Effect Of Humidity Research Articles

Analysis of meteorological effects of cosmic ray neutron component based on data from mid-latitude stations

Precision neutron monitors providing continuous monitoring with a statistical accuracy of ~0.15 %/hr are effective for studying cosmic ray variations; therefore, contributions from other error sources should not exceed the contribution of this statistical error. Such possible sources primarily include changes in atmospheric pressure and humidity. The aim of the work is to estimate the barometric effect of the neutron component of cosmic rays for the low-latitude stations Tashkent and Alma-Ata (mountain), including periods of maximum solar activity. The technique developed on the basis of multifactor correlation analysis is applicable to processing data from any detectors of the worldwide network of neutron monitors. As a result, we have obtained annual average barometric coefficients of the neutron component at the stations Tashkent and Alma-Ata. The humidity effect was also estimated for the mid-latitude station Moscow. The study draws the conclusion that the approach considered can effectively solve the problem.

Анализ метеорологических эффектов нейтронной компоненты космических лучей по данным среднеширотных станций

Precision neutron monitors providing continuous monitoring with a statistical accuracy of ~0.15 %/hr are effective for studying cosmic ray variations; therefore, contributions from other error sources should not exceed the contribution of this statistical error. Such possible sources primarily include changes in atmospheric pressure and humidity. The aim of the work is to estimate the barometric effect of the neutron component of cosmic rays for the low-latitude stations Tashkent and Alma-Ata (mountain), including periods of maximum solar activity. The technique developed on the basis of multifactor correlation analysis is applicable to processing data from any detectors of the worldwide network of neutron monitors. As a result, we have obtained annual average barometric coefficients of the neutron component at the stations Tashkent and Alma-Ata. The humidity effect was also estimated for the mid-latitude station Moscow. The study draws the conclusion that the approach considered can effectively solve the problem.

Research on inclination angle design of container loading and unloading platform based on sliding rail type three-dimensional wharf

At present, the traditional container terminal handling system has many problems, such as high energy consumption, high cost and low efficiency. Therefore, this study drew on the characteristics of "hump" transportation to design a sliding track type, three-dimensional wharf handling system. Meanwhile, considering the design problem of safety dip angle during the loading and unloading operation of the sliding rail terminal, this study constructed the calculation model of the optimal dip angle of the sliding rail operation. This provides a decision support for the improvement of the port handling system. Based on the aforementioned questions, this study first quantified the effects of temperature, humidity and container material. The correction factor for the friction coefficient was obtained. Secondly, combined with the classical mechanics theory, this study developed an optimal calculation model for the inclination of the sliding rail operation under the comprehensive effect of multiple factors. Finally, this study verified the rationality and safety of the optimal dip angle for a specific numerical case of a port. The results show that the safe inclination angle calculated in this case is 21.9°, which meets the requirements of safe operation. The applicability of the above research is verified.

Highly Sensitive and Selective SnO2-Gr Sensor Photoactivated for Detection of Low NO2 Concentrations at Room Temperature

Chemical nanosensors based on nanoparticles of tin dioxide and graphene-decorated tin dioxide were developed and characterized to detect low NO2 concentrations. Sensitive layers were prepared by the drop casting method. SEM/EDX analyses have been used to investigate the surface morphology and the elemental composition of the sensors. Photoactivation of the sensors allowed for detecting ultra-low NO2 concentrations (100 ppb) at room temperature. The sensors showed very good sensitivity and selectivity to NO2 with low cross-responses to the other pollutant gases tested (CO and CH4). The effect of humidity and the presence of graphene on sensor response were studied. Comparative studies revealed that graphene incorporation improved sensor performance. Detections in complex atmosphere (CO + NO2 or CH4 + NO2, in humid air) confirmed the high selectivity of the graphene sensor in near-real conditions. Thus, the responses were of 600%, 657% and 540% to NO2 (0.5 ppm), NO2 (0.5 ppm) + CO (5 ppm) and NO2 (0.5 ppm) + CH4 (10 ppm), respectively. In addition, the detection mechanisms were discussed and the possible redox equations that can change the sensor conductance were also considered.

Association of humidity and precipitation with asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

IntroductionThe relationship of asthma with humidity and precipitation remains controversial. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of increased humidity and precipitation with asthma risk.MethodsA comprehensive systematic search was conducted across various databases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Chinese Wanfang, CQVIP, and CNKI. A total of 21 studies with 1,052,960 participants from 9 countries or regions were included. The fixed and random effect model were used to analyze the data.ResultsThe study revealed a pooled odds ratio (OR) of 1.0489 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0061, 1.0935] for the association between humidity and asthma risk. Specifically, among individuals under 18 years of age, the OR (95% CI) was 1.0898 (1.0290, 1.1541). Furthermore, the OR (95% CI) for developing countries or regions was 1.0927 (1.0220, 1.1684), while it was 1.1298 (0.9502, 1.3433) for regions with a high latitude (41°–51°). The pooled OR for precipitation and asthma risk was 0.9991 (0.9987, 0.9995). The OR (95%CI) values were 0.9991 (0.9987, 0.9995), 0.9991 (0.9987, 0.9995) and 0.9990 (0.9986, 0.9994) in people above the age of 18, developing countries or regions, and middle latitudes (31°–41°), respectively.DiscussionThe impact of humidity on asthma risk is particularly pronounced among individuals below 18 years of age, people living in developing countries or regions and in regions located in high latitudes. And the influence of precipitation on asthma persons over the age of 18, developing countries or regions, and middle latitudes significantly. Increased humidity appears to elevate asthma risk, and increased precipitation may reduce the risk. In addition, there appears to be a combined effect of humidity and precipitation on asthma.Systematic Review RegistrationPROSPERO, identifier, CRD42023482446.

A Method of Applying Mixtures to Optimize Grounding during Installation of Vertical Composite Grounding Devices

The article considers the method of using mixtures to optimize the electrophysical parameters of grounding devices in conjunction with vertical composite grounding conductors. It has been found that fluctuations in soil resistivity caused by changes in weather and climatic conditions can lead to instability of the ground loop resistance. The study shown that without appropriate measures, the resistance of the loop as a result of seasonal changes in soil properties may exceed acceptable values. This is fraught with deviations in the resistance to current spreading of grounding devices beyond the limits of acceptable parameters. To compensate for these fluctuations, a method is proposed to reduce the seasonality factor. Reducing seasonality plays an important role in ensuring the safety of service personnel and farm animals by maintaining the resistance of the grounding device within the limits of regulatory values. The authors discuss methods for artificially reducing the resistance of the ground loop, including increasing its size and using deep ground electrodes. The results of vertical electrode probing of the soil at the sites of grounding conductors are presented, the effect of humidity on the resistivity of the soil is shown, the influence of soil layering and the presence of moisture-saturated soil layers is considered. A method is proposed that allows the mixture to be introduced together with a vertical composite grounding device, the design of the coupling, tip and auxiliary device, experimental studies of the proposed designs are carried out and the results of measuring the current spreading resistance of such a grounding device with both standard and proposed couplings are presented. A comparison was made with a grounding device without the use of mixtures. The measurement results demonstrate that with an increase in the length of the grounding device, its diameter and the volume of the injected mixture, the resistance decreases. It is shown that the proposed solution makes it possible to reduce seasonality by 1.64–2.1 times, depending on the couplings used, and to obtain a grounding conductor with an equivalent diameter dozens of times larger than the diameter of a composite grounding conductor. The authors propose the use of soil-replacing mixtures to reduce soil resistivity and ensure the stability of the grounding loop throughout the entire service life. The proposed method of applying mixtures without pre-drilling makes it possible to reduce the cost of constructing grounding devices.

Synergistic analysis of oxygen transport resistance in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

The oxygen transport resistance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells operated under various conditions (e.g., temperature and relative humidity) was separated into molecular diffusion, Knudsen diffusion, and ionomer film (IF) resistances using the catalyst agglomerate model, dissection of oxygen transport resistance, and distribution of relaxation time analysis. Simultaneously, an analysis of resistance, including charge transfer, proton transfer, and high-frequency resistances, was performed. The Knudsen diffusion resistance of the catalyst layer was calculated by assessing the effects of relative humidity on porosity and pore size. Oxygen transport resistance was analyzed to establish a correlation between temperature, relative humidity, and IF resistance. Water negligibly impacted performance at low oxygen levels at all examined current densities. The fractional contributions of molecular diffusion, Knudsen diffusion, and IF resistances obtained using oxygen transport analysis could be effectively applied to mass transport resistance in the distribution of relaxation time analysis. The IF resistance in the catalyst layer was up to eight times higher than the Knudsen diffusion resistance and 150 times higher than the proton transfer resistance across all current densities, thus most strongly contributing to the catalyst layer resistance. In the gas diffusion layer, the molecular diffusion resistance was up to four times higher than the Knudsen diffusion resistance. Thus, we examined the relationship between the mass transport resistances of individual elements and IF behavior under different operating conditions, revealing that the design of the IF in the catalyst should be considered alongside the relationship between the gas diffusion layer and membrane for optimal performance.

Research on the cracking risk index of massive concrete based on Chemo-Thermo-Hygro-Mechanical multi-field coupling model

Building upon the intricate interplay of hydration, temperature, moisture, and mechanical forces, we introduce an innovative Chemo-Thermo-Hygro-Mechanical (C-T-H-M) multi-field coupling model tailored to massive concrete structures. This model facilitates the analysis of the cracking risk index through the application of the maximum effective energy density ratio. An exhaustive inquiry delves into the correlation between this index and factors such as structural form, failure driving force, and humidity effect in massive concrete. Findings reveal significant disparities in the cracking risk index across distinct structural configurations. By examining diverse stress scenarios and accounting for various failure driving forces, a Three parameters emerges as the chief contributor to the highest cracking risk index. Moreover, the proposed C-T-H-M model exposes a heightened surface cracking risk index in comparison with conventional Chemo-Thermo-Mechanical approaches. These observations underscore the significance of adopting a holistic perspective when assessing cracking risk indices and devising crack mitigation strategies, taking into account structural aspects, failure driving force, and humidity effect.

The effects of humidity on the bonding performance of glued thermally treated bamboo

The effects of humidity on the bonding performance of glued thermally treated bamboo

Experimental Investigation of Chloride Ion Monitoring in Concrete Considering the Coupling Effect of Temperature and Humidity

Ag/AgCl electrodes have acquired significant research attention due to their crucial role in the electrochemical monitoring of chloride ion concentration. However, the electrode potential is susceptible to changes in temperature and humidity, and comprehensive investigations regarding the influence of moisture are lacking. Existing studies on Ag/AgCl electrodes have been qualitative, primarily focusing on analyzing the trend of electrode potential to detect variations in Cl- concentration. This study proposes an experimental method that enables precise control of temperature and humidity within concrete. The effects of temperature and humidity coupling on Ag/AgCl electrode potential in a concrete environment and a fundamental model were established correlating Ag/AgCl electrode potential with temperature, humidity, and chloride ion concentration, thereby enhancing the sensing accuracy. The developed model corrected errors from temperature and humidity coupling effects on the Ag/AgCl electrode potential. A quantitative investigation on using Ag/AgCl electrodes for monitoring Cl- concentration was conducted, facilitating their application in engineering and the development of non-destructive monitoring systems for chloride ions in concrete structures.

Effects of relative humidity on atmospheric organosulfur species derived from photooxidation and nocturnal chemistry in a forest environment

The molecular composition of organic aerosols in ambient PM2.5 was investigated at the northern foothills of Qinling Mountain region in central China during the summer of 2022. The molecular characteristics of organic matter were analyzed using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The number of molecular formula assignments was dominated by organosulfur species (OrgS, on average 28–47% in total). Both the number and peak area of OrgS increased significantly with higher relative humidity (RH), while those of CHO and CHON species decreased, indicating the different impacts of RH on individual organic groups. The entire study period was divided into two distinct stages, including a low RH and a high RH period (LRH and HRH). The enhanced formation of CHOS with O>7 in HRH was primarily attributed to photochemical oxidation, whereas the increase in CHONS with O>7 was driven by enhanced NO3 radical-initiated oxidation under elevated RH conditions. Nearly 50% of OrgS presented only in HRH had aliphatic structures with C≥9. Although isoprene-derived organosulfates dominated the peak area across the entire period, the monoterpenes and long-chain alkanes-derived organosulfates largely increased in HRH. The strong correlations between aerosol liquid water content and OrgS containing high oxygen content (O>7) indicate that aqueous-phase reactions played a crucial role in multigenerational oxidation of OrgS. This study highlights the important effects of RH on the formation of OrgS, particularly for organosulfates derived from monoterpenes and long-chain alkanes.

Effects of temperature and humidity on the survival and hatching response of diapausing and non-diapausing Aedes aegypti eggs

In seasonally varying environments, diapause, which is induced by a short photoperiod, favors overwintering of many insects. In Aedine mosquitoes, embryonic diapause is associated with higher survival and resistance to low temperature and humidity. Aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue and other arboviruses, has recently expanded its distribution towards temperate regions. One of the mechanisms that might have favored this expansion in South America is the ability to induce embryonic diapause. This type of diapause has been recently discovered in populations from Argentina, associated with hatching inhibition and increased amounts of lipids in the eggs. The aim of this study was to assess the four-month survival of diapausing (D) and non-diapausing (ND) eggs stored at different humidity and temperature conditions. Two populations from the temperate region of Argentina were analyzed: one from Buenos Aires (BA), a city with a relatively mild and short winter, and another from San Bernardo (SB), a locality with a harsher and longer winter. For both populations, D and ND eggs were obtained from colonies maintained under 10:14 L:D and 14:10 L:D hours respectively. Eggs were exposed to six different conditions of humidity and temperature for 85 days. After exposure, egg survival and hatching response were analyzed. D eggs showed significantly higher survival at low humidity (both populations), and at medium and high humidity and at low temperatures (SB population). In addition, D eggs showed a significantly lower hatching response at high humidity and low temperatures, and higher proportion of not hatched eggs remaining viable after two immersions under all conditions. D eggs from SB were significantly more tolerant to low temperatures than those from BA. ND eggs from SB were significantly more tolerant to low temperatures, while those from BA were more tolerant to low humidity. Overall, the effect of diapause was a significant increase in the number of not hatched, viable embryos after immersion. Results suggest that the ability of Ae. aegypti to induce egg diapause increases the probability of successful overwintering and further expansion of its distribution range, and as a consequence the risk of arbovirus transmission might increase in temperate areas

The effect of ambient temperature and relative humidity in postpartum dairy cows on productive and reproductive performance and biochemical blood indices in the subsequent lactation

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of ambient temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) during the postpartum transition period on dairy cows’ milk performance, fertility, and immunometabolic blood indices in the subsequent lactation. A total of 100 Polish Holstein-Friesian cows originating from five commercial dairy farms were categorized into three groups based on average T (<16 °C, 16-20 °C and >20 °C) and RH (<65%, 65-75%, and >75%) on the calving day (0d), and days 7, 14, 21 after calving. With increasing T and RH postpartum, the average daily milk yield during the first 150 days in milk decreased gradually, and the differences between T <16 °C and >20 °C and RH <65% and >75% groups were approx. 3.48 and 2.78 kg, respectively. Milk of cows exposed to increased T and RH was lower in protein, and lactose and higher in fat, milk urea, and somatic cell count. It was also characterized by altered fat composition. Ambient T during the postpartum period had a negative effect on cows’ fertility, which, however, was not affected by RH. The increasing T from <16 °C to >20 °C resulted in the later manifestation of the first estrous (by 27.7 days), a more extended artificial insemination service period (by 19.4 days), a higher number of insemination services per conception (by 0.92 on average), more days open (by 43.3 days), and a longer calving interval (by 43.3 days). Within ranges used in this study, increasing T and RH during the period from d 0 to d 14 postpartum led to decreased body condition score on day 21 by approx. 0.48 and 0.51 points, respectively. Furthermore, T and RH on a calving day were associated with altered biochemical blood indices on d 21 after calving, indicating a more severe negative energy balance and a state of inflammation. The results of this study suggest that dairy cows that calve when T >16 °C should be provided cooling to ensure optimal environmental conditions for high milk production and prevent economic losses associated with reduced milk yield and low fertility.

Effect of Humidity on the Wear Behavior of Graphene Under Current Carrying Conditions

Effect of Humidity on the Wear Behavior of Graphene Under Current Carrying Conditions

Effects of humidity, ionic contaminations and temperature on the degradation of silicone-based sealing materials used in microelectronics

This paper investigates the effects of three ageing factors (chemical, humidity, and temperature) and their interactions on the physical properties and degradation of silicone sealant used in microelectronic applications. The thermal degradation of silicone sealants was investigated by exposing samples to temperatures in the range of 150 up to 175 °C. Also, a set of samples were aged at 40 °C in a salt spray set-up with 100 % humidity in a salty atmosphere. Results showed detectable changes in the FTIR spectra of aged specimen as compared with the as-received sample. In all accelerated testing conditions, peak intensities decreased with ageing time, inferring that that the surface characteristics of the sealant is affected by ageing. Shear test results showed that with increasing the ageing time, the maximum shear stress in most cases has decreased in all ageing conditions. Also, it appears that samples with longer ageing times have experienced more elongation before failure. Results also show that salt spraying of specimens is associated with a decrease in the mechanical properties of the sealant, indicating the deleterious implications of ionic contaminations for the mechanical properties of samples.

Humidity and immersion based hygrothermal aging of pultruded GFRP composites: Moisture uptake and diffusion

Pultruded glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites are used extensively in civil, marine, and offshore infrastructure applications. These components can be exposed to long periods of humidity or immersion with long-term performance characteristics being influenced by the rate and level of moisture uptake and its consequent effects. This paper reports on the moisture uptake response and kinetics of a pultruded GFRP composite exposed to a range of relative humidity levels and immersion over a range of temperatures below the glass transition. Four models for diffusion are used to assess the range of uptake responses. It is seen that humidity and temperatures have a significant effect on both rate of uptake and maximum apparent uptake level with there being a significant difference between effects of 99% RH and immersion emphasizing that immersion, as is often used in durability testing, cannot be directly used as a substitute for accelerating effects of humidity even at high levels. The two-stage structural modification model which considers both an initial diffusion dominated regime and a second relaxation/deterioration dominated regime is seen to best model the range of uptake regimes and characteristics while the simple Fickian model is shown to be deficient in modeling most of the regimes accurately.

Effect of Humidity and Temperature on PVD TiAlN-Coating Wear

Effect of Humidity and Temperature on PVD TiAlN-Coating Wear

Indium oxide thick-films decorated with PdO and PtO2 particles for oxygen detection in humid environments

Abstract Thick film indium oxide chemiresistive sensors decorated with PdO and PtO2 particles were investigated for oxygen detection under humid conditions (tested ranging from 20%- 80% RH) across a temperature range of 50 °C to 400 °C. The PtO2-decorated In2O3 sensors demonstrated a significantly higher response to oxygen, showing a 500% increase at 200 °C compared to the PdO-decorated sensors (response values of 41 and 8, respectively). Tests in dry air were conducted to assess the effect of humidity on sensor performance, revealing a maximum response of 74 for PtO2-In2O3 at 400 °C, more than three times higher than the response of 22 for PdO-In2O3. Selectivity tests confirmed that the sensors responded more strongly to oxygen than to interfering gases. The integration of an active carbon cloth (ACC) filter effectively reduced interferences from isobutylene and ethylene, enhancing sensor’s selectivity. A comparison of both sensors demonstrated that PtO2-decorated In2O3 has greater potential as an alternative to existing Pb-based electrochemical oxygen sensors, particularly in humid environments.

Effect of Humidity on Interfacial Debonding Behavior Between Larger Graphene Sheet and Cement-Based Composites

This paper investigates the interface debonding behavior of graphene (G) on a calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) substrate using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The effect of interfacial water content on the debonding behavior of graphene on cement-based composites was studied. Simulation results reveal that there is only a van der Waals force between G and C-S-H; the interface bonding strength is weak; and the debonding properties (maximum peeling force (Fmax) and work (W)) are low. The debonding energy of graphene decreases with an increase in interfacial water content, indicating that water intrusion will weaken the binding effect of G and C-S-H, and reduce the difficulty of graphene’s debonding on a C-S-H substrate. Exploring the adhesion behavior of graphene on C-S-H under the influence of humidity at the nanoscale is of great significance for understanding the basic adhesion mechanism, optimizing composite material properties, and promoting the development of related disciplines.

EBT3 Radiochromic film response in time-dependent thermal environment and water submersion conditions: Its clinical relevance and uncertainty estimation

AimThis study aimed to find the thermal and humidity-dependent behavior of EBT3 film. The changes in the film sensitivity as well as the dosimetric region of interest in the small-size film due to its storage and setup condition were evaluated. Material and methodsThree sets of films were kept at three different thermal storage conditions. 15 films from each set were kept at 2 °C, 20 °C, and 40 °C storage conditions for 24 h and 48 h pre- and post-irradiation. The humidity effect (water submersion) on the film in terms of the film's edge diffusion, and change in the optical density at the central region of the film was estimated by keeping the films underwater. ResultsThe mean relative film sensitivity was found 1.107 ± 0.123 and 0.966 ± 0.028 respectively for the films stored at 40 °C and 2 °C with respect to the sensitivity of the films that were kept at room temperature (20 °C) each for 48 h. The dosimetric result shows that the measured dose in the dose range (2–20 Gy) was overestimated by 7.01 % (percentage mean dose difference (MDD)) in the films stored at 40 °C for 48 h. In contrast, it was underestimated by −4.54 % (MDD) in the films stored at 2 °C for 48 h compared to those kept at an ambient room temperature of 20 °C (MDD = 0.24%). The water-diffusion rate at the border of the EBT3 film used in this study was 0.23 mm/h. An increment of 6.8% in the optical density at the central region of the film was observed for the unexposed control film kept underwater for 24 h. The combined standard uncertainty due to five different sources of uncertainties was 2.91%. ConclusionThe sensitivity of the EBT3 film kept at 40 °C is always higher (overestimate) whereas lower (underestimate) for the films kept at 2 °C as compared to the films at normal room temperature. The correction for the changes in the net optical density due to its storage condition (thermal effect) and the dosimetry condition of water submersion (humidity effect) must be incorporated into the current protocols of film-dosimetry if the facility cannot have temperature-controlled film storage environment and if the film immersion under water is more than 4 h.