Effect Of Humidity Research Articles

The effect of humidity on the enhanced CO2 adsorption of amine-functionalized microporous activated carbon.

Cost-effective and environmentally friendly sorbents were created for capturing CO2 by incorporating monoethanolamine (MEA) and tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) onto a microporous activated carbon (AC) material. The application of a KOH reagent enhanced the surface area and pore volume of the carbon material. The BET, SEM, EDX, and FTIR techniques were employed to analyze the structural and surface properties of the developed samples. Raw AC possessed the highest surface area and largest micropore volume equal to 786 m2/g and 0.33 cm3/g, respectively. The amine impregnation increased the nitrogen content of the carbon material, but it also significantly reduced the BET surface area and total pore volume, which are primarily responsible for physically adsorbing CO2 towards ACs. The CO2 adsorption performance of the raw and impregnated ACs was experimentally evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at different adsorption temperatures (25 and 50 °C) and CO2 concentrations (10 and 90 vol.%). The findings demonstrated that the raw AC exhibited the highest capacity for CO2 adsorption. Specifically, at a temperature of 25 °C and pressure of 1 bar (10 vol.% CO2, N2 balance), the raw AC achieved an uptake of 1.2 mmol/g, which was 60.3% and 79.3% higher compared to the CO2 uptake of MEA-AC (0.5 mmol/g) and TEPA-AC (0.3 mmol/g), respectively. It is surprising that the combined uptake of CO2 + H2O increased by 12.5 and 23.4 wt.% (equivalent to 7 and 13 mmol/g) for MEA-AC and TEPA-AC, respectively, when humid flue gas was taken into account under the conditions of 50 °C, with 10 vol.% CO2, 4 vol.% H2O, and N2 balance. These results indicate that the presence of H2O facilitates the chemisorption of CO2 by the novel and highly promising carbon-based sorbent prepared in this study, leading to an increased capacity for adsorbing CO2 under water vapor containing flue gases.

Physiological, morphological and chemical changes in pea seeds under different storage conditions.

The loss of germination, viability, and vigor of seeds under storage conditions are the main causes of the need to multiply the seed material for leguminous crops. For crop establishment, seeds obtained in propagation fields are usually used, and the coating comes from the basic seed. In the case of leguminous species, the seeds quickly lose their viability, and in accordance with international regulations, for legumes, the number of seeds increases only in the first year of propagation. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the effects of variations in the storage period, temperature and humidity on the morphophysiological and chemical traits of two pea seed varieties (Gloriosa and Kelvedon Wonder). The pea seeds were harvested at the end of June 2017, 2018 and 2019 and stored for 32, 20 and 8months at T = 4°C and H = 8%; T = 4°C and H = 12%; T = 8°C and H = 8%; T = 8°C and H = 12%; and T = 22°C and H = 65%. The results of the morphological, chemical, and biochemical analyses showed that the highest germination rate; hypocotyl length; radicle length; lipid content; dietetic fiber content; caloric value; and Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe and Zn contents were detected in the Gloriosa and KW seeds stored for 8months at 4°C and 8% humidity. Analysis of the experimental data by statistical methods revealed that increasing the storage time had an individual significant negative influence only on the germination rate of both pea varieties and on the hypocotyl length and radicle length of the KW variety, while humidity and temperature variation had individual significant influences on the lipid content. The significant effects of humidity and temperature on the germination rate, hypocotyl length and root length of KW plants were also determined. For the remaining morphophysiological and chemical traits of pea seeds, the individual and combined effects of the factors were not statistically significant. Furthermore, the comparison of means using the Tukey test showed that storage conditions related to temperature and humidity generally used by farmers (T = 22°C × H = 65%) did not significantly affect the majority of the nutritional properties of the pea seeds. However, maintaining pea seeds under these conditions for a longer period of time significantly affects seed germination and vigor.

Combined Effect of Ambient Temperature and Relative Humidity on Skin Aging Phenotypes in the Era of Climate Change: Results From an Indian Cohort Study.

Background: There is no doubt that global warming, with its extreme heat events, is having an increasing impact on human health. Heat is not independent of ambient temperature but acts synergistically with relative humidity (RH) to increase the risk of several diseases, such as cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Although the skin is the organ in direct contact with the environment, it is currently unknown whether skin health is similarly affected. Objective: While mechanistic studies have demonstrated the mechanism of thermal aging, this is the first epidemiological study to investigate the effect of long-term exposure to heat index (HI) as a combined function of elevated ambient temperature and RH on skin aging phenotypes in Indian women. Methods: The skin aging phenotypes of 1510 Indian women were assessed using the Score of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Skin Aging (SCINEXA™) scoring tool. We used data on ambient temperature and RH, combined into an HI with solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), and air pollution (particulate matter <2.5 µm [PM2.5]; nitrogen dioxide [NO2]) from secondary data sources with a 5-year mean residential exposure window. An adjusted ordinal multivariate logistic regression model was used to assess the effects of HI on skin aging phenotypes. Results: HI increased pigmentation such as hyperpigmented macula on the forehead (odds ratios [OR]: 1.31, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12, 1.54) and coarse wrinkles such as crow's feet (OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.30) and under-eye wrinkles (OR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.15, 1.47). These associations were robust to the confounding effects of solar UVR and age. Prolonged exposure to extreme heat, as indicated by high HI, contributes to skin aging phenotypes. Conclusion: Thus, ambient temperature and RH are important factors in assessing the skin aging exposome.

Enhancing the Reliability of NO2 Monitoring Using Low-Cost Sensors by Compensating for Temperature and Humidity Effects

The study investigates methods to enhance the reliability of NO2 monitoring using low-cost electrochemical sensors to measure gaseous pollutants in air by addressing the impacts of temperature and relative humidity. The temperature within a plastic container was controlled using an internal mica heater, an external hot air blower, or cooling packs, while relative humidity was adjusted using glycerine solutions. Findings indicated that the auxiliary electrode signal is susceptible to temperature and moderately affected by relative humidity. In contrast, the working electrode signal is less affected by temperature and relative humidity; however, adjustments are still required to determine gas concentrations accurately. Tests involving on/off cycles showed that the auxiliary electrode signal experiences exponential decay before stabilizing, requiring the exclusion of initial readings during monitoring activities. Additionally, calibration experiments in zero air allowed the determination of the compensation factor nT across different temperatures and humidity levels. These results highlight the importance of compensating for temperature and humidity effects to improve the accuracy and reliability of NO2 measurements using low-cost electrochemical sensors. This refinement makes the calibration applicable across a broader range of environmental conditions. However, the experiments also show a lack of repeatability in the zero air calibration.

A study of the correlation between meteorological factors and hospitalization for acute lower respiratory infections in children.

The study focuses on the effect of temperature and relative humidity on hospitalization for acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in children, respectively. In this study, the Distributed Lag Nonlinear Model (DLNM) based on quasi-Poisson distribution was used to investigate the effect of temperature and relative humidity on LRTI hospitalization in children, and subgroup analyses were conducted to identify sensitive populations by gender and age. A total of 43,951 children were hospitalized for LRTI from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2019 in Lanzhou. The mean temperature during the study period was 11.34°C and the mean relative humidity was 51.03%. With reference to the median temperature of 12.7°C during the study period, both low (-4.1°C) and high (25.43°C) temperature had a detrimental effect on LRTI hospitalization, and the maximum effect was reached at lag0-10 and lag0-9, respectively, with RR values of 1.645 (95%CI: 1.533, 1.764) and 1.098 (95%CI: 1.018, 1.184). With a reference to the median relative humidity of 51.17% during the study period, both low relative humidity (26.71%) and high relative humidity (76.70%, P95) had a detrimental effect on LRTI hospitalization, and the maximum effect was reached at lag0-21 and lag21, respectively, with RR values of 1.235 (95% CI: 1.163, 1.311) and 1.044 (95% CI: 1.036, 1.051). The results of subgroup analyses showed that changes in meteorological factors had a stronger effect on Female and children aged 5-14years. The meteorological factors all have different degrees of influence on LRTI hospitalization in children. Girls and the children aged 5-14years are more sensitive. Attention to these meteorological risks can inform targeted interventions.

Indium Oxide Thick-Films Decorated with PdO and PtO2 Particles for Oxygen Detection in Humid Environments

Abstract Thick film indium oxide chemiresistive sensors decorated with PdO and PtO2 particles were investigated for oxygen detection under humid conditions (tested ranging from 20%- 80% RH) across a temperature range of 50 °C to 400 °C. The PtO2-decorated In2O3 sensors demonstrated a significantly higher response to oxygen, showing a 500% increase at 200 °C compared to the PdO-decorated sensors (response values of 41 and 8, respectively). Tests in dry air were conducted to assess the effect of humidity on sensor performance, revealing a maximum response of 74 for PtO2-In2O3 at 400 °C, more than three times higher than the response of 22 for PdO-In2O3. Selectivity tests confirmed that the sensors responded more strongly to oxygen than to interfering gases. The integration of an active carbon cloth (ACC) filter effectively reduced interferences from isobutylene and ethylene, enhancing sensor’s selectivity. A comparison of both sensors demonstrated that PtO2-decorated In2O3 has greater potential as an alternative to existing Pb-based electrochemical oxygen sensors, particularly in humid environments.

Cooperative lattice theory for CO2 adsorption in diamine-appended metal-organic framework at humid direct air capture conditions.

The effect of humidity on the cooperative adsorption of CO2 from the air on amine-appended metal-organic frameworks is studied both experimentally and theoretically. Breakthrough experiments show that, at low relative humidities, there is an anomalous induction effect, where the kinetics at short times are slower than kinetics at long times. The induction effect gradually vanishes as relative humidity is increased, corresponding to an increase in CO2 adsorption rate. A new theory is proposed based on the lattice kinetic theory (LKT), which explains these experimental results. LKT can accurately represent the measured data over the full range of humidities by postulating that the presence of adsorbed water shifts the equilibrium clusters from cooperatively bound chains to non-cooperatively bound CO2. A consequence of this transition is that CO2 exhibits step adsorption isotherm in dry air and a standard Langmuir adsorption isotherm in high humidity air.

An updated aerosol simulation in the Community Earth System Model (v2.1.3): dust and marine aerosol emissions and secondary organic aerosol formation

Abstract. Aerosols constitute important substance components of the Earth's atmosphere and have a profound influence on climate dynamics, radiative properties, and biogeochemical processes. Here we introduce updated emission schemes for dust, sea-salt, and marine primary organic aerosols (MPOA), as well as augmented secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation pathways within the Community Earth System Model (CESM; version 2.1.3). The modified dust emission scheme shifts the original hotspot-like dust emission to a more continuous distribution, improving the dust aerosol optical depth (DAOD) simulations at stations in north Africa and central Asia. This update also reduces dust residence time from 4.1 to 1.6 d, enhancing concentration simulations downwind of dust source regions. For sea-salt emissions, we incorporate an updated sea surface temperature (SST) modulation and introduce a relative-humidity-dependent correction factor for sea-salt particle size, with SST having a significantly larger impact on sea-salt emissions (16.1 %) compared to the minor effect of humidity (−0.3 %). We then extend our modelling to incorporate emissions of marine primary organic aerosols (MPOA) as mixed externally with sea-salt aerosols, coupled offline with the ocean component Parallel Ocean Program (POP2). The results underscore the substantial influence of phytoplankton diversity on MPOA emissions, with 148 % variability simulated among different phytoplankton types, highlighting the role of biological variability in aerosol modelling. Furthermore, we refine the model's chemical mechanisms by including the irreversible aqueous uptake of dicarbonyl compounds as a new pathway for SOA formation, contributing an additional 37 % to surface SOA concentrations. These improvements enrich the ability of the CESM to use intricate linkages between different components of the Earth system, thereby enabling a more comprehensive description of natural aerosol emissions, chemical processes, and their impacts.

Heat Index: An Alternative Indicator for Measuring the Impacts of Meteorological Factors on Diarrhoea in the Climate Change Era: A Time Series Study in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Heat index (HI) is a biometeorological indicator that combines temperature and relative humidity. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the Heat Index and daily counts of diarrhoea hospitalisation in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data on daily diarrhoea hospitalisations and meteorological variables from 1981 to 2010 were collected. We categorised the Heat Index of &gt;94.3 °F (&gt;34.6 °C), &gt;100.7 °F (&gt;38.2 °C) and &gt;105 °F (&gt;40.6 °C) as high, very high and extremely high Heat Index, respectively. We applied a time series adjusted generalised linear model (GLM) with negative binomial distribution to investigate the effects of the Heat Index and extreme Heat Index on hospitalisations for diarrhoea. Effects were assessed for all ages, children under 5 years old and by gender. A unit higher HI and high, very high and extremely high HI were associated with 0.8%, 8%, 7% and 9% increase in diarrhoea hospitalisations in all ages, respectively. The effects varied slightly by gender and were most pronounced in children under 5 years old with a rise of 1°F in high, very high and extremely high HI associated with a 14.1% (95% CI: 11.3–17.0%), 18.3% (95% CI: 13.4–23.5%) and 18.1% (95% CI: 8.4–28.6%) increase of diarrhoea, respectively. This suggests that the Heat Index may serve as an alternative indicator for measuring the combined effects of temperature and humidity on diarrhoea.

Effects of relative humidity on carbonation kinetics and strength development of carbonated wollastonite composites containing sodium tripolyphosphate

Assessing the impact of relative humidity (RH) on carbonation kinetics is crucial for the sustainable and high-strength advancement of CO2-activated Ca-bearing materials incorporating phase-controlling additives. This work focuses on the carbonation kinetics, mechanical properties, and microstructure evolution of carbonated wollastonite composites containing sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) when exposed to various RH levels. Results show that RH plays an important role during the carbonation of wollastonite, functioning both as a reaction material and accelerating role for wollastonite carbonation. The carbonation rate and the phase transition reaction of poorly crystalline CaCO3 is accelerated at RH ranging from 70% to 95%, favouring to cementitious behaviour of CaCO3 and results in denser microstructure, especially for 85% RH. The carbonation reaction is composed of two distinct stages, namely, wollastonite dissolution and precipitation of the stage-1 and ion-diffusion controlling of stage-2. Among them, the addition of STPP prolong the carbonation duration of stage-1. The degree of carbonation (DOC) of the internal layer sample is higher than that of the outermost layer sample. CaCO3 and silica gel are evenly distributed indirectly, which reduces the elastic modulus at 85 % RH. However, regardless of RH, the cementitious efficiency of poorly crystalline CaCO3 is the highest, followed by calcite and silica gel. Consequently, STPP modified carbonated wollastonite shows highest strength when exposed to 85% RH (67.3 MPa at 7 days). Our study provides a unique way toward developing the STPP-containing carbonated wollastonite system for high performance carbonated materials.

Evaluating the Influence of Thin Film of Water on the Frequency Dependences of Transmission Line S-Parameters at Positive and Negative Temperatures

Relevance. Provision of reliable and uninterrupted radio communication is critically important under changing climatic conditions of its operation. The combined effect of temperature and humidity can lead to changes in the electrical characteristics of transceiving devices and thereby disrupt the communication channel. In difficult climatic conditions of operation, due to constant temperature changes on the surface of the printed circuit boards, which are part of them, condensation can form, affecting the performance of the entire device. In this regard, the electrical characteristics change, which must be taken into account when designing critical REE. When designing transmission lines on printed circuit boards, it is reasonable to evaluate climatic impacts on it in a wide frequency range, which requires the development of new models and methods that allow taking into account these impacts.Goal of the work: to evaluate the influence of the temperature of a thin film of water on the surface of a microstrip transmission line on its frequency dependences of S-parameters. Finite element methods and laboratory experiment were used.Results. A methodology to account for the effects of ambient temperature and humidity on the electrical characteristics of a microstrip transmission line (MTL) is presented, which allows evaluating the variation of the S-parameters of the line over wide ranges of frequencies, air temperature and humidity, as well as the chemical composition of the environment. The S-parameters of water in a container placed inside a coaxial chamber are measured over the frequency and temperature ranges of 10 MHz to 12 GHz and minus 50 to 100℃, respectively. Using the presented model, the frequency dependences of the electrical conductivity of water at different temperatures are calculated. It is shown that at positive temperature, the electrical conductivity can reach 6.5 Sm/m and at negative temperature it can reach 1.3 Sm/m. Using the developed methodology, the influence of different water electrical conductivity on the S-parameters of MTLs is evaluated. The influence of water and ice layer thickness on the S-parameters of MTLs was shown. It is found that models describing the electrical conductivity of water have an excellent influence on the electrical parameters of the transmission line. Novelty. A method of accounting for the influence of ambient temperature and humidity on the S-parameters of the transmission line is presented, which is characterized by the use of a model of water conductivity based on insertion losses calculated from the measured S-parameters of a coaxial chamber with water in the container when its temperature is changed. Practical significance: a model and a methodology for taking into account the impact of temperature and humidity of the environment on the MTL characteristics are presented, allowing estimating the S-parameters of the line in a wide range of frequencies, air temperature and humidity, as well as the chemical composition of the environment.

Multi-objective optimization and exergoeconomic analysis of a novel solar desalination system with absorption cooling

This paper presents a novel design for a solar-powered desalination system utilizing a single-effect absorption refrigeration cycle with a flat-plate solar collector. The NH3-H2O working fluid pair in the refrigeration subsystem produces chilled water while the rejected heat from the condenser drives a humidification-dehumidification (HDH) subsystem for freshwater generation. This cycle has been analyzed thermodynamically and exergetically to understand its key performance parameters. Furthermore, for a detailed examination and optimization, an exergoeconomic analysis was also conducted. Design parameters for this study include the tilt angle of the solar collector, Volume fraction of nanoparticles in the CuO nanofluid, Solar collector area, Base fluid mass flow rate in the collector, Mass flow rate of the strong solution, Absorber and condenser temperatures, Mass ratio and Humidifier effectiveness. The Objective functions used to evaluate the system, performance are the Cooling effect of performance (COP), Energy performance (EP), Exergy efficiency (μExe), and the Total product cost rate of the system (Ċp,Tot). The genetic algorithm optimization is employed to find the best system performance using two sets of three objective functions. The effectiveness of multi-objective optimization using LINMAP, TOPSIS, and Shannon Entropy methods is demonstrated. LINMAP and TOPSIS consistently achieved improvements in COP (32–42 %), exergy efficiency (33–48 %), and reduced total cost (89–90 %) compared to the base point, while Shannon Entropy offered slightly lower gains. These methods consistently identify superior system configurations, achieving significant improvements in performance while minimizing the total product cost rate.

Research on the cracking risk index of massive concrete based on Chemo-Thermo-Hygro-Mechanical multi-field coupling model

Building upon the intricate interplay of hydration, temperature, moisture, and mechanical forces, we introduce an innovative Chemo-Thermo-Hygro-Mechanical (C-T-H-M) multi-field coupling model tailored to massive concrete structures. This model facilitates the analysis of the cracking risk index through the application of the maximum effective energy density ratio. An exhaustive inquiry delves into the correlation between this index and factors such as structural form, failure driving force, and humidity effect in massive concrete. Findings reveal significant disparities in the cracking risk index across distinct structural configurations. By examining diverse stress scenarios and accounting for various failure driving forces, a Three parameters emerges as the chief contributor to the highest cracking risk index. Moreover, the proposed C-T-H-M model exposes a heightened surface cracking risk index in comparison with conventional Chemo-Thermo-Mechanical approaches. These observations underscore the significance of adopting a holistic perspective when assessing cracking risk indices and devising crack mitigation strategies, taking into account structural aspects, failure driving force, and humidity effect.

The effect of variable humidity on corrosion fatigue of AA7085-T7451 with surface salt deposits

Corrosion fatigue (CF) crack growth is quantified as a function of relative humidity (RH) using AA7085-T7451 samples with NaCl deposited to understand the effect of deliquesced surface electrolyte droplets on CF performance when humidity varies. Fracture mechanics testing holding mechanical driving forces for cracking constant and incrementally increasing humidity show that crack growth rate (da/dN) more than doubles once RH moves above 78–80% RH. When decreasing RH, some amount of drying below the efflorescence RH (ERH) and/or a sufficient time is needed to pass in order for da/dN to return to that expected for a dry crack tip. All in all, this study establishes time of crack tip wetness as an important parameter for predicting fatigue lifetimes in atmospheric conditions, a parameter that cannot be solely predicted by RH, as accelerated cracking can continue for a limited amount of time even when RH is brought below the ERH.

Factors that influence the migration of sorbed pesticides in polyethylene and biodegradable mesoplastics

Trifluralin, Chlorpyrifos, and Procymidone migration performance from polyethylene (PE) and biodegradable (Mater-Bi: M-B) mulching films was examined. Desorption of pesticides from PE and M-B was studied using soil-plastic microcosms, considering temperature, soil humidity, and mulching film type as experimental variables. Trifluralin and Chlorpyrifos desorption was higher for PE than for M-B under all experimental conditions. In both cases, as the temperature increased from 25º C to 40º C, pesticide migration also increased, whereas as the soil humidity raised from 30% to 60%, pesticide desorption decreased. In the case of Procymidone, migration from PE and M-B at 25º C was similar under both soil moisture conditions. Migration percentages were similar for both mulch films at 40ºC and 30% soil humidity. However, at higher soil moisture (60%), migration from M-B was greater than from PE. A linear relationship was observed between the percentage of migration and the vapor pressure of the pesticides. In all cases, migration increased with higher vapor pressure, indicating a possible migration mechanism in the vapor phase. Pesticide migration increased at high temperatures (40º C). The effect of soil humidity in reducing pesticide migration was more significant at lower levels (30%).In addition, the mesoplastic sorption of pesticides in soil columns was studied using PE and M-B films. While the recoveries for Trifluralin, Chlorpyrifos, and Procymidone in the PE films were 0.05% ± 0.01%, 0.13% ± 0.03%, and non-detectable, the recoveries for M-B were: 0.49% ± 0.07%, 0.31% ± 0.09%, and 0.17% ± 0.10%, respectively, indicating that M-B was a better adsorbent than PE in all cases. This behavior should be considered in combination with the lower migration percentages observed for this type of mulching film in the microcosm experiments. These results could indicate a potential carrier effect of pesticide on biomesoplastic in the environment.

Effects of relative humidity on atmospheric organosulfur species derived from photooxidation and nocturnal chemistry in a forest environment

The molecular composition of organic aerosols in ambient PM2.5 was investigated at the northern foothills of Qinling Mountain region in central China during the summer of 2022. The molecular characteristics of organic matter were analyzed using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The number of molecular formula assignments was dominated by organosulfur species (OrgS, on average 28–47% in total). Both the number and peak area of OrgS increased significantly with higher relative humidity (RH), while those of CHO and CHON species decreased, indicating the different impacts of RH on individual organic groups. The entire study period was divided into two distinct stages, including a low RH and a high RH period (LRH and HRH). The enhanced formation of CHOS with O>7 in HRH was primarily attributed to photochemical oxidation, whereas the increase in CHONS with O>7 was driven by enhanced NO3 radical-initiated oxidation under elevated RH conditions. Nearly 50% of OrgS presented only in HRH had aliphatic structures with C≥9. Although isoprene-derived organosulfates dominated the peak area across the entire period, the monoterpenes and long-chain alkanes-derived organosulfates largely increased in HRH. The strong correlations between aerosol liquid water content and OrgS containing high oxygen content (O>7) indicate that aqueous-phase reactions played a crucial role in multigenerational oxidation of OrgS. This study highlights the important effects of RH on the formation of OrgS, particularly for organosulfates derived from monoterpenes and long-chain alkanes.

Environmental determinants of venom variability in captive scorpions: A comprehensive analysis of diet, temperature, and humidity effects

This study examines the effects of environmental conditions on venom production in four prevalent scorpion species in Morocco: Androctonus amoreuxi, Androctonus mauretanicus, Buthus mardochei, and Scorpio maurus. The research focuses on how climatic factors such as temperature, humidity, and diet—specifically mealworm consumption—affect physical parameters including size and weight, and ultimately venom yield. We conducted a comprehensive investigation involving the capture, acclimatization, and systematic venom extraction from 480 scorpions. Our findings indicate considerable variations in venom volumes, with Scorpio maurus showing a reduced yield compared to Androctonus amoreuxi. Key determinants of venom production were identified as humidity and dietary intake, pointing to significant implications for interspecific diversity and acclimatization processes. These insights have crucial implications for medical and pharmaceutical applications, emphasizing the need for species-specific husbandry protocols to optimize venom extraction for therapeutic use.

Effect of temperature and relative humidity on hydrolytic degradation of additively manufactured PLA: Characterization and artificial neural network modeling

Understanding the long-term durability of 3D-printed polymeric materials under varying temperature and humidity conditions is essential for expanding their industrial applications. Therefore, it is critical to assess the impact of degradation on mechanical properties such as tensile strength. In this study, we manufactured specimens with dual orientations by additive manufacturing-based 3D printing and subjected them to accelerated degradation under various temperature and humidity conditions to evaluate their durability in degradation environments. Mechanical properties significantly decreased under the most severe conditions, with a maximum reduction of 76.7 % observed in molecular weight. The deconvolution of the molecular weight distribution and its correlation with mechanical properties were thoroughly investigated. We derived an equation representing the relationship between the peaks obtained from deconvoluting the molecular weight distribution and the tensile strength. Furthermore, to expedite and simplify tensile strength assessment, we trained an artificial neural network (ANN) model using tensile test results to construct a predictive model. The ANN utilized temperature, humidity, printing angle, and time as input data, with tensile strength as the output. Validation of this model demonstrated the capability to predict tensile strength accurately under different temperature and humidity conditions.

Studies On The Statistical Analysis And Impact Of Seasonal Temperature And Relative Humidity Variation On The Development Of A Flesh Fly Sarcophagadux(Thomson 1869)(Diptera Sarcophagidae)

Background: The fleshfly Sarcophaga dux (Diptera;Sarcophagidae) is found in Indian Sub continent is of limited forensic significance as its poorly known larval development relationship with temperature and relative humidity. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the temperature and relative humidity in the larval development of this fly in two seasons, Summer and Rain, so that the results of this study may enabling the forensic use of this fly in the estimation of Post Mortem Interval(PMI). Material and Method: The present study was carried out in the outer premises of the Regional Forensic Science Laboratory Building, Jagdalpur, Bastardist,Chhattishgarh, India. The fresh meat of male goat was used for rearing of larvae. The effect of temperature and relative humidity on the larval developmental time of this fly in two seasons, Rainy and Summer were studied in normal condition. Statistical analysis of variance was performed and standard significance level of P&lt;0.05 was taken as standard. Results: The results of this study shown that in Rainy season it was completed in 264 h (11 days) when the average temperature ranged from 21.8°C to 24.5°C and the average humidity ranged from 79.5% to 95.5% where as in Summer it was completed in 528 hrs (22 days), when the temperature ranged from 26.5°C to 35.1°C and the humidity ranged from 34% to 67.5%. The P value was found to be P&lt;&lt;.05 in Temperature variation; andP&lt;&lt;0.05 in Humidity variation in different stages(1st instar larvae, 2nd instar larvae, 3rd instar larvae, Prepupae, Pupae and Adult). Conclusion: In the present study we have found that fluctuating temperature and relative humidity of outer condition in two seasons, Rainy and Summer effect the life cycle duration of the fly from the larvi position up to adult eclosion and statistical analysis has proved it to significant rejecting null hypothesis. This data can be further used in the estimation of Post Mortem Interval (PMI) in Homicide and Suspicious cases of both human and wild life poaching death cases.

Sexual activity and climatic adaptation assessment of West African Dwarf goats introduced into Algeria

This study aimed to highlight the effects of variations in age, seasons and climatic conditions on the reproductive activity of West African Dwarf Goats imported from tropical zones in Algeria, and to verify the degree of their adaptation to Mediterranean climatic conditions. For this purpose, testicular biometry and hormonal analysis (testosterone and LH levels) using the radioimmunological method were carried out monthly. In total, seven goats aged between 18 to 48+ months were surveyed during the period from September 2021 to March 2022. The results showed a considerable effect of age on testicular measurements. Bucks less than 18 months recorded the lowest average testicular length, width, thickness and volume, scrotal width and circumference, as levels of testosterone concentrations. All variables were strong correlated. Seasonal variations in the average testicular measurements and hormonal concentrations were observed, without affecting testicular activity. Apart from thenegative action of ambient temperature, no effects of relative humidity or atmospheric pressure were revealed. West African Dwarf Goats showed a good capacity to adapt to Mediterranean climatic conditions through their continuous testicular activity during the year.