Humped Camel Research Articles

Random-guided optimizer: a metaheuristic that shifts random search to guided search through iteration

This study offers a new swarm-based metaheuristic: random-guided optimizer (RGO). RGO has novel mechanics in shifting the random motion into a guided motion strategy during the iteration. In RGO, the iteration is divided into three equal size phases. In the first phase, the unit walks randomly inside the search space to tackle the local optimal problem earlier. In the second phase, each unit uses a unit selected randomly among the population as a reference in conducting the guided motion. In the third phase, each unit conducts guided motion toward or surpasses the best unit. Through simulation, RGO successfully finds the acceptable solution for 23 benchmark functions. Moreover, RGO successfully finds the global optimal solution for four functions: Branin, Goldstein-Price, Six Hump Camel, and Schwefel 2.22. RGO also outperforms slime mold algorithm (SMA), pelican optimization algorithm (POA), golden search optimizer (GSO), and northern goshawk optimizer (NGO) in solving 12, 20, 12, and 1 function consecutively. In the future, improvement can be made by transforming RGO into solid multiple-phase strategy without losing its identity as a metaheuristic with multiple strategy in every iteration.

The one-humped camel: The animal of future, potential alternative red meat, technological suitability and future perspectives

The 2020 world population data sheet indicates that world population is projected to increase from 7.8 billion in 2020 to 9.9 billion by 2050 (Increase of more than 25%). Due to the expected growth in human population, the demand for meats that could improve health status and provide therapeutic benefits is also projected to rise. The dromedary also known as the Arabian camel, or one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius), a pseudo ruminant adapted to arid climates, has physiological, biological and metabolic characteristics which give it a legendary reputation for surviving in the extreme conditions of desert environments considered restrictive for other ruminants. Camel meat is an ethnic food consumed across the arid regions of Middle East, North-East Africa, Australia and China. For these medicinal and nutritional benefits, camel meat can be a great option for sustainable meat worldwide supply. A considerable amount of literature has been published on technological aspects and quality properties of beef, lamb and pork but the information available on the technological aspects of the meat of the one humped camel is very limited. Camels are usually raised in less developed countries and their meat is as nutritionally good as any other traditional meat source. Its quality also depends on the breed, sex, age, breeding conditions and type of muscle consumed. A compilation of existing literature related to new technological advances in packaging, shelf-life and quality of camel meat has not been reviewed to the best of our knowledge. Therefore, this review attempts to explore the nutritional composition, health benefits of camel meat, as well as various technological and processing interventions to improve its quality and consumer acceptance. This review will be helpful for camel sector and highlight the potential for global marketability of camel meat and to generate value added products.

Assessment of Pulmonary Lesions in Slaughtered One Humped Camels (Camelus Dromedarius) in Maiduguri Main Abattoir, Borno State, Nigeria

Assessment of Pulmonary Lesions in Slaughtered One Humped Camels (Camelus Dromedarius) in Maiduguri Main Abattoir, Borno State, Nigeria

The one-humped camel: The animal of future, potential alternative red meat, technological suitability and future perspectives.

The 2020 world population data sheet indicates that world population is projected to increase from 7.8 billion in 2020 to 9.9 billion by 2050 (Increase of more than 25%). Due to the expected growth in human population, the demand for meats that could improve health status and provide therapeutic benefits is also projected to rise. The dromedary also known as the Arabian camel, or one-humped camel ( Camelus dromedarius), a pseudo ruminant adapted to arid climates, has physiological, biological and metabolic characteristics which give it a legendary reputation for surviving in the extreme conditions of desert environments considered restrictive for other ruminants. Camel meat is an ethnic food consumed across the arid regions of Middle East, North-East Africa, Australia and China. For these medicinal and nutritional benefits, camel meat can be a great option for sustainable meat worldwide supply. A considerable amount of literature has been published on technological aspects and quality properties of beef, lamb and pork but the information available on the technological aspects of the meat of the one humped camel is very limited. Camels are usually raised in less developed countries and their meat is as nutritionally good as any other traditional meat source. Its quality also depends on the breed, sex, age, breeding conditions and type of muscle consumed. A compilation of existing literature related to new technological advances in packaging, shelf-life and quality of camel meat has not been reviewed to the best of our knowledge. Therefore, this review attempts to explore the nutritional composition, health benefits of camel meat, as well as various technological and processing interventions to improve its quality and consumer acceptance. This review will be helpful for camel sector and highlight the potential for global marketability of camel meat and to generate value added products.

Review on Productive and Reproductive Performances of One- Humped Camel

This seminar paper reviews reproduction and production performance of one–humped camels. Camels are strongly tolerant to punitive and more hostile climatical and environmental determinants unlike most other animals. They are defined to be ship of desert particularly dromedarian camel. There are three main species, even though there is some controversial, namely C. bacterian, C. one-humped (dromedarian) and C. ferus. They get full maturity at the age range of 3 to 5 years old. Rutting is a special sign for that the bull reached full maturity, it develops a very unique feature that is the dulla (a soft and balloon like tissue that develops in oral cavity during peak maturity). In case of female, it can give first birth at age of 5 years old usually with a single calf which means very rare twining. Camel is mainly kept for milk production, which valuable for human food in the arid environment of camel keeping countries. Camel has the ability to produce milk of good composition and quantity for human consumption even when water is severely restricted. Milk is the main sources of nutrition for pastoralists, neonates calves and provides all essential nutrients for growth and development, e.g. proteins, minerals, carbohydrates, fatty acids, growth factors, immune modulators, etc Camels have high milk yield and comparatively long milk service period for both their calves and human. Additionally, they highly prefer to consume halophilic plants such as Atriplex which is believed to qualify more the milk. Despite from milk, camels also provide meat as well as hides.

Arthrocentesis approaches to the phalangeal joints of the one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius)

Irrespective of the exceptional adaptation of dromedaries to harsh environmental conditions, they remain highly susceptible to joint lameness resulting from a range of diverse factors and conditions. The joints most often affected by traumatic osteoarthritis in dromedaries are the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints. A comprehensive understanding of joint anatomy and topography of the dromedary is required to perform arthrocentesis correctly on affected joints. Forty-two distal limbs were taken from 28 camels and studied by gross dissection, casting, ultrasonography, and computed tomography (CT). Representative three-dimensional models of the joint cavities, recesses, and pouches were obtained using different casting agents. This study provides a detailed description of dorsally, axially, and abaxially positioned joint recesses, as well as palmar/plantar positioned joint pouches. The safety and feasibility of the different arthrocentesis approaches were evaluated. The traditional dorsal arthrocentesis approach of the metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints, has limitations due to the risk of damaging the tendon structures and articular cartilage, which can lead to joint degeneration. A lateral arthrocentesis approach via the proximal palmar/plantar pouches of the metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints is recommended. This approach eliminates the potential needle injury to the articulating joint cartilage and other surrounding joint structures, such as tendons, blood vessels, and nerves.

ТҮЙЕЛЕРДІҢ БИОЛОГИЯЛЫҚ ЕРЕКШЕЛІКТЕРІ

Camels (Camelus) are large mammals of the camel family, the order of the olfactory. Currently, the most cultivated species of the camel family in the world are: single - humped camels - dromedars (Camelus dromedarius), double-humped camels-Bactrians (Camelus bactrianus) and llamas, including llamas and alpacas. The scientific article considered and analyzed the importance of the camel animal and camel breeding, the features of camel breeds and hybrids, anatomical and physiological features of other farm animals. The analysis showed that camels, due to their biological characteristics, are very resistant to winter cold and summer heat. In addition, another reason for its value is that, especially in unfavorable conditions, where it is difficult to breed other animals, various products such as high-quality wool, medicinal milk, meat, leather can be obtained from it, and used both in shipping and as a riding animal. People are familiar with camels from very ancient times, in the ancient stone age, hundreds of thousands of years ago. However, in the context of increasing desertification around the world today, the development of camel farming has been analyzed.

Ultrasonographic description of tendons and ligaments at the palmar (plantar) aspect of the distal limb in the one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).

To provide complete anatomical and ultrasonographic description of tendons and ligaments at the palmar (plantar) aspect of the cannon and phalangeal regions of the one-humped camel. Forty-two (21 fore and 21 hind) clinically normal camel cadavers' limbs disarticulated at the carpal and tarsal joints and three clinically normal mature camels were included in the study. Six cadaver limbs (three fore and three hind) were dissected, and another six limbs specimens (three fore and three hind) were frozen at -20° for 1 week then sectioned transversely with an electric band saw at different distances distal to the carpometacarpal and tarsometatarsal joints. The ultrasonographic study was carried out on the live camels and 30 cadaveric limbs. The shape, echogenicity and measurements (thickness, width and cross-sectional area) of superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT), deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), suspensory ligament (SL), and sesamoidean ligaments were recorded and the differences in values between live animals and cadaveric specimens were statistically analysed. The shape and echogenicity of SDFT, DDFT, and SL, varied between proximal, middle, and distal thirds of the cannon bone and the phalangeal region. There was no significant difference between live animal and cadaveric specimens. This study provided complete description of tendons and ligaments at the palmar (plantar) aspect of the cannon and phalangeal region of the one humped camel. The data obtained serves as a reference guide for practicing veterinarians and for future studies on injury to ligaments and tendons of camel's distal extremity.

The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Pandemic Appears as a Result of Human Beings not Friendly to the Environment

The number of new deadly infectious diseases in the world, including Covid-19, has quadrupled in the last 60 years. For example, HIV is known to have originated from chimpanzees, the Ebola outbreak was related to hunting habits or the use of several species of bats that carried the virus, SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) was transmitted from mongooses to humans, while MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) was transmitted from humped camels and Bird flu (H5N1), also known as avian influenza, is a viral infection originating from wild birds (chickens) that can attack not only birds, but also humans and other animals. All of the events mentioned above have awakened humanity to exploit natural resources. responsibly so as not to cause the emergence of new diseases such as the corona virus 2019 disease 2019 (covid-2019).

Selection of species specific panel of reference genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of native livestock species adapted to trans-Himalayan region of Leh-Ladakh

The identification of appropriate references genes is an integral component of any gene expression-based study for getting accuracy and reliability in data interpretation. In this study, we evaluated the expression stability of 10 candidate reference genes (GAPDH, RPL4, EEF1A1, RPS9, HPRT1, UXT, RPS23, B2M, RPS15, ACTB) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of livestock species that are adapted to high altitude hypoxia conditions of Leh-Ladakh. A total of 37 PBMCs samples from six native livestock species of Leh-Ladakh region such as Ladakhi cattle, Ladakhi yak, Ladakhi donkey, Chanthangi goat, Double hump cattle and Zanskar ponies were included in this study. The commonly used statistical algorithms such as geNorm, Normfinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder were employed to assess the stability of these RGs in all the livestock species. Our study has identified different panel of reference genes in each species; for example, EEF1A1, RPL4 in Ladakhi cattle; GAPDH, RPS9, ACTB in Ladakhi yak; HPRT1, B2M, ACTB in Ladakhi donkey; HPRT1, B2M, ACTB in Double hump camel, RPS9, HPRT1 in Changthangi goat, HPRT1 and ACTB in Zanskar ponies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic attempt to identify panel of RGs across different livestock species types adapted to high altitude hypoxia conditions. In future, the findings of the present study would be quite helpful in conducting any transcriptional studies to understand the molecular basis of high altitude adaptation of native livestock population of Leh-Ladakh.

Incidence of dermatophillosis among one humped camel (camelus dromedarius) provided to tamboul livestock market, Sudan

The present study aimed to the determined incidence of Dermatophillosis among one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) provided to Tamboul livestock market, Sudan. Three hundred camels of different ages and sex that came from different parts of Sudan were studied in different season’s assessment of some factors on the incidence of Dermatophillosis, and haematological and biochemical values for infected camels were done. The results showed that the incidence rate of Dermatophilus infection in camels was 3%, visually; loss of hair and accumulation of necrotic white materials around the neck, forelimb, thorax and sometimes all parts of the body was shown; the necrotic white materials were deep and hard attachment with skin. Microscopically the Dermatophilus congolensis under the microscope revealed cocci was used 10% KOH and Giemsa stain. According to age, Chi-square revealed a significantly higher incidence rate in the age group less than 6 years (88.9%) followed by 6-12 years (11.1%) years and not noted in ages more than 13 years. Therefore, a high significance variation in sex and all infected camels were noticed in male. While the season factor showed an insignificant effect on Dermatophilus infection. In addition, the results showed that Dermatophilosis was an insignificant effect on the mean of hematological and biochemical parameters (p>0.05). Dermatophillosis mixed with dermatophytosis was detected in most examined samples. Direct examination using 10% KOH is a reliable technique to determine chronic Dermatophillosis and the Strategic application of anti-biotic drugs mixed with anti-fungal drugs for the treatment of camel Dermatophillosis is strongly recommended.

Sero-diagnosis of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis affecting camels using recombinant phospholipase D (rPLD) and anti-camels IgY-conjugate

Caseous lymphadenitis has universally prevalence especially in Saudi Arabia causing pseudotuberculosis or caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) in sheep and camels. The affected camels showed sever emaciation and multiple abscesses. The current study is aimed to evaluate the incidence of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infections in camels in the Kingdome of Saudi Arabia and sero-diagnosis of the disease using recombinant PLD protein as coating antigen and anti-camel conjugated peroxidase as a specific anti species in enzyme linked immuno-sorbant assay. A total of 280 adult one humped camels from different localities; 35 apparently infected camels with CLA and 245 apparently normal camels were examined clinically and subjected to standard bacteriological technique, sero-diagnosis using ELISA and molecular detection and characterization using multiplex PCR. Thirty five out of 280 (12.5%) examined camels had superficial lymph nodes with cheesy whitish to greenish pus while 3 (1.07%) camels had congested internal lymph nodes from apparently normal camels. Using the recombinant PLD as a coating antigens and anti-camel conjugated peroxidase as a specific anti species for camels revealed high sensitivity and specificity and the ELISA technique could detect all the apparently infected animals(100%) and all the apparently normal harbouring the infections. The current study concluded that using of recombinant PLD as a coating antigens and anti-camel IgY conjugated peroxidase as a specific anti-species for camels in ELISA can be utilized for rapid and specific detection of infected and apparently normal camels infected with C. pseudotuberculosis.

Cracking Ion Pairs in the Electrical Double Layer of Ionic Liquids

Here we investigate a limiting case of the theory for aggregation and gelation in the electrical double layer (EDL) of ionic liquids (ILs). The limiting case investigated only accounts for ion pairs, ignoring the possibility of larger clusters and a percolating ionic network. This simplification, permits analytical solutions for the properties of the EDL. The resulting equations demonstrate the competition between the free energy of an association and the electrostatic potential in the EDL. For small electrostatic potentials and large negative free energies of associations, ion pairs dominate in the EDL. Whereas, for electrostatic potential energies larger than the free energy of an association, electric-field-induced cracking of ion pairs occurs. The differential capacitance for this consistent ion pairing theory has a propensity to have a “double hump camel” shape. We compare this theory against previous free ion approaches, which do not consistently treat the reversible associations in the EDL.

Histological and histochemical study of large intestine in Camel (Camelus Dromedarius)

Current study was performed to describe the Histohistological and histochemical structures of the large intestine in Iraqi one humped camel (Camelus Dromedarius). Five healthy male camels Approximately 3 to 4 years old were chosen and their specimens from cecum, colon and rectum. The specimens were directly transferred after the animal’s slaughtering to the histology lab at College of Veterinary Medicine for subsequent histological techniques. Tissue specimensfrom various parts of the large intestine (cecum, colon and rectum) were collected and fixed with 10% neutral buffered formalin then subjected to routine tissue processing. Sections of 6 micrometers thickness were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for general histology and Periodic Acid Schiff combine with Alcian blue (AB–PAS), Masson's trichrome as well as Verhoeff stains for histochemical description. Microscopic findings revealed four tunicae constructing the wall of cecum, colon and rectum mucosa, that were from the inner most mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and the outer most either serosa or adventitia. The tunica mucosa characterized by simple columnar epithelium rested on basement membrane and the presence of muscularis mucosa which separated mucosa from the underneath submucosa. Crypts of Lieberkühn and goblet cells were abundant in the colonic epithelium. The submucosa was made up of irregular connective tissue rich with adipose tissue and was supplied well with many blood vessels. Tunica muscularis in all over the three parts of large intestine was made up of inner circular smooth muscle fibers and outer longitudinal smooth muscle fibers. The tunica serosa, and in parts replaced by adventitia, was made up of loose connective tissues.

Synthesis of Concentric Circular Antenna Array Using Whale Optimization Algorithm

Through the ages the importance of the swarm intelligence-based algorithm has gained popularity in the field of optimization. The Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) is one such popular meta-heuristics nature inspired swarm intelligence-based algorithm which is well accepted for solving optimization problems, as it is simple and capable to obtain optimal results efficiently. In this paper, few benchmark functions along with radiation patterns of concentric circular antenna array are presented and their performance is optimized using WOA. Simulation results are shown by taking various benchmark functions, namely: Three hump & Six hump camel function, Ackley, Egg Crate Function, and Egg Holder Function. The capability of the WOA algorithm is also tested through pattern synthesis with respect to the thinned array as well as non-uniformly excited array for four diverse sets of CCAA geometries. When comparison is being done with respect to renowned and most popular optimization approaches like PSO, the WOA technique proves to be excellent in terms of maximum SLL suppression. Optimization results show the better capability of WOA in the field of optimization.

Histological and ultrastructural studies of female reproductive vasculature of one humped camel in relation to possible thermoregulation and ovarian hormones.

The study was designed to explore anatomical and histological vasculature changes in the female genital system of camel and serological aspects that might be responsible to maintain thermoregulation. Twenty-four adult female camels were sampled during breeding (November-April) and non-breeding (May-October) season. Blood was collected for estrogen, progesterone and cortisol level estimation. Genital organs were sampled and described after slaughtering. Samples were taken from the ovarian artery (OA), vein (OV) and arterio-venous complex (AVC), for light and scanning electron microscopy. Sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin. (H&E), Masson’s trichrome, Weigert’s elastic and toluidine blue. Temperature and relative humidity were used to calculate stress indicator. Stress indicator was higher in non-breeding season (NBS). Anatomical and histological vasculature (OA, OV, AVC) dynamics were significantly higher in breeding season (BS) especially diameter of left OA. Parameters of OA were positively associated with estrogen level. Collagen, elastic, smooth muscles and mast cells were recorded least in BS compared to NBS. Unique venous structure, intra-mural venules (IMV), was discovered in tunica intima of OA, seen positively and negatively associated with estrogen and cortisol level in BS, respectively. Scanned electron-micrograph exhibited penetration and wrapping of OA by small thinned-walled venules that may form IMV. The AVC was too tightly packed to differentiate due to the collapse of the wall. Hormonal, seasonal, stress indicator and vascular dynamic of female genital system are interlinked and IMV in association with OA and OV may be proposed as the site of counter-current exchange in female reproductive system of the camel.

Uniqueness of Animal Genetic Resources Adapted to High Altitude Environment of Leh-Ladakh

In difficult terrain of Ladakh region, where land resources are meager, animal wealth plays an important role in the life of the local people. Common native livestock genetic resources in Ladakh include yak, cattle, dzomo, dzo, goat, sheep, donkeys, horses, double hump camel, etc. For adaptability at cold as well as hypobaric hypoxic condition of Leh-Ladakh, the native animal genetic resources have developed certain physical and physiological adaptations. The physical changes include small statured body, large hair fur, and thick skin while physiological changes include unique circulatory adaptability with enlarged lungs, heart and larger concentration of red blood cells to accommodate the hypobaric-hypoxic environment. These unique traits make these livestock thrive and perform at under low oxygen and temperature; high ultraviolet exposure, and scarce nutrition in lean period.

Molecular detection of Babesia microti in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Halayeb and Shalateen, Halayeb, Egypt

There is paucity in the epidemiological screening of a blood parasite of zoonotic importance, Babesia microti (B. microti) in camels in Egypt. Therefore, a total of 142 individuals of one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) that were bred in Halayeb and Shalateen were examined for infection and subjected to phylogenetic analysis on blood parasite infection with B. microti. PCR assay focusing on the Babesia microti small subunit rRNA (ss-rRNA) gene was used for detection of its prevalence in camels. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the detection of 17 case from a total of 142 cases with an infection rate of 11.97% using nested PCR assays. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses showed that B. microti was genetically related with German strain that is isolated from voles and rats in France. In conclusion, this is the first evidence of B. microti infection in camels in Egypt with evidence of the role of one-humped camels in sustaining the babesia transmission in Egypt.

Case Report: Bronchiolitis Obliterans in Dromedary camel (one-humped) in Aswan Slaughter houses, Egypt

Respiratory disorders in camels are very common and often cannot be easily identified in live animals until complicated. Thus, the only way to understand the pathology behind respiratory disorders and their prompt diagnosis is by examining lungs at slaughter. So, this study was designed to describe bronchiolitis obliterans in camel when reported as a case report. Bronchiolitis obliterans is a form of rare pulmonary disease. It happens when tiny airways in the lungs, called bronchioles, are scarred. This scarring makes it difficult for the air to flow and for the animals to breathe, causing the airways to narrow. Lung biopsy can be the best way to diagnosis bronchiolitis obliterans. Thus, during post-slaughter inspection of dromedary camels (Camelus dromedaries) slaughtered at the Draw Abattoir, Aswan, Egypt, one case of bronchiolitis obliterans in adult camel was reported. Histopathological features revealed intraluminal polyps of inflammatory granulated tissues that obstruct small airways. In addition, regions of emphysema were located in the neighboring alveoli and some of them were packed with exudate. Finally, it can be concluded that bronchiolitis obliterans occur in one humped camel.

Temporospatial characterization of the bronchus associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) of the one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).

BackgroundBronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) is responsible for the local immune response of the lung against airborne infections. The structure of this tissue varies according to species and age.AimThe aim of this study was to describe the possible age-related structural variation of the BALT of the one humped camel.Material and methodsFresh specimens from both lungs of 15 clinically healthy male camels (10 months–12 years) were studied with light and electron microscopes.ResultsThe BALT in the camel was variable from few lymphocytes to well-organized lymphoid tissue with a clear germinal center. The BALT of the bronchi is a constant lymphoid tissue in young and adult camels which may be of the large size with clear germinal center in response to repeated immune reaction and involutes in old age. The BALT of the bronchioles may be induced and develops mainly due to an immune reaction and showed great morphological variations and observed in different ages. High endothelial venules were associated with BALT in the bronchi but not with that of the bronchioles. The BALT-associated epithelium was tall pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells in the extrapulmonary bronchi changed to pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium mucous secreting cells in the intrapulmonary bronchi and simple columnar ciliated to simple cuboidal epithelium with Clara cells without goblet cells or mucous secreting cells in the bronchioles.ConclusionsThe BALT of the bronchi is a constant lymphoid tissue in young and adult camels and involutes in old age. The BALT of the bronchioles may be induced and develops mainly due to an immune reaction and observed in different ages.