Hungarian Central Statistical Office Research Articles

The role of Christian faith in the reintegration of female prisoners

Aim: This study delves into the correlation between religious faith and the process of reintegration among women in incarceration. In Hungary, this subject is relatively understudied; however, international insights underscore the prominent role of religious convictions in shaping an individual’s predisposition towards criminality and their influence on prosocial conduct. Yet, the extent and contentious nature of its role in reintegration persist due to a lack of emphasis by societal institutions associated with detainees, disregarding the intricate sociological prospects embedded within religion and faith. These prospects, meticulously scrutinised by sociologists, encompass the maintenance and fortification of social order, the regulation of human activities, and more. An additional challenge arises post-release, where organisations and religious institutions involved in the spiritual rehabilitation of detainees lose contact with these individuals, impeding subsequent investigative efforts.Methodology: The data for our pilot study were gathered among residents of Kalocsa Prison in 2024. Employing the Shortened Aspiration Index, augmented by interviews, our research methodology sought to enrich descriptive statistical analyses through the nuanced exploration of interview content. Sample selection followed a randomised and voluntary basis (N: 46 individuals). Importantly, the outcomes derived from our study are not intended for generalisation but rather apply specifically to our sampled cohort.Findings: Our discernments indicate that, for the female detainees under scrutiny, faith and religious practices wield a positive influence on delineating life objectives. They also play a pivotal role in sustaining mental equilibrium, with noteworthy psychoeducational ramifications. During catechesis, knowledge enrichment extends beyond cultural dimensions to encompass moral teachings, fostering an understanding of the ethical values and frameworks essential for normative living.Value: Determining the criteria for the success of post-release reintegration proves elusive, given the nuanced and idiosyncratic nature of success for everyone. Factors influencing an individual’s psychological dynamics and behavioural patterns intricately interweave within a complex socioeconomic system. Thus, it is reasonable to assert that the precepts of Christian teachings, faith, and the spiritual and organisational scaffolding of religious practices can form integral components of a supportive framework. Acknowledging the reinforcing role of Christian faith, particularly among women, aligns with the 2022 census data from the Hungarian Central Statistical Office (KSH), which underscores a prevailing proclivity towards religiosity among women in contemporary Hungary.

A keresztény hit szerepe a női fogvatartottak reintegrációjában

Aim: This study delves into the correlation between religious faith and the process of reintegration among women in incarceration. In Hungary, this subject is relatively understudied; however, international insights underscore the prominent role of religious convictions in shaping an individual’s predisposition towards criminality and their influence on prosocial conduct. Yet, the extent and contentious nature of its role in reintegration persist due to a lack of emphasis by societal institutions associated with detainees, disregarding the intricate sociological prospects embedded within religion and faith. These prospects, meticulously scrutinized by sociologists, encompass the maintenance and fortification of social order, the regulation of human activities, and more. An additional challenge arises post-release, where organisations and religious institutions involved in the spiritual rehabilitation of detainees lose contact with these individuals, impeding subsequent investigative efforts.Methodology: The data for our pilot study were gathered among residents of Kalocsa Prison in 2024. Employing the Shortened Aspiration Index, augmented by interviews, our research methodology sought to enrich descriptive statistical analyses through the nuanced exploration of interview content. Sample selection followed a randomised and voluntary basis (N: 46 individuals). Importantly, the outcomes derived from our study are not intended for generalisation but rather apply specifically to our sampled cohort.Findings: Our discernments indicate that, for the female detainees under scrutiny, faith and religious practices wield a positive influence on delineating life objectives. They also play a pivotal role in sustaining mental equilibrium, with noteworthy psychoeducational ramifications. During catechesis, knowledge enrichment extends beyond cultural dimensions to encompass moral teachings, fostering an understanding of the ethical values and frameworks essential for normative living.Value: Determining the criteria for the success of post-release reintegration proves elusive, given the nuanced and idiosyncratic nature of success for everyone. Factors influencing an individual’s psychological dynamics and behavioural patterns intricately interweave within a complex socioeconomic system. Thus, it is reasonable to assert that the precepts of Christian teachings, faith, and the spiritual and organisational scaffolding of religious practices can form integral components of a supportive framework. Acknowledging the reinforcing role of Christian faith, particularly among women, aligns with the 2022 census data from the Hungarian Central Statistical Office (KSH), which underscores a prevailing proclivity towards religiosity among women in contemporary Hungary.

P837 Incidence, evolution of disease phenotype, time to biological therapy and medium-, long-term surgery rates in IBD-U patients in Western Hungary – a population-based study between 1977–2020, data from the Veszprem county cohort

Abstract Background The number of epidemiological population-based studies on unclassified inflammatory bowel disease (IBD-U) patients are very limited. The present study is a continuation of the Veszprem IBD population based cohort with a follow-up of the incidence and disease course of IBD-U since 1977. Our aim was to evaluate incidence, prevalence, disease course, time to biological therapy and surgery rates in a prospective population-based database of incident IBD-U patients diagnosed between 1977 and 2018, with follow-up until 2020. Methods Both in-hospital and outpatient records were collected. The source of age- and gender-specific demographic data was derived from the Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Medical therapy, time to first biological therapy, disease progression, and colectomy was registered. Results Data of 119 incident IBD-U patients were analyzed (male/female: 55/64; median age at diagnosis: 34 years(y) (IQR: 24-47)). Adjusted mean incidence rate was 0.76 (CI95%: 0.63-0.9) /105 person-years in the total study period, and 0.96 (CI95%: 0.79-1.16) /105 person-years between 1990-2018. Disease extent at diagnosis was proctitis in 7.6%, one-sided colitis (left-sided colitis, or isolated right-sided colitis) in 36.1%, and extensive (pancolitis) in 56.3%. The probability of progression in colonic disease extent was 6.7% (SE:2.3) at 3 years, 10.3% (SE:2.8) at 5 years and 15.3% (SE:3.4) at 10 years. Figure 1. The probability of developing terminal ileitis, thus disease classification change – Crohn’s disease was 2.6% (SE:1.5) at 5 years and 3.5% (SE:1.7) at 10 years. Figure 2. Perianal disease developed in 5% (n=6) of all patients during the total follow-up. The probability of receiving biological therapy in patients diagnosed after the year 2000 (n=62), was 15.5% (SE:4.8) at 5 years, and 19.4% (SE:5.3) at 10 years. Figure 3. The overall resective surgery rate was 16.8% at the end of follow-up. Segment resection was performed in 5.0% of the patients, and 11.8% underwent subtotal- or total colectomy. The cumulative probability of resective surgery was 7.6% (SE:2.4) at 1 year, 9.3% (SE:2.7) at 5 years, 13.5% (SE:3.3) at 10 years, and 18.5% (SE:3.9) at 20 years. Figure 4. Conclusion Initial disease phenotype was severe in most cases of IBD-U and colonic progression is substantial over time. Disease classification change to Crohn’s disease with development of terminal ileitis or perianal disease was low. High rates of biological therapy and surgery are suggestive of a severe disease course of IBD-U.

Men's income disadvantage and life satisfaction among Hungarian couples

In this paper, we examine the association between intra-household income distribution and subjective well-being. Specifically, we analyse how satisfaction differs according to whether or not an individual’s own income is higher than his/ her partner’s. The analysis is based on the 2015 wave of the Household Budget and Living Conditions Survey, conducted by the Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Our primary sample consists of mixed-gender couple households in which both the woman and the man have income from employment. Our results show that men whose partners earn more than they themselves do are significantly less satisfied than are men who earn more than their partners. Similarly, women who earn more than their partners are significantly less satisfied than are women who earn less. This satisfaction disadvantage is due not only to the fact that a higher female income share may be an indicator of poorer household financial status; it may also be related to the health status and labour-market opportunities of partners (especially men), as these aspects are controlled for by several variables. We interpret the results as an impact of the social norm that “the man should be the main breadwinner in the household”. We also show that the estimated coefficients are higher for the less-educated than for the higher-educated. Since the attitudes of the former are more traditional, these results support the interpretation regarding the importance of the man’s breadwinning role. Keywords: intra-household income distribution, intra-couple income inequality, satisfaction, gender norms

Underlying reasons for post-mortem diagnosed lung cancer cases - A robust retrospective comparative study from Hungary (HULC study).

The Hungarian Undiagnosed Lung Cancer (HULC) study aimed to explore the potential reasons for missed LC (lung cancer) diagnosis by comparing healthcare and socio-economic data among patients with post-mortem diagnosed LC with those who were diagnosed with LC during their lives. This nationwide, retrospective study used the databases of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office (HCSO) and National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) to identify patients who died between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2019 and were diagnosed with lung cancer post-mortem (population A) or during their lifetime (population B). Patient characteristics, socio-economic factors, and healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) data were compared between the diagnosed and undiagnosed patient population. During the study period, 8,435 patients were identified from the HCSO database with LC as the cause of death, of whom 1,203 (14.24%) had no LC-related ICD (International Classification of Diseases) code records in the NHIF database during their lives (post-mortem diagnosed LC population). Post-mortem diagnosed LC patients were significantly older than patients diagnosed while still alive (mean age 71.20 vs. 68.69 years, p<0.001), with a more pronounced age difference among female patients (difference: 4.57 years, p<0.001), and had significantly fewer GP (General Practitioner) and specialist visits, X-ray and CT scans within 7 to 24 months and 6 months before death, although the differences in GP and specialist visits within 7-24 months did not seem clinically relevant. Patients diagnosed with LC while still alive were more likely to be married (47.62% vs. 33.49%), had higher educational attainment, and had more children, than patients diagnosed with LC post-mortem. Post-mortem diagnosed lung cancer accounts for 14.24% of total lung cancer mortality in Hungary. This study provides valuable insights into patient characteristics, socio-economic factors, and HCRU data potentially associated with a high risk of lung cancer misdiagnosis.

A szívinfarktus incidenciája, a betegek ellátásának és prognózisának összehasonlítása Magyarország különböző fejlettségű járásaiban

Several international studies have already confirmed the importance of the socioeconomic status of acute myocardial infarction patients in terms of patient care and prognosis. To our knowledge, a nationwide examination of this kind has not yet taken place in Hungary. The investigation of this problem field was made possible by the fact that from January 1, 2014, all healthcare providers must record the data of patients treated with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in the database of the Hungarian Myocardial Infarction Registry (HUMIR). In this study, the authors searched for an answer to whether the complex development index (CDI) in Hungary's 174 districts and 23 capital districts influences the treatment and prognosis of acute myocardial infarction patients. Based on the CDI worked out by the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, the authors divided the Hungarian districts into low (CDI_L), medium (CDI_M) and high (CDI_H) CDI groups according to their values. They examined the incidence, hospital treatment and prognosis of acute myocardial infarction in these administrative-territorial units. The HUMIR included 66,253 patients treated by myocardial infarction between 2015 and 2019. Their place of residence could be identified based on the zip code and in which district it was located. In the examined population, 29,101 patients with ST-elevation (STEMI) and 37,152 without ST-elevation (NSTEMI) received treatment for acute myocardial infarction. In the population over 15 years of age, the age-standardized incidence of STEMI was 68.8 per 100,000 inhabitants a year in the CDI_L group and 52.7 per 100,000 inhabitants a year in the CDI_H group. Almost the same values were found in all three CDI subgroups of NSTEMI incidence (69.5 and 67 per 10,000 inhabitants a year). The frequency of percutaneous coronary intervention in the case of STEMI was higher than in NSTEMI, but within the groups, CDI did not influence the performance of this treatment. In the case of STEMI, the rates of patients who underwent percutaneous coronaria intervention in all three CDI subgroups (CDI_L, CDI_M, CDI_H) were 83.5%, 83.7%, 83.5%, while in the case of NSTEMI they were 57.4%, 57.7%, 57.3%. The authors applied a Cox multivariate regression analysis to examine myocardial infarction mortality. The CDI did not affect the 30-day mortality rates in the case of any myocardial infarction: the hazard ratio (HR) values were 0.906 and 0.914 (p = 0.04659; p = 0.04686) in the case of STEMI, while 1.067 and 1.001 (p = 0.16520; p = 0.98933) in the case of NSTEMI. In the case of a STEMI diagnosis, the risk of the 30-364-day and the 1-year mortality in the subgroup of CDI_H was significantly lower (HR = 0.822 and 0.816) than in the subgroup of CDI_L (p = 0.00096 and p = 0.00001). In the case of NSTEMI diagnosis, the authors found a difference in the risk of beyond 1-year mortality by comparing the districts in the subgroup of CDI_L with the districts in CDI_H: in the latter case, the HR of the mortality was 0.876, which was significantly lower (p = 0.00029) than in the subgroup of CDI_L. The CDI has independent prognostic significance in determining the late prognosis of acute myocardial infarction patients. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(47): 1862-1871.

Epidemiology, Treatment Strategy, Natural Disease Course and Surgical Outcomes of Patients with Ulcerative Colitis in Western Hungary - A Population-based Study Between 2007 and 2018: Data from the Veszprem County Cohort.

The number of population-based studies in ulcerative colitis [UC] from Eastern Europe is limited. Our aim here was to analyse the incidence, prevalence, disease phenotype, treatment strategy, disease course and colectomy rates in a prospective population-based inception cohort including UC patients diagnosed between 2007 and 2018. The present study is a continuation of the Veszprem IBD cohort since 1977. In total, 467 UC patients were included [male/female: 236/231; median age at diagnosis: 36 years, IQR: 25-54 years]. Both in-hospital and outpatient records were collected and comprehensively reviewed. The mean length of follow-up was 8.34 ± 3.6 years. Demographic data were derived from the Hungarian Central Statistical Office. The mean incidence rate was 11.02/105 person-years in this 12-year period. Prevalence was 317.79/105 persons in 2015. Disease extent at diagnosis was proctitis [E1] in 22.3%, left-sided colitis [E2] in 43.9% and extensive colitis [E3] in 33.8%. The probability of disease extent progression was 11.6% [SE: 1.8] after 5 years. The distribution of maximal therapeutic steps was 5-ASA in 46.9%, corticosteroids in 16.3%, immunosuppressives in 19.3% and biologicals in 16.5%. The probability of receiving biological therapy after diagnosis was 9.9% [SE: 1.4] at 3 years. The overall colectomy rate was 4.1% in the population. The probability of colectomy was 1.5% [SE: 0.6] at 1 year, 3.6% [SE: 0.9] at 5 years and 4.4% [SE: 1.0] at 10 years. The incidence of UC was high in Hungary, similar to high-incidence areas in Western Europe. Treatment strategies are in line with the biological era. The probability of progressing to proximal disease, and the medium- and long-term colectomy rates were both lower compared with data from Western European centres.

Comparison of Hungarian Central Statistical Office's causes of death data with the database of the Hungarian National Cancer Registry

Introduction: In international comparison, Hungary is in the forefront of cancer incidence and mortality statistics. Based on paper-based death certificates, mortality statistics are compiled by the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, while population-based measures of cancer incidences are performed by the Hungarian National Cancer Registry. Objective: Linking the records of these two independent databases can highlight their weaknesses and provide an opportunity to reconcile and verify collected data, which may emphasize the need to expand current data exchange protocols. Method: Based on the Hungarian unique health care insurance ID, the mortality database of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office between 2012 and 2020 was compared with the data of the Hungarian National Cancer Registry from 2001 to 2020. Deaths in 2018, in particular those related to lung cancer, were examined in more depth to demonstrate the biases resulting from erroneous data collection. Results: The mortality database of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office contained 32 586 cases with an underlying cause of death of malignant neoplasm for 2018, of which 29 970 were identified in the Hungarian National Cancer Registry. Out of the 8716 deaths coded to lung cancer, 7957 corresponding individuals were also found in the Registry. From the matches, 7381 cases were marked with lung cancer in the Hungarian National Cancer Registry. For the remaining 576 cases, the Registry recorded different types of cancers, of which in 69 cases with lung metastasis. Discussion: The differences between the two databases may be caused by methodological differences in data collection, incomplete, inaccurate reporting and differences in processing algorithms. Nevertheless, the majority of the data in the examined databases were found to be appropriate for epidemiological studies. Conclusion: Based on the outcomes of the present analysis, a revision of the data transfer between the two institutions is in order. The introduction of electronic Death certificate recording and validity checks are expected to improve the reliability of ID numbers and may shorten data processing times.

Incidence, Prevalence, Disease Course, and Treatment Strategy of Crohn's Disease Patients from the Veszprem Cohort, Western Hungary: A Population-based Inception Cohort Study Between 2007 and 2018.

The number of prospective population-based studies on Crohn's disease[CD] is still limited from Eastern Europe. The present study is a continuation of the Veszprem IBD cohort. Our aim was to analyse incidence, prevalence, disease phenotype, treatment strategy, disease course, and surgical outcomes in a prospective population-based inception cohort including CD patients diagnosed between 2007 and 2018. A total of 421 consecutive inception patients were included [male/female:237/184; mean age at diagnosis: 33.3 ± 16.2years]. Both in-hospital and outpatient records were collected and comprehensively reviewed. Demographic data were derived from the Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Mean incidence rate was 9.9 [95% CI: 9.0-10.9]/105 person-years in this 12-year period. Prevalence rate was 236.8 [95% CI: 220.8-252.8] in 2015; 17.6% and 20.0% of the patients had stenosing[B2] and penetrating[B3] disease behavior at diagnosis,respectively. The probability of disease behaviour progression from luminal to B2/B3 phenotype was 14.7% (standard error [SE]: 2.2) at 5 years after diagnosis. Distribution of maximal therapeutic steps during the total follow-up (8.5 years [8.5y], standard deviation [SD]: 3.3) was 5-aminosalicylic acid [5-ASA] in 15.7%, corticosteroids in 14.3%, immunosuppressives in 42.5%, and biologic therapy in 26.2%. The probability of receiving biologictherapy after diagnosis was 20.9% [SE: 2.0] at 5 years. The probability of first resective surgery was 20.7% [SE: 2.0] at 1 year, 26.1% [SE: 2.2] at 5 years, and 30.7% [SE: 2.4] at 10 years. The perianal surgery rate was 31.3% among patients with perianal involvement. The incidence of CD in Hungary was high, similar to high-incidence areas in Western Europe. Treatment strategies are reflecting the biologic era. Disease behaviour progression was lower, as well as long-term [10y] surgery rates decreasing compared with data from previous decades.

Comparison of Cancer Survival Trends in Hungary in the Periods 2001-2005 and 2011-2015 According to a Population-Based Cancer Registry.

Background: Assessment of population-based cancer survival may provide the most valuable feedback about the effectiveness of oncological surveillance and treatment. Aims: Based on the database of the Hungarian National Cancer Registry, standardized incidence rates of lung, breast, colorectal, prostate and cervical cancer were compared to standardized mortality data of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office in the period between 2001 and 2015. Then survival analysis was performed on cleansed database. Results: The incidence of colorectal, breast and prostate cancer increased, while standardized rates of lung and cervical cancer declined. The survival of colorectal, breast and prostate cancer showed improvement. Contrarily, lung cancer exhibited a mild decline, while that of cervical cancer did not change significantly. In earlier stages survival was improved among almost every studied tumor type, while in advanced stages improvement was not observed. Comparison of stage distribution revealed that in the 2011–2015 period colorectal, breast and prostate cancer cases were diagnosed at earlier stages, while lung and cervical cancer patients were typically discovered at more advanced stages. Discussion: The outcome of advanced cancer treatments is better in earlier stages, which highlighted the importance of screening network. However, growth of oncological treatment costs with longer patient survival imposes a constantly increasing burden on society.

The Changes in the Demographic Characteristics and Spatial Structure of Tourism Demand in the West Balaton Region’s Spa Cities

The last two years, the period of the pandemic, have brought a significant change in the tourism of Hungary, which has been developing unbroken until then. The year 2019 broke all the peaks that were interrupted by the pandemic. This particularly affected our spa towns of international significance, including the examined settlements, Hévíz and Zalakaros. The aim of the study is to show what changes have taken place in the development of the number of visitors in the cities that have been based mainly on foreign traffic until then, what territorial reorganization has taken place in terms of sending areas, and what new target groups with modified attitude have emerged. In this study, we analyzed in detail the databases of the National Tourist Data Center, which has been operating since July 2019, and the monthly database of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office. The special, so-called unconventional tourism is carried out on the one hand by the methodology of statistical data collection and on the other hand by the explored tourism behavior. According to our results, it is clear that due to the domestic traffic, a completely new target group (age group and status) appeared in the two spa towns, their sending areas affected the metropolitan suburban zones, and the target group was high-status, younger guests. In our opinion, this offers a new opportunity for spa towns to generate more sustainable, future-oriented guests with a focus on local values, creating a new supply structure and image, as well as messages.

The population features of visually impaired children aged between 0 and 14 in Hungary

This paper focuses on the crucial features of the healthcare and pedagogical services provided for 1,432 visually impaired (VI) children aged 0–14 who participated in an exploratory research project conducted between 2014 and 2019. In order to explore the population characteristics of visually impaired children in Hungary, the paper relies on two major data sources: the census data of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office between 1990-2016, and the examination documents of the Corps of Pedagogical Services of Visually Impaired Children from 2009 to 2013. The following data were analysed: the ratio of blind and low vision children in the various phases of special and majority educational institutions; the frequency of premature birth among blind and low vision children in relation to gestational weeks; the frequency of ophthalmologist diagnoses among groups of VI children; the frequency of ophthalmologist diagnoses among groups of VI children; associated disabilities of VI children. The results suggest that the population of visually impaired children is under transformation: visually impaired groups based on the classical interpretation of visual performance are being replaced by new groups governed by needs.

Visual impairment and blindness caused by posterior segment diseases in Hungary in people aged 50 years and older

Introduction: Posterior segment diseases are the most common causes of blindness and visual impairment in devel-oped countries among people aged 50 years and older in Hungary. Objective: The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of visual impairment and blindness caused by posterior segment diseases in the population aged 50 years and older in Hungary. Method: 105 census enumeration units were randomly selected with a probability proportional to size by the Hungar-ian Central Statistical Office. The standardised Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness (RAAB) method was used. Participants underwent eye examination with a direct ophthalmoscope. Participants underwent visual acuity testing with a Snellen tumbling E-chart with or without a pinhole. Dilated fundus examination was performed in diabetic participants using an indirect binocular ophthalmoscope. Results: In total, 3523 (95.9%) out of 3675 eligible people were examined, of whom the prevalence of bilateral blind-ness and severe visual impairment was 0.7% and 0.2%, respectively. The most common causes of visual impairment caused by posterior segment diseases were age-related macular degeneration (1.419%), glaucoma (0.397%), diabetic retinopathy (0.341%) and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (0.198%). The most common causes of blindness caused by posterior segment diseases were age-related macular degeneration (37.5%), glaucoma (16.7%), diabetic retinopathy (8.3%), high myopia (8.3%), rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (8.3%) and retinitis pigmentosa (8.3%). Conclusion: Prevalence of severe visual impairment and blindness caused by posterior segment diseases was lower compared to results of RAAB surveys in other countries. The frequency order of different posterior segment diseases was in line with developed countries. Availability of eye care should be improved and financing should be modernized due to the continuously increasing number of patients with age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetes and pathologic myopia.

The adoption of industry 4.0 and digitalisation of Hungarian SMEs

Abstract Hungarian small- and medium-sized enterprises are facing the challenges of digitalisation and innovation to survive fierce competition in the era of Industry 4.0, and particularly of COVID-19. Survival in the heavily hit sectors depends on the degree of digitalisation and involvement in e-commerce. This paper aims to examine Hungarian SMEs’ current scale of digitalisation and adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies. It also analyses the role of the Hungarian government’s support for SMEs’ digital transformation. To this end, secondary data were collected from Eurostat, the European Commission and the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, including the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI), indices of skills and innovation from SME performance reviews and sectoral business statistics. In processing the data, the study strictly followed the European Commission’ classification protocol, complemented by a qualitative analysis of reports and programmes related to digitalisation and Industry 4.0 in Hungary. The findings reveal that there is a further need for strengthening the digitalisation and innovation capacities of Hungarian SMEs. The effects of introduced measures could not be seen yet. Hence, the Hungarian government should continue to support SMEs’ digital transformation in order to increase their role in high-tech manufacturing and knowledge-intensive services.

Standardized data on the incidence and mortality of female and male breast cancers in Hungary between 2000 and 2016.

The incidence of malignant cancers is continuously growing. In breast cancers, the incidence and clinical course are greatly different in the two genders. We aimed to investigate the incidence and mortality of breast cancers in females and males in Hungary between 2000 and 2016. The data derived from the Hungarian Central Statistical Office and the National Cancer Registry were evaluated and standardized for 100000 inhabitants. In Hungary, the elevation of breast cancer incidence (39%) showed a similar extent as that of total tumours (34%). In female breast cancers representing a much greater percent (8.7% in 2016) than that in males (0.22%), the increase was significant (39%) as in males (60 %). On the other hand, mortality was significantly lower for both of them regarding total malignant and female breast tumours, whereas the decrease was greater in the male breast cancers. The increase of GDP per capita showed highly significant correlation with the incidence of malignant tumours and prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2 (2DM). It was a new finding that the increase in the prevalence of 2DM precedes the elevation of the incidence of cancer. In Hungary, the data of incidence and mortality of female and male breast cancers showed similar tendencies as the international ones. The breast cancers of males were rarer but their treatment was less effective. However, it was a new aspect that in the increased incidence of malignant tumours also the greater prevalence of 2DM could be an important factor related to obesity. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(5): 181-186.

GIS based methodology to analyse the public transport supply: Hungarian case studies

The paper aims to introduce a new way of comparing the efficiency of public transport operations based on publicly available data. It draws on four main sources, the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, public transport provider data, GTFS and OSM map layers. Methodologically, it combines the use of the GTFS format and corresponding static timetable component files, Thiessen polygons and empirical selection of relative indicators. As places of research, three comparable Hungarian cities have been selected by their population size; Pécs, Szeged and Miskolc. The comparison consists of 8 quantitative indicators that cover six major geographical aspects of transport operation (accessibility in terms of proximity, capacity, connectivity, density, frequency and velocity of vehicles). The analysis does not consider the mode of public transport, thus opening up the possibility of an independent comparison of efficiency regardless of various infrastructure characteristics. The results show that Miskolc and Pécs achieved the best values in four indicators. On the contrary, the city of Szeged, despite its diverse structure of transport modes, does not have an advantage in any aspect. The relatively loosely anchored methodology leaves room for an extension to include economic, environmental, and other specific factors.

Sustainable Recovery? Deciphering Hungary’s Residential Property Market before the Pandemic

This paper develops some analytical perspectives for a proper assessment of the dynamics observed on the Hungarian residential property market over the last decade. These dynamics are examined in comparison to official policy objectives. On the one hand, sustainable development and social balance were particularly urgent issues after the last financial crisis. On the other, the residential property market was officially instrumentalised to achieve them. We examined real estate market processes using data from the Hungarian Central Statistical Office and found a change in investment motives and in the main groups of actors dominant in the market, and we also examined the role of foreign investment. At the aggregate national level, the past decade looks like a process of recovery. Nonetheless, the factors relevant for the observable dynamics do not seem to correspond to the goals also formulated in the new constitution, but rather document the investment fever of certain groups.

THE IMPACT OF THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC ON THE TERRITORIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HUNGARIAN SMES (SPECIAL REGARDS TO TOURISM)

The study highlights the economic importance and role of the European and Hungarian SMEs (micro, small and medium-sized enterprises) in reducing territorial inequalities, and in contributing to regional development and gives an overview of their basic features and characteristics. In the preparation of this paper, we have relied on specialist literature and the data available on the website of Hungarian Central Statistical Office. During the 2008 crisis, real estate, real estate renting, computer and business and business support services, trade, construction and manufacturing, and automotive were the big losers. The economic sectors most exposed to the effects of the 2020 health crisis were the so-called IRS sector. The districts most affected by the health crisis were the Hungarian districts most visited by domestic and foreign tourists, namely Lake Balaton, Bük-Sárvár, Sopron-Fertő, Győr-Pannonhalma, Mátra-Bükk, Debrecen and its region.

The impact of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on employment and firm revenues in Hungary

Abstract Relying on the Labour Force Survey and the monthly revenue statistics of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, we assess the immediate economic impact of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the first two quarters of 2020. We first analyse the role of job loss, working time reduction, downtime, and telework in adjustment to the crisis. The findings reveal an even more serious setback and increase in inequality than in 2008–2009. School leavers, young workers and unskilled laborers were particularly severely affected. Graduates were less likely to lose their jobs, more likely to switch to telework, and their employers faced a smaller decrease in sales revenue. The revenues of foreign-owned exporters fell more than the average in March but recovered by June. The decline experienced by businesses in the Hungarian ownership was slower but more prolonged.

Entrapment and escape: Exploring the relationship between suicide and emigration in a post-communist country.

Suicide rate in Hungary was nearly the highest in the world in the decades preceding the transition of the social system. Shortly after the transition in 1989, a radical decrease in fatal suicides occurred, parallel with a marked increase in emigration. We analyzed the data published by the Hungarian Central Statistical Office to detect if there was an association between the remarkable drop in suicide rates and the changes in emigration rates from 1995 to 2019. The results of a brief statistical analysis on the correlation between suicide rate and emigration confirmed a strong negative relationship (r = -.855, p = .00). For more precise results, we applied linear regression analysis, which showed that the emigration rate predicted 73.2% of suicide rate variances with a high predictive value (β = -.983). The study provides a possible explanation through a phenomenological analysis on major life transformations. Relating the arrested flight/cry of pain theory, the theory of rites of passage and double-bind communication resulted a comprehensive and coherent, but not exhaustive explanation on the relationship between suicide and emigration.