatives, optatives, and definitions, which are all performative, and differ from related assertions. The paper concludes a discussion of locutionary acts, which are modelled as index changers as well, and proposes a novel analysis for the performative marker hereby.

Чусовой словарь из архива Г. Ф. Миллера: особенности и его значение для классификации мансийских диалектов

Introduction. The article examines a dictionary of Mansi compiled from lexemes recorded along the Chusovaya River in the early-to-mid eighteenth century. The dictionary was discovered in G. F. Müller’s archives. Other available archives (e.g., those of A. J. Sjögren and P. S. Pallas) contain no mention of the dictionary. So, the only source referring to the latter is a 1958 article by Hungarian linguist J. Gulya that analyzes several Mansi words recorded in the eighteenth century across the Lower Tagil, Lower Tura, and Chusovaya river basins to determine a total of three distinct features inherent to the local Mansi dialects. A comparison of lexemes contained in G. F. Müller’s dictionary of Chusovaya Mansi against the ones published in J. Gulya’s work has yielded a number of discrepancies with the scholar’s conclusions. Goals. So, the paper compares Chusovaya Mansi against other Mansi dialects — Berezovo, Solikamsk, Cherdyn, Kungur, Upper Tura, and Karpinsky ones — recorded during the same period and in the same area. The most extensive description and analysis of the latter sources based on L. Honti’s classification are to be found in J. Normanskaya’s article titled ‘How the Classification of Mansi Dialects Was Changed (On the Material of the First Cyrillic Books and Dictionaries of the 18th and 19th Centuries)’ (2022). Materials and methods. The work employs the comparative and comparative historical methods to examine a variety of Mansi-language archival sources. Results. The paper reconsiders the data contained in J. Normanskaya’s publication for a comparative analysis, and shows that the Chusovaya Mansi dictionary does confirm the Russian researcher’s conclusions: Northern and Western Mansi dialect differences developed by L. Honti were non-existent or had only just appeared in the eighteenth century. However, the proto-Mansi *k>χ transition before back vowels identified by J. Normanskaya as the one and only feature exclusively characteristic of Northern Mansi dialects has not been confirmed in the Chusovaya dialect traditionally clustered within Western Mansi: it happens to contain the traditional Northern transition (chot ‘шесть’, chórom ‘три’).

Elindult a Magyar Nemzeti Helynévtár Program

The Hungarian National Toponym Registry Program Launched The paper reports on the launch of a comprehensive toponomastics program supported by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and based on extensive scholarly collaboration aimed at collecting, documenting, and publishing contemporary and historical Hungarian toponyms. The main objective of the first year of the program was to establish the operative framework and involve the adequate group of scholars. All university departments providing programs in Hungarian linguistics in the Carpathian Basin participate in the work with institutional representatives coordinating the activities. There are regional coordinators outside Hungary and the Advisory Board of the Academy facilitates high-quality work. University students have a key role in the collection and processing of the toponymic corpus and they are prepared for such a work with the help of university courses, online materials, collection trips, and joint database building activities. The work completed in the first year has provided a sound foundation for the implementation of the decade-long research program.

The significance and role of István Kótyuk’s work in Transcarpathian Hungarian science and education in the mother tongue

István Kótyuk, who passed away in the autumn of 2020, is a famous Hungarian linguist, translator, lexicographer and author of numerous textbooks for schools with Hungarian language of instruction in Transcarpathia. István Kótyuk’s activities were very diverse. Scientific research, teaching, organizing and translating activities and work in the field of Hungarian and Ukrainian lexicography are only some of the most important achievements of the scientist.
 István Kótyuk was born on 11 January 1934 in the village of Rativtsi, then part of Czechoslovakia, now in the Uzhhorod district of Ukraine. In 1949, he was admitted to the Mukachevo Teachers’ College, which operated in Khust until 1950. In 1953 he graduated as a primary school teacher and in the same year he started studying at the Hungarian Language Department of the Pedagogical College in Uzhhorod. The Pedagogical College was soon closed down, and he continued his studies at the Uzhhorod State University, where he graduated in 1958 with a degree in Russian language and literature. After that, he worked first at the editorial office of the Zakarpatska Pravda (Carpathian True Word) and then at the regional radio station. In 1963, the Hungarian Language and Literature Department of the Uzhhorod State University was established, where he was appointed as a teacher of Hungarian language and literature. During his 30 years there, he taught various subjects: modern Hungarian (morphology and syntax), dialectology, historical grammar of the Hungarian language and other special courses in the Hungarian language. István Kótyuk worked at Uzhhorod State University until 1994. In 1997, he accepted an invitation from the newly established Ferenc Rákóczi II Transcarpathian Hungarian College of Higher Education and taught Hungarian grammar to the students, first at the Linguistics Department and then, after the Hungarian language and literature section of the Philology Department was established, to the students of that department. In the middle of the 60s of the last century István Kótyuk started to investigate the Hungarian dialect of the historical Uzh county. His research included the phonetic, vocabulary, formal, syntactic and stylistic features of the dialect, as well as the Eastern Slavic influences in the dialect. He also wrote his doctoral dissertation on this topic, which he defended in 1974 under the title Украинские заимствования в ужанском венгерскoм говоре (Ukrainian loanwords in the Hungarian Uzh dialect). With several years of active research, he contributed to the creation of the All-Carpathian Language Atlas (1989–2003) and the Dictionary of Transcarpathian Hungarian Dialects (the glossaries of which were also published in Acta Hungarica). Besides his scientific activities, István Kótyuk also did a lot of work in the field of education. Since 1971, he wrote 16 textbooks approved by the Soviet and later by the Ukrainian Ministry of Education and Science for grades 4–11 in secondary schools of Transcarpathia with Hungarian language of instruction, some of which have been published several times. As a result, several generations of Transcarpathian Hungarian schoolchildren have been able to acquire knowledge of their mother tongue from the textbooks compiled by István Kótyuk.
 István Kótyuk’s work has been recognised with numerous awards. His wisdom, his knowledge, his perseverance, his humanity remain an example for us. We cherish his memory with a grateful heart.

Sources in historical dialectology

Abstract Any scholarly description of Hungarian dialects may only be possible for the time period after the settlement of the Hungarian-speaking population in the Carpathian Basin. Research in historical dialectology has primarily focused on the phonological characterization of 11th-14th century conditions, while in terms of sources, scholars have so far relied primarily on early data related to tribes’ names, historical data recorded in charters, today’s dialects, as well as evidence provided by related languages and elements borrowed from others. My paper sets out to establish the value of various sources in historical dialectology in view of our current knowledge in language history and calls attention to related methodological pitfalls. As most of these source types may also greatly contribute to the better understanding of the history of other languages, these methodological issues are relevant not only for Hungarian historical linguistics and dialectology but also more generally. The research and writing of this essay has been supported by the University of Debrecen and the MTA Premium Postdoctoral Research Program, Eötvös Loránd Research Network.

TO THE QUESTION OF SUBSTANTIVISATION IN THE HUNGARIAN LANGUAGE IN COMPARISON WITH RUSSIAN

Recently transposition became the issue of many research papers for being a complicated and sophisticated language phenomenon, and its definition has been broadened. The issue of transposition and the degrees of verb transitivity are the most controversial and difficult ones both in Hungarian and Russian linguistics. This issue may be investigated on different language levels: lexical, syntactic, morphological and on the level of word formation. Taking into account the mobility of parts of speech boundaries in the compared languages we attempt to find the cause of words transitioning from one lexico-grammatical class into another, investigate transposition as a natural phenomenon both for the Hungarian and Russian languages, differentiate transition in parts of the speech system from other language phenomena, solve some contentious issues regarding parts of speech, for example ‘noun-adjective’ relations, and others. Despite having extensive literature concerning nominalization in Russian linguistics and some works in Hungarian linguistics, some aspects are not comprehensively covered in them. For example, different types of transitions from other parts of speech into nouns, thorough semantic and thematic categorization of substantivized words, characteristics of their functioning in texts of different functional styles, principles of creating lexicography, etc. In this article we compare the process of substantivation amidst the system of parts of speech in languages of such different structure as Hungarian and Russian. Comprehensive and comparative study of the process of transition of other parts of speech into nouns allows us to conduct a deeper investigation of each of these languages’ structure and also to reveal typological similarities and differences between them. These languages have not been explored this way so it provides scientific novelty to the research. For the first time we define the main conditions of a systematic process of transposition in Hungarian and Russian and reveal both specific and universal opportunities for transition in the compared languages. We use comparative analysis for researching semantic models of substantivized words, distinguish different types of transitions into nouns and describe structural and stylistic features. Thus, the topic of the research is the grammatical, semantic, structural and stylistic features of substantivized words in Hungarian and Russian. The objective of the study is to discover linguistic nature of substantivation of adjectives, verbs and verbal formations, numerals and pronouns, to find out specific and universal features caused by typological differences of the researched languages. To achieve this goal we need to solve the following problems: determining the place of substantivation in the system of word formation in Hungarian and Russian, discovering how much substantivation and conversion being productive ways of word formation are identical in Russian and Hungarian, distinguishing semantic models of substantivized words and compare them, comparing models of usual and occasional substantivation and determine its productivity, studying their structure which means showing peculiarities of substantivized words’ grammatical structure in Hungarian and Russian, discovering similarities and differences between them and finding adequate models. The research is based on data of dictionaries of Russian and Hungarian languages, examples of fictional texts, live speech and not the least on the idioms. Theoretical importance lies in the following: 1) the research develops the theory of transitivity as we study transposition in two languages of different structures using comparative analysis of substantivized words and taking into account grammatical, semantic and functional aspects; 2) using the materials of two languages of different structures we discover the main conditions of systematic transposition and distinguish its universal and specific features; 3) for the first time the problem of transposition is studied on the basis of Russian and Hungarian from a theoretical point of view (on the example of transition of other parts of speech into nouns); 4) we develop the methodology of a comprehensive approach to study substantivation in Hungarian and Russian which can be used when describing this phenomenon in other languages of different structures.

Research at the Institute of Hungarian Linguistics and Literary Science in Nitra

Research at the Institute of Hungarian Linguistics and Literary Science in Nitra

Computer supported research of Hungarian dialects in Slovakia

Abstract Computer supported research of Hungarian dialects in Slovakia began in 2010 at the Institute of Hungarian Linguistics and Literary Science, Faculty of Central European Studies, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra. The research is carried out using dialectological software developed by two researchers (Domokos Vékás and Fruzsina Sára Vargha) from Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest, creating regional dialect databases, first for the Žitný ostrov/Csallóköz region and then for the whole Slovakia Hungarian dialect region. Before a detailed presentation of research results and possibilities in the field of digitized dialectological data, the study briefly describes the methods and Hungarian results of digital dialectology. Based on Hungarian research in Slovakia, it shows how it is possible to generate maps showing the geographical and social distribution of linguistic phenomena and acoustic phonetic analyses of data aligned with sound files. Important results of digital dialectology in Nitra are recently published audiobooks of Hungarian dialects in Slovakia, which can be used in addition to the needs of the researchers as a collection of multimedia dialect texts in school education and in the promotion of dialects.

Languages and actors in the linguistic landscape in the Slovak-Hungarian ethnically mixed area in Slovakia

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to characterize the linguistic landscape of municipalities in Slovakia inhabited by Hungarian minority. Empirical data come from two sources: from BA and MA theses, which were defended in 2015 – 2020 at the Institute of Hungarian Linguistics and Literary Studies at the Faculty of Central European Studies, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra and from research project VEGA “Minority variety of the Hungarian language in Slovakia”. As part of the above field research, the linguistic landscape of 82 municipalities in which the Hungarian population makes up at least 20% of the population was mapped. The results fundamentally confirm the research findings of P. Laihonen, who studied linguistic landscape in two municipalities. In all municipalities, the most frequent language was Slovak, this applies to all types of analyzed signs with texts (inscriptions of state and municipal authorities, commercial and private signs). Slovak occurs on at least 80% of signs, the representation of Hungarian as the second most frequent language is between 25 – 55%. The most bilingual Slovak-Hungarian signs are in the southwest of Slovakia, where the largest Hungarian minority lives and where Hungarians form the local majority. On bilingual Slovak-Hungarian signs, the preferred language is Slovak, in terms of information content, it is a duplicate publication of information. Municipal authorities and the commercial sphere have the greatest influence on the formation of the linguistic landscape.

ON COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF PARTS OF SPEECH IN HUNGARIAN AND RUSSIAN

The issue of parts of speech in different languages remained contentious through many centuries. And it is still an unsolved problem in modern linguistics because of the weak theoretical framework which has to do with the very nature of parts of speech and lexicographical factor (for example, the choice of the dictionaries which were the basis for words selection). This factor influences parts of speech categorization, its composition and its volume. Distinguishing different parts of speech principles, their nomenclature, hierarchy is a very important question of any language’s grammar, which forms the basis of the language’s grammatical structure and it is still not resolved in modern hungarology. The present article shows the results of comparative studies of parts of speech in Hungarian and Russian. This approach reveals not only specific features of grammatical structures of these languages to show morphological distinctions of two languages of different structure but also to discover the common features, criteria and unified approach to clustering parts of speech and to grammatical categories’ description. The author’s goal was to trace the development of the linguists’ view on the part of speech, to distinguish different approaches to study them, to describe and interpret word classes in both languages by consistent comparison of linguistic facts. Meanwhile, the emphasis was on identifying inconsistencies, contrasting features and grammatical discrepancy. Special attention was paid to the review of parts of speech theory and their classification in Hungarian linguistics. The results of comparative analysis of parts of speech in Hungarian and Russian are presented in the article. Through the contentious comparing of grammatical facts of Hungarian and Russian the author established how systems of parts of speech in Russian and Hungarian can be related, what common features and differences they have. The joint use of methods of comparative linguistics is demonstrated in the article. Data of the modern explanatory dictionaries of the Hungarian language was used for analysis of the chosen lexicon. The analysis of the language facts made by tools of contrastive linguistics along with the results of comparing data of these languages let one learn Hungarian grammar easier and deeper and also let one develop the theory and practice of translation, lexicography and interculturalism.

ПИСЬМА ВЕНГЕРСКОГО МОНГОЛОВЕДА ГАБОРА БАЛИНТА Н. И. ИЛЬМИНСКОМ В КАЗАНЬ (1872–1874 ГГ.)

Gabor Balint (Gabor Balint de Szentkatolna, 1844–1913) was an outstanding Hungarian linguist, expert in Mongolian and Turkic studies, one of the leading scholars and educators of the so-called Renaissance of Hungarian national culture and ideology of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Modern Hungarian historiography plays the leading role in studying the hand-written legacy of this researcher and educator. This is evidenced by a variety of publications dedicated to G. Balint, one of the leading experts of Austria-Hungary and Europe in the field of the Mongolian language and folklore, including ones published in the journal of Euro-Asian research called Journal of the Gábor Bálint de Szentkatolna Society and founded in 2009. The goal of this paper is to publish three previously unknown letters from Gabor Balint to N. I. Ilminsky written during the period from December of 1872 to November of 1874 (from St. Petersburg and Budapest) after his research trip to Kazan and Astrakhan and the completion of his travel to Mongolia. These letters are stored in the State Archives of the Republic of Tatarstan (coll. 968. aids 1. fol. 93).

József Engel de Szepeslőcse – Linguist and Physician

Abstract József Engel (1807–1870) originates from an intellectual family from the Northern part of Hungary, he got to Marosvásárhely (Târgu Mureş) due to family relations. There he was assistant in the Golden Deer Pharmacy. Later he graduated the theoretical course of Chemistry at the Pest University. His thesis was printed. Then he studied medicine at the same university between 1830 and 1836. He wrote his thesis about the measles (De Morbilis). Meanwhile studying at Pest he got interested in Hungarian linguistics. He elaborated a study on the stem words of the Hungarian language which won a competition of the Hungarian Academy of Science. Engel was a much appreciated general practitioner at Marosvásárhely. The famous mathematician, János Bolyai was also his patient. He subscribed to German medical journals, collected plants and minerals. But his major interest was linguistics. In the middle of the 1850-s there was a movement at Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca) to establish a Museum Society. Then Engel’s linguistic research work was rediscovered. Some articles were published about him and even a fragment of his work in progress got printed. In 1857 Engel moves to Kolozsvár to help the founding of the Transylvanian Museum Society and to finish his treatise. As a general practitioner he could hardly make his living. In 1859 the Hungarian Academy of Science elected him corresponding member. He finished his thesis in linguistics and sent it to the Academy as an inaugural address. It was presented, but not published. His conception was considered obsolete. He died quite forgotten at Kolozsvár. At the Academy Henrik Finály held a memorial speech upon his life and activity. His two sons and two grandsons continued the medical traditions.

A Kiss Lajos-díj 2020. évi nyertese: dr. Bárth János

The Lajos Kiss Prize, awarded every two or three years since 2006, is considered to be a highly prestigious award for young onomasticians. The 2020 winner of the prize is Dr János Bárth, senior lecturer at the Institute of Hungarian Linguistics and Finno-Ugric Studies of Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest. He was given this award for his contribution to Hungarian Historical Onomastics, especially for his research on place names.

125 éve született Bárczi Géza

Géza Bárczi is a prominent figure of Hungarian linguistics; he had an influential role in the history of that discipline both as a professor and as a researcher. The present commemoration was written by one of his former students, someone who knew him closely and finds it important to pass on the memory of her mentor. The paper enumerates the main events of Géza Bárczi’s professional life (from being a secondary school teacher to leading the department of Hungarian linguistics at the University of Debrecen and then at ELTE) and gives a broad picture of the various areas of his work, which covers almost all of the subfields of Hungarian language history (such as phoneme history, historical morphology, lexicology etc.). Géza Bárczi is also considered to be a great synthesis maker, something which particularly shows up in two of his works: he is the author of the first thorough etymological dictionary of the Hungarian language (1941) and of an extensive monograph called A magyar nyelv életrajza (A Biography of the Hungarian Language). He also had an important role in the Society of Hungarian Linguistics, of which he was the president for 17 years. His lectures were unforgettable experiences for his students: he was always seeking for the truth in his research and his way of presentation was always known for its crystal clear logic and elegant style.

A Kiss Lajos-díj 2018. évi nyertese: dr. Győrffy Erzsébet

Winner of the 2018 Lajos Kiss Prize: Dr Erzsébet Győrffy
 The Lajos Kiss Prize, awarded every two or three years since 2006, is considered to be a highly prestigious award for young onomasticians. The 2018 winner of the prize is Dr Erzsébet Győrffy, senior lecturer at the Department of Hungarian Linguistics of the University of Debrecen. She was given this award for her contribution to Hungarian Historical Onomastics, especially for her research on place names and socio-onomastics.

Bernát Munkácsi and Finno-ugric studies in Hungary at the turn of 19–20 centuries.

The article presents a chronology of scientific research of the Hungarian linguist and ethnographerб who studied Finno-Ugric peoples – Bernát Munkácsi (1860–1937). The first scientific trip of B. Munkácsi took place in the summer of 1880 to the Hungarians speaking the Csángó dialect in Moldova province. The route of the expedition in 1885 led him to different ethnographic groups of the Udmurts. The longest trip was taken in 1888 to the Northern Urals and Western Siberia to the Ob-Ugric peoples. A special place is occupied by the analysis of his collecting work among prisoners of war during the First world war. The author of the fundamental volumes of folk poetry and ethnographic texts about Udmurts and Mansi, Munkácsi went down in the history of Finno-Ugric studies as one of the pioneers of field research and a humanist.

NAGY ELŐDÖK NYOMÁBAN…

A tanulmány a Maribori Egyetem Bölcsészettudományi Kara Magyar Nyelv és Irodalom Tanszékén végzett, illetve a Tanszékhez (is) kötődő (szocio)dialektológiai kutatások tendenciáiról igyekszik számot adni. A nagy elődök munkáiból kiindulva (a Nagyatlasz kutatói, Penavin Olga, a szombathelyi dialektológiai műhely tagjai, a helyi gyűjtők, nyelvészek és nem nyelvészek) azt mutatja be, hogyan alakultak/alakulnak a nyelvjárási gyűjtések és feldolgozások az utóbbi években. Szlovénia egyetlen magyar nyelven magyar nyelvészetet és irodalmat oktató tanszéke nagyon fontosnak tartja a hallgatók bevonását a dialektológiai kutatásokba. A tanulmány empirikus anyagát jórészt két friss hallgatói szókészleti gyűjtés adja (Szentlászló, Dobronak), amelyek lehetővé teszik a tájszókészlet egy-egy szeletének összehasonlítását (valóságosidő-vizsgálat) a már meglévő anyagokkal és elemzésekkel. A tájszókészlet átörökítése, a helyi nyelvjárások megtartása, az anyanyelven belüli kettős- vagy többesnyelvűség a magyar nyelv megmaradásának fontos szegmense, az identitás alakításának egyik legmarkánsabb jegye.

Die Bedeutung von László Hadrovics im Bereich der kroatistischen Philologie

The present paper is a narrower cross-section of the very rich contribution to Croatistics by the Hungarian linguist László Hadrovics (1910–1996). It presents the findings of his research entailing the contact between the Hungarian and the Croatian languages, the Croatian literary language in Burgenland (former Western Hungary) as well as his findings in etymological studies. Hadrovics was a prominent, internationally acknowledged linguist of his time. His great achievements are marked by the richness in data and by the numerous novel methodological approaches applied in his monograph on the words of Hungarian origin in the Serbo-Croatian language. His book served as a pattern to a great number of successive publications. His work on the Croatian literary language in Burgenland, among others, publishes its first dictionary of this kind. As far as his etymological studies are concerned, the renewal of his research methods is of prominent interest. Hadrovics broke up with the practice of earlier etymological research which was based on using dictionary entries. The author went back to the sources themselves, which yielded much more reliable results. With his new approach, he gained outstanding results, even on an international level.

Rozrachunek z wiecznymi lingwistycznymi antynomiami: analogia–anomalia, forma–znaczenie, paradygmatyczny–syntagmatyczny, synchronia–diachronia w dzisiejszej węgierskiej gramatyce przypadka

After the liberation of Hungarian linguistics in the 19th century from the restrictive descriptive paradigm of ancient and mediaeval times, dogmatizing the properties of the Latin language as omni-valid, Hungarian gram-marians seem to have gone on to adopt another doctrine that obscured certain essential properties of the semantic, morpho-syntactic and morphological structure of the Hungarian language. The case of the controversial so-called endingless accusative (cf. Varom a fiam ‘I am expecting my son’) reveals their methodological inclinations, which evidently favored an analogical, formal, paradigmatic and (implicitly) diachronizing approach at the expense of a balanced – and in the view of the author of this article more suitable – approach which would also take account of anomalous, semantic, syntagmatic and purely synchronic phenomena. Normal 0 21 false false false PL X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Standardowy; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}

Pragmatika, szociopragmatika, udvariasságkutatás a magyar nyelvtörténetben

Pragmatika, szociopragmatika, udvariasságkutatás a magyar nyelvtörténetben