Changes In Humidity Research Articles

Multi-point temperature or humidity prediction for office building indoor environment based on CGC-BiLSTM deep neural network

The aim of this study is to predict the temperature or humidity changes at multiple relevant points in a building using a deep neural network architecture with multi-task learning to provide more reference information for the design and optimal operation of heating and ventilation systems. For this purpose, traditional multi-task prediction algorithm architecture is combined with Customized Gate Control and other neural networks to build deep neural network architectures for indoor environments with multi-point temperature or humidity prediction tasks. To test the prediction effectiveness of the architecture, a task of predicting temperature or humidity 24h in advance was designed on a real office building indoor environment dataset, and the prediction results were compared with other single-task and multi-task prediction models. Two experimental conditions were designed for this study, one using the complete training set and the other reducing the training set at a certain point. Through the final prediction results, it is found that the multi-task prediction architecture used in this paper shows better or nearly optimal results compared to other prediction models under both working conditions. This study provides some reference value for the application of multi-task prediction algorithms to the task of predicting indoor environments in buildings.

Improving Liquid Desiccant Dehumidifiers through Square Baffle Plate Design and Nanofluid Innovation

Enhancing the performance of the liquid desiccant dehumidifier (LDDs) is pivotal, with mass transfer playing a significant role. Compared to the previous method, using a baffles plate improved liquid desiccant dehumidification performance. The study utilized an aqueous solution containing nanocarbon tubes (NCTs) in LiCl/H2O as the desiccant, cascading over baffles plate with a square profile. The performance of this system was determined using numerical methods. The concentrations of NCTs ranged from 0.03% to 0.5% by weight. Furthermore, this paper investigates the impact of nanoparticles and parameters, including flow rates, solution concentration, humidity, solution temperature, etc. on the analysis through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. The study shows a 29% increase in moisture removal and humidity change, along with a 15.57% improvement in film thickness. These findings are underpinned by the principle of a reduced in contact angle from 57° to 29°, resulting in reduced partial pressure of water vapor from the solution, thereby enhancing the mass transfer mechanism. Consequently, the utilization of baffles plate demonstrates a significant improvement in the moisture removal performance of the LDDs.

Robustly packaged lithium niobate resonator-based temperature sensor

Abstract Whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators with high optical quality factor (Q) are highly sensitive to environment changes and are used in various sensing applications. We have developed a high-precision temperature sensor using a compactly packaged lithium niobate (LN) WGM resonator. This sensor offers a sensitivity of 34.38pm/℃ and a high resolution of up to 5.6×10-4 ℃. It is portable with high Q, making it suitable for using outside the laboratory. The device is also resilient to changes in humidity, enhancing its practicality.

Impact of the Indian Ocean Dipole Mode on Planetary Boundary Layer Ozone in China

AbstractThe Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) mode exerts distinct impacts on the climate in China and can further affect tropospheric ozone. Using long‐term GEOS‐Chem simulations, we found distinct changes in planetary boundary layer ozone throughout China during positive and negative phases of IOD. In summer, ozone shows synchronized increases except in southern China during positive IOD; the ozone increases are dominated by chemical production and transport in northern and western China, respectively. The increased precursor from biogenic emissions contributed to ozone chemical formation in the northern region, and the increased precipitation and decreased solar radiation hindered ozone production in southern China. Ozone changes show good symmetry over most regions during negative IOD. In autumn, the ozone reduction in southern China shares the same reason as summer, while the chemical increase over northern China is affected more by changes in solar radiation and relative humidity than in the precursor emission.

Experimental investigation on the application of cold-mist direct evaporative cooling in data centers

The rapid development of the internet era has driven the construction of numerous data centers worldwide. In hot climate, data centers consume significant energy for cooling. Cold-mist direct evaporative cooling offers a natural cooling solution that can help reduce this energy consumption. This study investigates the temperature and relative humidity changes of natural high-temperature air after being cooled using a cold-mist direct evaporative cooling test bench. The effects of several control factors such as spray angle, spray flow rate, and air speed on the cold-mist direct evaporative cooling performance was systematically examined. The findings revealed that: (1) the optimal spray angle for cold-mist direct evaporative cooling treatment air is 65°; (2) high-temperature air between 27 °C and 37 °C can be cooled to 23.57 °C – 25.58 °C after cold-mist direct evaporative cooling treatment, with relative humidity levels of 67.0 % – 78.8 %, meeting the air supply requirements for data centers; (3) the proposed approach could reduce the data center energy consumption by 14 % – 41 %, while extending the annual natural cooling period by 3.16 % – 20.45 %.

Multiwavelength Raman lidar system for profiling the CCN number concentrations

Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) play an important role in the research of cloud microphysical and aerosol–cloud interactions. This study employs a multiwavelength Raman lidar for measuring CCN concentration. First, the multiwavelength Raman lidar was used to measure the atmospheric relative humidity profile, and the combination of relative humidity and the aerosol backscattering coefficient was used to retrieve the hygroscopic growth factor. By fitting the hygroscopic growth factor using the κkappa parameter model, the hygroscopic parameter κkappa that characterizes the hygroscopicity of aerosols was obtained. Then, the critical activation radius of aerosols was derived using the κ–Köhler theory and hygroscopicity parameter κkappa. Finally, the CCN number concentration was obtained by combining with the aerosol particle size distribution. Experiments were conducted to verify the feasibility of the multiwavelength Raman lidar. Results showed that the effective detection range of the lidar is approximately 0–4 km. The error of the temperature measured by the lidar at the height of 0.3–3.8 km is approximately ±1K. When the relative humidity change is 0.77–0.87, the range of the hygroscopic growth factor change is 1.06–1.10, the hygroscopic parameter γ is 0.065, and the hygroscopic parameter κkappa is 0.009. The CCN numbers concentration decreases with height but increases closer to the cloud. The multiwavelength Raman lidar is an important tool for detection of cloud microphysical and aerosol–cloud interactions and could have scientific importance and research value, both for improved understanding of the formation of clouds and precipitation and for enhanced accuracy of weather modification.

Drought-Induced Alterations in Carbon and Water Dynamics of Chinese Fir Plantations at the Trunk Wood Stage.

Over the past three decades, China has implemented extensive reforestation programs, primarily utilizing Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) in southern China, to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and counter extreme climate events. However, the effects of drought on the carbon sequestration capacity of these forests, particularly during the trunk wood stage, remain unclear. This study, conducted in Huitong, Hunan, China, from 2008 to 2013, employed the eddy covariance method to measure carbon dioxide (CO2) and water fluxes in Chinese fir forests, covering a severe drought year in 2011. The purpose was to elucidate the dynamics of carbon and water fluxes during a drought year and across multi-normal year averages. The results showed that changes in soil water content (-8.00%), precipitation (-18.45%), and relative humidity (-5.10%), decreases in air temperature (-0.09 °C) and soil temperature (-0.79 °C), and increases in vapor pressure deficit (19.18%) and net radiation (8.39%) were found in the drought year compared to the normal years. These changes in environmental factors led to considerable decreases in net ecosystem exchange (-40.00%), ecosystem respiration (-13.09%), and gross ecosystem productivity (-18.52%), evapotranspiration (-12.50%), and water use efficiency (-5.83%) in the studied forests in the drought year. In this study, the occurrence of seasonal drought due to uneven precipitation distribution led to a decrease in gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) and evapotranspiration (ET). However, the impact of drought on GEP was greater than its effect on ET, resulting in a reduced water use efficiency (WUE). This study emphasized the crucial role of water availability in determining forest productivity and suggested the need for adjusting vegetation management strategies under severe drought conditions. Our results contributed to improving management practices for Chinese fir plantations in response to changing climate conditions.

Excited-State Decay and Photolysis of O-Nitrophenol after Proton Transfer. II: A Theoretical Investigation in the Microsolvated Atmospheric Environment.

Changes in atmospheric humidity affect the number of water molecules surrounding o-nitrophenol (ONP), creating an anisotropic chemical environment. It, in turn, influences the photodynamic behaviors of ONP, differing from those observed in the gas phase and in solution. Recently, we explored the excited-state decay and the generation of the hydroxyl (OH) radical before proton transfer of ONP in the microsolvated environment using the MS-CASPT2//CASSCF approach. As is well known, ONP is capable of converting to its aci-nitro isomer (aciONP) via an excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process. In the present work, the photoinduced dynamics of aciONP, which can lead to an OH radical and nitrous acid (HONO), was studied using the same computational model. Our calculations demonstrated that increasing the number of water molecules affects the molecular geometries, particularly the key bond lengths and dihedral angles of the HONO group, while also reducing the relative energies of minima and intersections. Moreover, we identified two distinct types of minimum structures: one that retains the intramolecular hydrogen bond and the other that breaks the hydrogen bond with the H atom flipping outward. The latter structure, compared with the former, has a different electronic-state character and facilitates intersystem crossing processes. Subsequently, two major excited-state decay paths were proposed: (PATH I) ESIPT → S1 → S1S0 → S0; (PATH II) ESIPT → S1 → S1-2 → S1T1 → T1 → S0T1 → S0. Furthermore, the T1 state has a relatively long lifetime, allowing for the formation of the OH radical and HONO, and the corresponding energy barriers decrease as the number of water molecules increases. These theoretical findings provide valuable insights into the photodynamics of aciONP in the microsolvated atmospheric environment.

Dimension of Humidity in Various Rice Cropping Season at Rangpur District in Bangladesh

This research was intended to analyze the variation and trend of humidity pattern in the major cropping seasons like Aus, Aman and Boro season in Rangpur region of Bangladesh. Humidity data collected from the Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) between 1990 and 2020 was utilized in this investigation. Analysis of linear trends was used to investigate the seasonal change in humidity. The investigation's findings demonstrated that there were numerous abnormalities in the daily, monthly, and seasonal variations of humidity where annual humidity rising in the Aman and Aus season and falling in the Boro season that main reasons are unusual monsoon pattern and abnormalities of temperature. According to the research's findings, there have been notable fluctuations in humidity during the Aus, Aman, and Boro seasons. Bangladesh's rice-based agriculture may suffer because of these adjustments. Bangladesh's climate-driven agricultural sector can benefit from the application of thresholding, regional and countrywide humidity analysis, and other environmental methodologies in combination with adaptation planning for sustainable agriculture.

Modeling of Catalyst Degradation in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells Applied to Three‐Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation

ABSTRACTIn a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell, the following degradation mechanisms are associated with the catalyst particles and their support: carbon support corrosion triggered by carbon and platinum oxidation, platinum dissolution with redeposition, and particle detachment with agglomeration. In this work, an electrochemical model for those degradation effects is presented as well as its coupling with a three‐dimensional computational fluid dynamics PEM fuel cell performance model. The overall model is used to calculate polarization curves and current density distributions of a PEM fuel cell in a fresh and aged state as well as the degradation process during an accelerated stress test with 30 000 voltage cycles. The obtained simulation results are compared to measurements on a three‐serpentine channel PEM fuel cell with an active area of 25 cm2 under various temperatures and humidities. The experimental data are obtained with a segmented test cell using respective degradation protocols and test conditions proposed by the United States Department of Energy. In addition to the temperature and humidity changes, the influence of geometry and material parameters on the degree of degradation and the resulting fuel cell performance is explored in detail.

Mechanisms underlying drying shrinkage in ASM-based geopolymer: Capillary tensile stress and its prediction method

A pivotal limitation in the widespread adoption of geopolymer stems from their notable and substantial drying shrinkage properties, which significantly constrain their potential applications. The complex reaction processes and amorphous gel structures make it difficult to quantitatively calculate the drying shrinkage rate. In this study, alkali-activated slag-metakaolin-based geopolymer was used to develop a method for predicting drying shrinkage. By analyzing the internal relative humidity changes, contact angles on the structure surface at different ratios, and the surface tension of pore solutions, the capillary tensile stress within the structure was calculated. This analysis was combined with measurements of drying shrinkage, elastic modulus, and porosity to establish a predictive method for the drying shrinkage of alkali-activated slag-metakaolin-based geopolymer. The results indicated that as the system's relative humidity decreased, the surface tension of the pore solution increased, the interface contact angle reduced, and the capillary tensile stress, as calculated using the Young-Laplace equation, increased. These changes intensified the microstructural shrinkage and, consequently, increased the geopolymer's overall shrinkage rate. At the same time, the larger the porosity of the geopolymer system, the smaller the elastic modulus, the larger the dry shrinkage rate of the geopolymer. At a porosity of 29.0 %, an elastic modulus of 1.83 GPa, and a capillary tensile stress of 3.6 MPa, the dry shrinkage of the geopolymer is only 0.899 %. By adjusting the porosity and elastic modulus to 38.3 % and 1.60 GPa, respectively, and increasing the capillary tensile stress to 10.84 MPa, the dry shrinkage of the geopolymer reaches a maximum of 1.942 %. The prediction method for geopolymer drying shrinkage, established based on these factors, has a correlation coefficient of 0.97, effectively predicting the trend of geopolymer drying shrinkage rate characteristics. The current study provides a theoretical basis for methods to reduce shrinkage in geopolymers and their application in engineering.

Epidemiological Study of Downy Mildew Disease of Opium Poppy

The downy mildew caused by Peronosporaspp is a major disastrous disease of many plant species. The symptoms of downy mildew disease incidence on opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) were collected in three years from 2019-20 to 2021-22 for prediction of weather parameters on the progression of downy mildew disease. The downy mildew disease initiation was recorded in the 52nd SMW (10.0%DMI) when the maximum temperature was 19.430C. At 3rd SMW, the maximum temperature dropped 17.330C and DMI reached up to 20.00 percent depicting the progression and spread of downy mildew disease in opium poppy with the decrease of maximum temperature. The maximum disease incidence was recorded 92.53 percent in 10th SMW when maximum and minimum temperature were 29.030C and 13.530C. Regression analysis between dependent variable downy mildew disease incidence Vs. independent variables (viz., rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature and relative humidity) showed that all the weather parameters contributed more than 85 percent variation (R2 = 0.869, 0.957, 0.859) in the downy mildew incidence of opium poppy. One unit change of maximum temperature, minimum temperature (1.00c), maximum and minimum relative humidity (1.0%) might cause to change 0.128, 0.70, 0.117 0.130 units in downy mildew incidence, respectively.

Design of low-cost humidity sensor based on chipless RFID

It is of great significance to design a low-cost chipless radio frequency identification(RFID) sensor for environmental humidity monitoring. To this end, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film is used as a humidity sensitive material, and the overall size of the rectangular substrate is 18 mm × 18 mm ×0.5 mm. Through the humidity sensing principle and simulation analysis, the change of environmental humidity causes the change of the dielectric constant of the humidity sensitive material PVA, which in turn affects the resonant frequency offset of the entire sensor. The simulation results show that the relative humidity working range of the designed humidity sensor is 21.9% ∼ 52.5%, the corresponding sensor resonant frequency range is 2.76 ∼ 2.51GHz, the total offset reaches 250 MHz, and the average sensitivity at the maximum relative humidity is 23.08MHz/% . The designed humidity sensor has the advantages of miniaturization, simple structure and low cost, and can be used for humidity monitoring in various target environments. Keywords.low cost; chipless RFID humidity sensor; polyvinyl alcohol; humidity monitoring; humidity sensitive material.

Dynamics of extreme climatic variables for viticulture in the main zones of ampelocenosis of the Krasnodar region

Modern climate changes affect all branches of agriculture. Everywhere there is an increase in air temperature, changes in precipitation, an increase in extreme weather events. Since the productive lifespan of a grape plant is 30-40 years, it is necessary to assess climatic changes in order to create a variety adapted to changes. The purpose of the research is to assess changes in extreme heat supply and relative humidity in the main viticultural areas of the Krasnodar region. The average values of extreme heat supply and relative humidity variables of two climatological periods of 1961–1990 and 1991–2020, their changes over time and the course of variable’s anomalies of 1991–2020 compared with the average values of 1961–1990 are calculated. An increase in the absolute maximum air temperature by 0.2–1.6 °C for the period 1991–2020 was noted compared to the previous period, with the exception of Novorossiysk (decrease by 1.4 °C); an increase in the average absolute maximum air temperature by 1.5–2.5 °C, an increase in the number of days with a maximum air temperature above +35 °C by 1.0–2.3 days; a decrease in the average relative humidity of April–October by 0.7–2.7 % and an increase in the number of days with a minimum relative humidity of less than 30 % over the summer by 0.8–5.4 days. The variability of these variables over time for the period 1991–2020 is consistent with the change in the average. An increase in the absolute maximum was established (by 0.65–0.9 °C/10 years), the number of days with a maximum air temperature above +35 °C (by 0.8–1.1 days/10 years), the number of days with a minimum relative humidity of less than 30% over the summer (by 1.2–7.2 days/10 years); decrease in the average relative humidity of April–October (by 0.5–6.5 %/10 years). These changes indicate an increase in climate extremes and the frequency of unfavorable conditions for grapes in the summer, which requires an adjustment of the assortment.

Drying Kinetics and Sorption Isotherms of Biocomposite Materials: Experimental Investigation and Modeling Analysis.

Modern materials science has made significant progress in creating new materials and processes for waste recovery. One such advancement involves the development of a new porous composite material made from clay and an environmentally sustainable eggshell powder. In this study, the dynamic behavior of water vapor during desorption and adsorption processes within this composite material was investigated. The moisture diffusivity coefficient was determined within the clay/eggshell powder composite material. The drying kinetic data were analyzed using various models such as Newton, Page, and Wan and Singh. The static gravimetric vapor adsorption/desorption experiments were conducted at different temperatures (30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 °C) to depict the material's capacity for absorbing and releasing moisture over time. The experimental isotherm data were fitted using different mathematical models (Guggenheim, Anderson, and De Boer, Peleg, Adam and Shove, Oswin, and Modified Henderson). The findings suggest that integrating eggshell powder with clay can significantly influence the behavior and characteristics of the resultant material. The combination of eggshell powder and clay reduces moisture sorption and accelerates the drying process. Consequently, this affects the porosity, permeability, and response to humidity changes.

Initial monitoring of a six-story lightweight timber frame building under different environmental conditions

AbstractThis study presents a comprehensive investigation of the dynamic behavior of a six-story lightweight timber frame building through periodic and continuous ambient vibration tests. Seasonal changes in temperature and relative humidity can influence the dynamic response of timber buildings, by affecting stiffness, strength, and connection properties due to changes in moisture content. Systematic tests were performed from October 2022 until May 2024 to identify natural frequencies, damping ratios, and mode shapes of the building using five battery-driven data acquisition units equipped with 15 uni-axial accelerometers. Two different only-output frequency and time domain Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) methods were used to evaluate the dynamic properties of the building. Additionally, the building has been continuously monitored with temperature and humidity sensors since its construction. Results obtained from the periodic measurements highlighted the need for a permanent system to capture the transient changes in the modal parameters. A complementary permanent system to record the accelerations at the roof level was installed in May 2024. The modal parameters from in situ measurements were compared with those obtained from the Finite Element (FE) model of the structure. The FE model, calibrated through a multi-stage approach, incorporating non-structural elements, and varying imposed loads, showed good agreement with experimental data. Comparative analysis of the results obtained under different temperature and humidity conditions showed the effect of the environmental conditions on the building dynamics properties, for both periodic and permanent measurements. This study highlights the importance of continuous monitoring and detailed FE modeling in understanding the dynamic properties and long-term structural behavior under varying conditions. This information can be used to ensure that the building meets safety and performance requirements and to identify potential issues that may need to be addressed during the design and maintenance phases.

Evaluation of a reduced-pressure chemical ion reactor utilizing adduct ionization for the detection of gaseous organic and inorganic species

Abstract. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and volatile inorganic compounds (VICs) provide critical information across many scientific fields including atmospheric chemistry and soil and biological processes. Chemical ionization (CI) mass spectrometry has become a powerful tool for tracking these chemically complex and temporally variable compounds in a variety of laboratory and field environments. It is particularly powerful with time-of-flight mass spectrometers, which can measure hundreds of compounds in a fraction of a second and have enabled entirely new branches of VOC and/or VIC research in atmospheric and biological chemistry. To accurately describe each step of these chemical, physical, and biological processes, measurements across the entire range of gaseous products is crucial. Recently, chemically comprehensive gas-phase measurements have been performed using many CI mass spectrometers deployed in parallel, each utilizing a different ionization method to cover a broad range of compounds. Here we introduce the recently developed Vocus AIM (adduct ionization mechanism) ion–molecule reactor (IMR), which samples trace vapors in air and ionizes them via chemical ionization at medium pressures. The Vocus AIM supports the use of many different reagent ions of positive and negative polarity and is largely independent of changes in the sample humidity. Within the present study, we present the performance and explore the capabilities of the Vocus AIM using various chemical ionization schemes, including chloride (Cl−), bromide (Br−), iodide (I−), nitrate (NO3-), benzene cations (C6H6+), acetone dimers ((C3H6O)2H+), and ammonium (NH4+) reagent ions, primarily in laboratory and flow tube experiments. We report the technical characteristics and operational principles, and compare its performance in terms of time response, humidity dependence, and sensitivity to that of previous chemical ionization approaches. This work demonstrates the benefits of the Vocus AIM reactor, which provides a versatile platform to characterize VOCs and VICs in real time at trace concentrations.

Humidity Sensing Properties of Different Atomic Layers of Graphene on the SiO2/Si Substrate.

Graphene has great potential to be used for humidity sensing due to its ultrahigh surface area and conductivity. However, the impact of different atomic layers of graphene on the SiO2/Si substrate on humidity sensing has not been studied yet. In this paper, we fabricated three types of humidity sensors on the SiO2/Si substrate based on one to three atomic layers of graphene, in which the sensing areas of graphene are 75 μm × 72 μm and 45 μm × 72 μm, respectively. We studied the impact of both the number of atomic layers of graphene and the sensing areas of graphene on the responsivity and response/recovery time of the prepared graphene-based humidity sensors. We found that the relative resistance change of the prepared devices decreased with the increase of number of atomic layers of graphene under the same change of relative humidity. Further, devices based on tri-layer graphene showed the fastest response/recovery time, while devices based on double-layer graphene showed the slowest response/recovery time. Finally, we chose devices based on double-layer graphene that have relatively good responsivity and stability for application in respiration monitoring and contact-free finger monitoring.

Water and Thermal Management in PEM Fuel Cells Using Feasible Humidity Plots and Model Predictive Controllers

Water and thermal management are critical for the performance, efficiency and longevity of PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs). Effective water and thermal management require the design of control systems that can maintain the water balance and temperature at stable and optimal levels. In this paper, we consider a stack of PEM fuel cells integrated with a water recovery and cooling system. A mechanistic dynamic model is developed to be able to predict the water content and temperature in response to the fuel cell inputs. Water management uses a cascade arrangement of a supervisory Model Predictive Controller (MPC) and local anode and cathode PID humidity controllers to balance the membrane water content. Thermal management consists of a separate MPC controller to regulate the fuel stack temperature. One novelty of this work lies in identifying and utilizing the feasible region for the relative humidities of the anode and cathode when controlling the membrane water content. We introduce the feasible humidity plots (FHP) which define the feasible values for the anode and cathode relative humidities for a given fuel cell design and its operating conditions. This useful information helps to assign the set-point values to the local PID humidity controllers of the water management system. It is shown by simulations that the water and thermal management MPC controllers work in tandem and successfully track the desired set-point changes in humidity and temperature while rejecting external disturbances such as load changes. In addition, the control system is robust against modeling errors and possible model-plant mismatch introduced by fuel cell aging.

Experimental Investigation of Chloride Ion Monitoring in Concrete Considering the Coupling Effect of Temperature and Humidity

Ag/AgCl electrodes have acquired significant research attention due to their crucial role in the electrochemical monitoring of chloride ion concentration. However, the electrode potential is susceptible to changes in temperature and humidity, and comprehensive investigations regarding the influence of moisture are lacking. Existing studies on Ag/AgCl electrodes have been qualitative, primarily focusing on analyzing the trend of electrode potential to detect variations in Cl- concentration. This study proposes an experimental method that enables precise control of temperature and humidity within concrete. The effects of temperature and humidity coupling on Ag/AgCl electrode potential in a concrete environment and a fundamental model were established correlating Ag/AgCl electrode potential with temperature, humidity, and chloride ion concentration, thereby enhancing the sensing accuracy. The developed model corrected errors from temperature and humidity coupling effects on the Ag/AgCl electrode potential. A quantitative investigation on using Ag/AgCl electrodes for monitoring Cl- concentration was conducted, facilitating their application in engineering and the development of non-destructive monitoring systems for chloride ions in concrete structures.