Humane Treatment Of Animals Research Articles

Justification of the possibility of using liquid artificial lung ventilation for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome of toxic genesis

Introduction. Pulmonotoxicants are chemicals that cause bronchospasm and damage to the alveolar capillary membrane. Lesions of the respiratory system with pulmonotoxicants in industrial accidents are especially relevant at the present time. Existing methods of treatment for the defeat of pulmonotoxicants and the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are becoming ineffective, therefore, one of the tasks of modern medicine is to develop new methods of treating ARDS. One of these methods may be the creation of a "therapeutic window" by using perfluorocarbon (PFC) liquids. This article will present an experimental assessment of the use of liquid artificial lung ventilation (LALV) PFC liquids on the ARDS lung model. The study aims to explore the possibility of using liquid artificial lung ventilation to create a therapeutic window in the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome of a chemical nature. Materials and methods. The authors conducted a study on male Wistar rats aged 4 months, weighing 180–190 g. Toxic pulmonary edema was caused by endotracheal administration of 0.1 m HCl solution. The anesthetized patients were intubated using a cannula, after which the researchers intratracheally injected 0.1 M HCl solution at a dose of 2 ml/kg, a decrease in saturation below 80 was expected. Then the experts randomized the animals by weight into groups of 6 individuals each. They connected the animals of the control group to a ventilator. The animals of the experimental group were treated with PFC liquids for an hour, then transferred to a ventilator. Perfluorodecalin was used as a PFC liquid. The scientists recorded heart rate, blood oxygen saturation, rectal temperature, life expectancy and overall survival by group. Results. In the control group, after instillation of 0.1 M HCl solution and connection to a ventilator during the first 25–30 minutes, there was a gradual decrease in SpO2 to 74.0±5.6% (background — 95.0±3.5%) and an increase in heart rate to 182.0±8.6 beats/min., (background — 278.0±14.8 beats/min.) after which there was decompensation of the animal condition. In animals of the experimental group, after connecting to the LALV device, a sharp decrease in heart rate was recorded during the first 5 minutes to 61.0±8.5 beats/min. In turn, saturation did not change significantly throughout the LALV and was in the range from 95 to 100%. As a result of the experiments, it was noted that the average survival time in the experimental group was 256.0±34.5 minutes, which was significantly (p<0.001) more than 5 times higher than this indicator in the control animals — 45.3±4.3 minutes. There were no significant changes in the study of rectal temperature in the animals of the control group. In turn, the animals of the experimental group showed a sharp decrease in rectal temperature during the first 30 minutes from the beginning of LALV, on average by 5.8±1.60°С. As a result of the pathoanatomic autopsy, differences in lung mass coefficients were revealed in different groups. Thus, in the control group and the experimental groups, it was 1.67±0.06 and 2.4±0.045%, respectively. Conclusion. On the model of ARDS caused by endotracheal administration of 0.1M hydrochloric acid solution, it was shown that living with the use of PFC of low temperature liquids, unlike conventional mechanical ventilation, allows for a long time to maintain a stable condition of animals; evacuate a significant amount of edematous fluid from the lungs and thereby increase the duration of their survival. The data presented above indicate that the use of hypothermic LALV can be used to create a "therapeutic window" for ARDS, including its most severe form — the alveolar stage of toxic pulmonary edema. Ethics. Studies involving laboratory animals were conducted in compliance with the following regulations: the Helsinki Declaration of 2000 "On humane treatment of animals", Order No. 755 of the Ministry of Health of the USSR dated 08/12/1977 "Rules for carrying out work using experimental animals", Order No. 199n of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated 04/01/2016 "On approval of the rules of laboratory practice". The protocol of the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health. Protocol No. 4 dated May 25, 2022.

Hypothermia induced by bronchoalveolar lavage with perfluorocarbon liquids as a method for the treatment of the alveolar stage of toxic pulmonary edema. Experimental assessment

Introduction. The rapid development of the chemical industry in the Russian Federation is accompanied by an increase in the production and storage of highly toxic substances belonging to the group of pulmonotoxicantsare able to induce lung injury, the most severe form of which is toxic pulmonary edema (TPE). The treatment of TPE includes medication and respiratory therapy, but such a combination turns out to be insufficient, and therefore the development of new methods of treatment of the alveolar stage is an important task of modern medicine. One such approach is the use of therapeutic hypothermia, which can reduce the severity of TPE in general and the alveolar stage in particular. Recently, the use of various options for liquid ventilation of the lungs with perfluorocarbon (PFC) liquids for the induction of therapeutic hypothermia has attracted increasing attention from specialists. This article will present the results of an experimental assessment of the effect of hypothermia induced by BAL with PFC fluids on the course of the alveolar stage of toxic pulmonary edema. The study aims to determine the effect of hypothermia induced by bronchoalveolar lavage with a pre-cooled PFC liquid on the course of the alveolar stage of toxic pulmonary edema. Materials and methods. The authors conducted a study on male Wistar rats aged 4 months, weighing 200–220 g. TPE was modeled by intratracheal administration of 0.1 m HCl solution at a dose of 2 ml/kg. Specialists pre-injected atropine into the animals, then anesthetized, intubated with cannulas, injected a model substance and connected to a ventilator. After that, the animals were randomized by weight into two groups of 6 individuals each. In animals of the experimental and control groups, with a decrease in oxygen saturation (SpO2) below 80%, the researchers performed 2 procedures of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) with PFC liquid in a single dose of 2.0 ml / kg, with different temperatures. Perfluorodecalin was used as a PFC liquid. In the experimental group, the temperature of the PFC liquid during BAL was 0.5°C, in the control group — 38.0°C. Specialists recorded heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation, rectal temperature (Trect) and duration of survival. Results. Immediately after instillation of 0.1 M HCl solution, all animals showed a sharp decrease in SpO2 (from 97±1.3 to 64±11.5) and heart rate (HR), (from 269±8.7 to 123±24.5). Recovery of indicators was observed after administration of atropine sulfate. Over the next 25–30 minutes, the following signs appeared and subsequently intensified: a decrease in SpO2 below 80%, an increase in heart rate (HR) to 302±11.4 beats/min, the presence of wet wheezing in the lungs and the release of exudate from the endotracheal catheter. In response to the BAL, all animals showed an increase in SpO2 and a decrease in heart rate. So, in the control, in response to the BAL, SpO2 increased by 8.0±2.5%, and heart rate decreased by 21.0±5.4 beats /min. While in the experimental group there was an increase in SpO2, which was 11.0±3.1%, and a decrease in heart rate by 57.0±10.2 beats/min. At the same time, during the experiment, the researchers observed an increase in temperature in the control group by 0.08±0.02°C, and in the experimental group — its decrease by 0.70±0.07°C. The average survival time of animals in the control and experimental groups was 64.8±2.2 minutes and 91.2±5.9 minutes, respectively. Conclusion. The use of BAL PFC liquids with a low temperature makes it possible to increase the survival time of small laboratory animals in the alveolar stage of TPE due to the development of local and general hypothermia. The development of local hypothermia during BAL of the lungs makes it possible to remove a significant amount of edematous fluid, which, in turn, manifests itself in less pronounced respiratory and systemic hemodynamic disorders. Ethics. Studies involving laboratory animals were conducted in compliance with the following regulations: Helsinki Declaration of 2000 "On humane treatment of animals", Order of the Ministry of Health of the USSR No. 755 dated 08/12/1977 "Rules for carrying out work using experimental animals", Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia No. 199n dated 04/01/2016 "On approval of the rules of laboratory practice". The research protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health (Protocol No. 4 dated May 25, 2022).

RELIGIOUS SLAUGHTER AND ANIMAL WELFARE: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL STUDY OF KAZAKH AND EUROPEAN LEGISLATIONS

n Kazakhstan, until recently, issues regarding the responsible and humane treatment of animals were unregulated. The first law, “On Responsible Treatment of Animals,” was adopted in 2021, defining the place of animals in the system of public relations and guaranteeing their protection. However, the law includes an exception regarding the slaughter of animals during religious ceremonies, which has caused discussions and disputes between public organisations for the protection of animals and religious communities. Impressive results of balancing animal welfare with religious freedom can be found in the EU. This article conducts a comparative legal study of Kazakh and some EU Member State legislations with regard to religious slaughter. Methods: This study employed various methodologies, utilising both theoretical and empirical approaches. These methodologies encompassed the comparative legal method, which allowed the authors to analyse and research foreign experience in animal rights protection to pinpoint the most important features applicable to Kazakh legislation. Statistical data was also collected to identify patterns and trends. Based on this, a forecast was made indicating a growing population, thereby suggesting an increase in animal consumption and utilisation. Therefore, this article on the protection of animal rights is a timely and relevant study. Moreover, the authors conducted an analysis of specific cases from foreign countries, aiding in the identification of the features and challenges of law enforcement practice. The dialectical method was central to examining the research problem. It enabled the identification of contradictions and interrelationships between classical and religious methods of mortification. Results and Conclusions: Based on the study’s results, several practical proposals are put forward to eliminate or regularise the existing legislative derogation in respect of religious slaughter. The present contribution concludes that the Kazakh legal framework on animal rights protection has shortcomings that require improvements by enshrining specific methods of animal slaughtering, which can be drawn on European experience.

What is Animal Dignity in Law?

The article seeks to understand dignity in the context of primarily European animal law. Its main claim is that the notion of dignity is used in animal law discourse to express claims of more-than-welfarism. Whereas welfarism is premised on the humane treatment of animals and the prevention of unnecessary suffering, animal dignity is premised on respect for animals. However, adopting dignity-premised legal regulation does not necessarily entail the abandonment of welfarism. Rather, jurisdictions that have adopted dignity-based animal law have left welfarist regulations mostly intact. Hence, in its current stage of development, dignity-based animal law does not replace but rather augments the welfarist regime by “plugging its gaps”. Dignity-based animal law is then identified as consisting of four aspects: non-instrumentalization, egalitarianism, flourishing, and essence-respect. Finally, the article discusses the relationship of dignity to intrinsic value, arguing that the legal recognition of animals’ dignity is neither necessary nor sufficient for a recognition of their intrinsic value as individuals.

The state of antioxidant system and emotional status in rats with mild blast-induced traumatic brain injury

The aim was to evaluate the markers of emotional status and the antioxidant system activity in rats with blast-induced traumatic brain injury. Materials and methods. The study carried out on 85 sexually mature male Wistar rats in compliance with the current legislation on humane treatment of animals. The selected rats were randomly divided into three groups: I – study in the Barnes maze; II – study in the Open Field test; and III – study of glutathione reductase activity in a solution of rat erythrocyte’s hemolysate. In each of these groups, three groups were formed: Experimental – exposed to a shock wave with an overpressure of 26.4 ± 3.6 kPa; the Sham – subjected only to halothane and fixation; and the Intact group. Results. Showed a disturbance in the emotional status and the oxidative stress development in rats with blast-induced trauma. The time of experimental rats freezing in the Barnes maze increased by 69 % (p < 0.01) on 28th day compared to 1st day, indicating the development of fear and negative emotionality. Changes in the defecation acts number indicate the development of anxiety in the acute period (1–3 days), followed by a depression-like state. The glutathione reductase activity in experimental rats was significantly higher compared to sham and intact rats, but gradually decreased inside in the experimental group. The results of the correlation analysis indicate the presence of weak relationships between the freezing time and the glutathione reductase activity. The positive relationship of a strong degree was found between the number of defecation acts and glutathione reductase on 1st day and a negative relationship of a strong degree was found on 7th day. Conclusions. We suppose that oxidative stress is a link, but not the leading one, in the pathogenesis of emotional disturbance in rats with blast-induced brain injury.

The Essence of the Concept «Bioethical Views of Future Veterinary Students»

The article analyzes the key concepts of the study, including «bioethics», «bioethical principles», «bioethical rules», and «bioethical views of future veterinary students». Despite the fact that the concept of «bioethics» was introduced into scientific discourse as early as 1971, it is still insufficiently covered in domestic scientific literature. The analysis and interpretation of this concept allow it to be defined as a science that studies the moral foundations of human coexistence with all living beings, including animals. The study identifies the main bioethical principles in the context of the researched problem, such as: life as the highest value; love and care for all forms of life; justice; autonomy; responsibility towards nature; and humane treatment of animals. The article highlights the basic rules that a bioethical personality should follow (according to G. Hubenko), namely: 1) I recognize the need for urgent action in a world that is in crisis; 2) I accept the fact that the future survival and development of humanity largely depend on today's plans and actions; 3) I acknowledge the uniqueness of each individual; 4) I accept the inevitability of some human suffering; 5) I affirm my reverence for life. The analysis and generalization of the research results make it possible to define the concept of «Bioethical views of future veterinary students» as a system of knowledge about bioethical principles, rules, and values formed in students during their professional training, which expresses their attitude towards all living beings and will be implemented in future practice to resolve ethical dilemmas related to animal life and health.

Just Good Enough to Eat? Animals in Theological Ethics Approaches

The way humans treat animals is ambivalent: we bury our pets in animal cemeteries, and we slaughter and eat others. Even though the use of animals and coexistence with them has shaped people’s lives since time immemorial, Theology has long misjudged the importance of a theological reflection on animals. This has also led to blind spots in theological ethics. In the meantime, there are not only important approaches to a theology that takes animals into account but also a range of approaches within Catholic moral theology has been developed that seek to do justice to the intrinsic value of animals. They require a profound change in the human-animal relationship in the light of the Christian faith and call for more humane treatment of animals. This article presents the most important of those approaches from the German-speaking region and attempts to show common concerns but also different figures of argumentation.

Factors Associated with Children’s Humane Attitudes toward Animals

Abstract Various studies have suggested a range of different factors associated with children’s attitudes toward animals; however, in Chile, it is an area that has not been studied. The current study administered the Intermediate Attitude Scale (IAS, which measures attitudes toward the humane treatment of animals) to 286 children in third and fourth grade and analyzed its association with the following variables: type of school, grade, gender, current pet ownership, the recognition accuracy of dog facial expressions, and human-directed empathy. The association between the IAS and potential factors was measured through linear mixed models. Children with higher human-directed empathy scores, fourth-grade children, and children who were more accurate in recognizing the happiness emotion on the dog’s face were associated with more positive attitudes toward the humane treatment of animals. These findings contribute to the growing literature regarding the importance of positive attitudes toward animals and their connection to human-directed empathy.

Clinical course of pro-oxidant processes in brain structures in rats under conditions of experimental hyperthyroxinemia in age-related dynamics

The search for a connection between changes in the indicators of the pro-oxidant system of brain structures and the thyroid gland as a target organ is an urgent issue. The goal is to investigate the features of the pro-oxidant system against the background of experimental hyperthyroxinemia and to evaluate the age-related changes of malondialdehyde and diene conjugates in brain structures. Among Wistar rats (n=50) intact animals ("control", Σ=20) and experimental animals (under simulated hyperthyroxinemia, Σ=30) were selected for observation. The principle of the model of experimental hyperthyroxinemia lies in the addition of levothyroxine in a dosage of 20 μg/day (manufactured by "Berlin-Chemie AG", Germany) in the form of tablets with subsequent grinding at 9 o'clock in the morning with food. On day 14, hyperthyroxinemia in the animals was found, while the thyroxine level in the peripheral blood was >10 μg/dL in the first 48 hours and further, being >25 μg/dL (the results were verified in the laboratory, confirmed by immunoenzymatic method with the participation of the "Humarlander" test system). After functional testing in rats, highly specific parameters (malondialdehyde, diene conjugates) in the cortex, trunk, and hippocampus were further recorded and evaluated. The humane treatment of animals is certified by the local protocol of the meeting of the commission of the Dnipro State Medical University No. 10 dated 21.06.2023, bioethical principles and rules are taken into account during the experimental research. In the presented work, the results of the biochemical method were used to discuss the importance of the pro-oxidant system at the stage of protection against manifestations of stress and anxiety. Functional dependence on the accumulation of intermediate and final products of lipid peroxidation in the structures of the brain during the study of the state of the pro-oxidant system was found; the age-related dynamics of the activity of malondialdehyde and diene conjugates from young to middle-aged rats under conditions of experimental hyperthyroxinemia was observed; age-related changes contribute to a certain depletion of the activity of pro-oxidant compounds in response to stress as a principle of nervous system protection.

Artificial hypobiosis as a method of G-force negative impact reduction

Dynamic gravitational acceleration, known as a G-force, is an extreme factor for some professions. G-force negative impact realizes in central nervous system adequate functioning disturbance, resulting from oxygen starvation of tissues due to hemodynamic disorders. Known methods of G-force protection are aimed at increasing the maximum short-term G-force value, but not its total safe duration. In a number of studies, in order to increase the maximum value of the tolerated overload, we introduced laboratory animals into a state of artificial hypobiosis. The authors noted a decrease in mortality with an increase in the maximum value of the overload force. There were no data on manifestations of disorders of the central nervous system and recovery time, as well as changes in the safe duration of overload.
 The study aims to assess the change in the safe G-force duration while artificial hypobiosis.
 Scientists have used Syrian male hamsters weighing 95.5=0.5 g (M=m) in the study. We have divided the animals into groups — experimental and control.
 To induce artificial hypobiosis, the researchers administered intramuscular injections of a suspension of α-methyldopa to animals of the experimental group. The control group received of 0.9% NaCl. We have carried out dynamic gravitational acceleration modeling using a centrifuge (r=0.62 m). The animals of both groups were conscious, with positive G-forces pointing downward (head-pelvis).
 Within 10 seconds (s), the centrifuge rotation speed was increased till the chosen G-force value, G: 30 (angular velocity (ω)=21.79 rad/s), 40 (ω=25.16 rad/s) or 70 (ω=33.28 rad/s). G-force exposure set time, s: 20, 50, 80, 110 or 140. After a complete stop for 10 seconds, the general condition of the animals, injuries, hemorrhages, breathing, heart contractions were assessed. We monitored the surviving animals, assessed consciousness, determined coordination disorders in accordance with the following criteria: animal posture, productive movement, unstable gait, circular motion, reclining on the side. The time of restoration of coordination was also determined. The researchers have observed the animals during the following days to assess the daily survival rate. Necropsy was performed on all non-surviving animals.
 Survival in the control group: 30 G: 80 s — 5/6; 40 G: 20 s — 6/6, 50 s — 6/6, 80 s — 3/6; 70 G: 20 s — 6/6, 50 s — 4/6, 80 s — 0/10. Survival in the experimental group: 70 G: 50 s — 6/6, 80 s — 10/10, 110 s — 10/10, 140 s — 2/6.
 After acceleration of 70 G 50 s in animals of the experimental group, coordination disorders were weakly expressed, the coordination recovery time was 1.8±0.3 s, in animals of the control group, violations were assessed as significant, the recovery time was 4.5±0.3 s, which is 2.5 times (p<0.01) more.
 On the following day, tremor persisted in 3 animals of the control group 40 G 80 c. In the remaining animals of all groups, no coordination disorders or peculiarities were detected.
 We did not find any external injuries in any animal. Also, the scientists did not reveal a violation of the integrity of tissues according to the results of histological examination.
 The authors have proved a 5.5-fold increase in the time of safe stay of animals in a state of artificial hypobiosis during dynamic overloads. There was a 2.5-fold decrease in the coordination recovery time in animals in a state of artificial hypobiosis.
 Ethics. Studies involving laboratory animals were conducted in compliance with the necessary regulations (the Helsinki Declaration of 2000 on Humane Treatment of Animals and the "Rules for carrying out work using experimental animals" (Order of the Ministry of Health of the USSR No. 755 of 12.08.1977)). The Ethics Committee of Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health approved the protocol of the study.

ПРАВОВЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ СТАНОВИЩА ТВАРИН-КОМПАНЬЙОНІВ: МІЖНАРОДНИЙ ДОСВІД І УКРАЇНА

The scientific article is devoted to the problem of changing the legal status of domestic animals in connection with the transition of humanity from the worldview concept of anthropocentrism to the concept of biocentrism. The characterization of international and regional legal acts in the field of protection of domestic animals (companion animals) was carried out. The importance of the formulation and subsequent implementation of the "concept of the five freedoms of animals" in the international and domestic legislation of the countries of the world is emphasized. The positive and negative experience of legal regulation of the position of domestic animals and the responsibility of their owners in the countries of the East and West is presented. It is noted that the attitude of the state to domestic animals is determined mainly by religion and political regime. The legislation of European countries notes the strengthening of society's responsible attitude towards companion animals, which implies a comprehensive approach to the problem of keeping animals. The latter includes educational work with animal owners, a tax on keeping animals, a clear prescription in legislation of the rights and responsibilities of pet owners, and very high fines, and sometimes even imprisonment, for neglecting pets. The responsibility of the municipal authorities for the aggressive behavior of homeless animals is also established. It is emphasized that the Ukrainian regulatory and legal framework is still lagging behind in the researched field, although since 2013 the process of implementation of European legislation has been underway. In a separate special law, animals are recognized as biological objects, that is, living beings, and the basic rights and obligations of pet owners and humane treatment of animals are recorded. The need to make changes to the civil legislation regarding the status of animals is noted. It is emphasized that low fines as a form of administrative responsibility do not contribute to increasing the responsibility of animal owners and officials.

Turističke atrakcije sa divljim životinjama - skrivena cena turističke zabave

Besides economic benefits, the development of tourism in a tourist destination should ensure ethical and humane treatment of animals. Wild animals are "tamed" so that they take part in a variety of activities such as: taking photos with tigers, elephant or camel riding, swimming with dolphins, circus performances with bears. However, behind the seemingly appealing activities, there is a hidden, back-stage aspect of the practice. Wild animals are removed from their natural habitat, tamed by various torture methods and exploited. Usually there is a negative impact on their health often resulting in their suffering with possibly fatal consequences. Governments of numerous countries-have reacted to such practice with the aim to eradicate it, issuing recommendations either through legislation or through reports compiled by relevant institutions dedicated to the protection of animal rights. In addition, there is a reaction of business entities such as travel agencies, nature parks, hotels and other businesses which offer clear guidance and recommendations, contributing to the education about humane treatment of wild animals.

Experimental assessment of the possibility of removing foreign particles from the respiratory tract using total liquid ventilation

Introduction. In the structure of occupational diseases associated with the effects of chemical factors, the pathology of the respiratory organs due to the action of dust, occupies the first place. Among the recommended methods of treating occupational dust pathology, there are no procedures for removing foreign particles from the respiratory tract aimed at eliminating the cause of the disease. Despite the effectiveness of total bronchoalveolar lavage in the treatment of professional dust bronchitis, the method has a number of disadvantages due to the need to use large volumes of saline solution, which can lead to undesirable side effects associated with water balance disorders in the body caused by the absorption of fluid by the lungs during the procedure. In this regard, attention is drawn to the possibility of using perfluorocarbon compounds with low bioavailability for the elimination of foreign microparticles from the lungs by bronchoalveolar lavage or total liquid ventilation (TLV). The study aims to give an experimental assessment of a possible method for the treatment of occupational lung diseases of dust etiology, based on the removal of dust foreign particles from the respiratory tract using perfluorocarbon compounds. Materials and methods. Scientists performed a study on male rabbits of the Soviet Chinchilla breed aged 3-4 months, weighing 2.8-3.6 kg. They used a device of their own design with an open circuit to carry out the procedure of TLV, in which the liquid "washed" the lungs and drained into a special container. Perfluorodecalin was used as a respiratory fluid. At the first stage, rabbits on TLV inhaled for 3 minutes microparticles of silica gel of the LL-254 brand (5/40 microns) marked with a luminescent indicator. At the second stage, after the end of inhalation, the rabbits of the control group continued to be on artificial ventilation with air, and the rabbits of the experimental group were transferred to the TVL for 5 minutes. At the third stage, artificial ventilation of the lungs with air was performed until the end of the action of the muscle relaxant and the restoration of independent breathing. Estimated indicators: the presence of luminous particles on the surface of the trachea, bronchi, on sections of lung tissue and in perfluorodecalin passed through the rabbit's lungs; histomorphological picture of the lungs; indicators of respiratory gases and acid-base state in arterial blood. Results. Elimination of silica gel from airways by TLV procedure was detected by luminescent visualization and histomorphologically. Complete recovery respiratory gases and acid-base status or arterial blood in one hour after procedure proved safety of TLV procedure. Conclusion. TLV procedure is able to remove foreign particles from the respiratory tract. The researchers proved the effectiveness of the procedure according to three criteria: presence of luminescent labeled particles in waste perfluorodecalin after TLV; decrease of luminescent labeled silica gel macroscopic visualization in trachea and bronchi; decrease of silica gel amount in lung tissue detected by microscopic histomorphological methothods; Perfluorodecalin application for foreign (including radioactive) particles removing from respiratory tract is more preferably than saline, because of saline lungs absorption that potentiate particles incorporation in tissue. Five-minutes TLV procedure does not induce markable disturbances of gas exchange monitored by respiratory gases and acid-base status or arterial blood. Complete recovery of these parameters was detected within one hour after procedure. Ethics. The scientists conducted studies involving laboratory animals in compliance with the necessary regulations (the Helsinki Declaration of 2000 on Humane Treatment of Animals and the "Rules for carrying out work using experimental animals" (Order of the Ministry of Health of the USSR No. 755 of 12.08.1977)). The protocol of the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health.

Criminal liability for cruelty to animals under the legislation of Ukraine: features of theory and practice

The study aimed to determine the characteristics of criminal liability for cruelty to animals. The object of the study is social relations arising in the field of morality protection. We used the following general scientific methods: dialectical, historical, descriptive, methods of scientific analysis and generalization. In addition to general scientific methods, we also used special methods: comparative legal and statistical. Having performed a retrospective analysis of criminal liability for cruelty to animals, we identified four historical stages in the formation and development of criminal legal standards for cruelty to animals. Having investigated the reasons for the social conditioning of criminalization for cruelty to animals, the authors identified a range of problems in the field of humane treatment of animals that require immediate solutions: the use of animals in scientific experiments, the manufacture of clothing from leather and animal fur, the activities of dog hunters and the use of animals in circuses. Factors affecting the cruelty of a person have been also identified. The delimitation of corpus delicti from an administrative offense is carried out according to several main criteria: the degree of public danger and consequences. International experience in the context of criminal liability for cruelty to animals is diverse.

Dynamics of hematological, biochemical, immunological changes in diseases of the digestive system of quail

Relevance . When domesticated in an unnatural habitat, a limited territorial space, unconventional feeding are the main reasons for a decrease in the natural resistance of the bird’s body. On quail farms, with the technology of keeping poultry significantly different from natural conditions, a complex of lesions of the organ system is observed, with a predominance of lesions of the digestive system. The aim of the work was to study the clinical and morphological parameters in diseases of the digestive system of quail. Methods. The object of the study was a bird of the order of quails of the breed “Coturnix coturnix japonica” 30-day post-incubation ontogenesis. The clinical examination of the bird was carried out according to the generally accepted scheme. The slaughter and bleeding of poultry was carried out in compliance with the International Principles of the Helsinki Declaration “On the humane treatment of animals.” To determine the hematological and biochemical parameters of birds, according to the principle of analogues, they were divided into groups: control — clinically healthy birds ( n = 15); experience — clinical manifestations of poultry disease ( n = 15). In postmortem examination, the organs were dissected with subsequent extraction from the cavity and a visual assessment of color and consistency was carried out, the absolute weight (g), linear measurements (cm) were determined. The experimental data were subjected to statistical processing by a generally accepted method using the Statistika program for PC Microsoft Excel 2007. Results. In pathological examination, most often the signs were localized in the tissues and organs of the digestive system. The presence of a syndrome of gastrointestinal diseases was characterized by an increase in the total number of leukocytes, eosinophils, pseudo-eosinophils; lymphocytes, monocytes, a decrease in total protein, glucose, an increase in urea, alkaline phosphatase. A decrease in the lysozyme and bactericidal activity of blood serum, as well as a decrease in the phagocytic activity of leukocytes, was established.

Assessment of pig products market infrastructure formation

The object of research is the functioning of the subjects of infrastructural support for the functioning of the market for pig products, in particular, its information and transport components. Now one of the main problems in ensuring the food and biological safety of any country, which must be solved in the near future, is the formation of a traceability system for all livestock products, which will provide a positive effect at the entire stage of commodity circulation. Experience shows that the complexity and high level of costs associated with running an animal transport business are holding back the quantitative growth of companies in this market segment. Therefore, the work is devoted to the substantiation and improvement of the theoretical and methodological foundations, as well as the development of practical recommendations for the formation and functioning of the infrastructure of the market for pig products. The paper shows that the implementation of the proposed information system for traceability of the movement of pig products will ensure the quality of pig slaughter products, monitor compliance with the antiepizootic and antiepidemiological situation. An integrated approach to the segment of animal transportation will solve the main problems of organizing business, in particular: reducing transportation costs, minimizing environmental impact and ensuring humane treatment of animals. Methodological approaches to the formation of a monitoring system for the movement of products of animal origin based on the creation of an information system for automated document flow «Biosafety», which will ensure the traceability of the movement of pig products at all stages of the agri-food chain, have been substantiated. This will provide a qualitatively new level of information and communication technologies in the industry. In the course of the study, the comparison method was used to compare economic phenomena in different time periods in order to identify a causal relationship. The information provided in the research process should become the basis for the development of measures to control the antiepizootic and antiepidemiological situation by local self-government bodies and the relevant specialized state bodies.

Životinje i pravoslavna vera

Religion has always had a special impact on man's attitude towards animals. In this context, this paper explores the correlation between animal welfare and Orthodox Christianity, with specific reference to the position of the Serbian Orthodox Church on this issue. The research has been conducted with the aim of examining the links between animals and Orthodox Christianity, establishing whether the official position of the Serbian Orthodox Church (SOC) promotes animal welfare, and whether its activities embody the recognition and protection of animal rights. For the purposes of this paper, the author has applied the sociological, legal-dogmatic, and historicalcritical methods. The conducted research shows that the Serbian Orthodox Church does not have an official position on animals; thus, the correlation between animal welfare and Orthodox Christianity cannot be precisely determined. Yet, due to the impact of the canons of the Holy Scriptures, it is quite certain that the Serbian Orthodox priests formally advocate for animal welfare and observance of animal rights, and officially condemn any cruel treatment against animals. On the other hand, man's love for animals must be moderate and never above man's love for God and other human beings. Orthodox Christianity does not prohibit the use of meat and fish in nutrition, nor does it consider killing animals an immoral act. Such an approach is also pertinent to Islam and Judaism, while Buddhism advocates respect for all forms of life by promoting the principle of ahimsa (non-violence), which applies to all living beings. It is clear that Orthodox Christianity does not advocate for the recognition of animals' rights to life, nor does it recognize animals as legal subjects. The twelve-year application of the Animal Welfare Act in the Republic of Serbia has shown that a number of factors hinder a better protection of animal welfare. The Serbian Orthodox Church largely contributes to such a situation by failing to promote animal welfare, protection and a more humane treatment of animals (particularly stray or abandoned animals) in its regulatory acts and social activities.

Legal issues of veterinary services for shelters for stray animals in the Russian Federation

The important problem of urban and large rural settlements of the Russian Federation is the increase in the number of stray animals. The activities of shelters for stray animals are associated with a number of obligatory veterinary preventive measures. These measures require the development of a comprehensive system of veterinary services for animal shelters, including the procedure for the initial reception of an animal to a shelter, the procedure to identify an animal without owners showing unmotivated aggressiveness, a system of veterinary preventive measures in a shelter, a method of humane treatment of animals in a shelter, a typical staffing of veterinary shelter specialists and a typical diet for an animal in a shelter. In many constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the activities to regulate the number of stray animals are carried out by private specialized organizations in accordance with the concluded municipal contracts. The existing practice does not allow organizing a single effective system to regulate the number of stray animals. A regional system for the regulation of the number of stray animals could be organized under the leadership of the State Veterinary Service of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in cooperation with existing private shelters for stray animals. This system can not be created without an appropriate regional regulatory framework. The authors propose the development and implementation of a comprehensive system of veterinary services for animal shelters at the level of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation. This system will serve as one of the elements to maintain the epizootic and epidemic well-being of the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for zooanthroponosis, among which rabies is the most relevant.

Economic Arguments and Legal Regulations on Ritual Slaughter in Poland

When regulating ritual slaughter, we need to take into consideration issues related both to the protection of freedom of conscience and religion, the freedom of business activity, and the humane treatment of animals. The economic arguments have an influence on the way ritual slaughter is regulated and generally lead to departing from the original religious purpose of such legal regulations, in favour of protecting economic interests.

Legal and Ethical Aspects of 'Best Interests' Decision-Making for Medical Treatment of Companion Animals in the UK.

Simple SummaryMaking decisions about medical treatment for animal patients involves two key decision-makers, the animal owner and the veterinary surgeon. We aim to show that these decisions should and can be based on the ‘best interests’ of the animal, with both human decision-makers acting as advocates for the animal requiring treatment. We suggest that the role of the animal owner is similar to that of a parent in making decisions for a child, drawing on legal cases to demonstrate the limits of parental (and owner) decision-making. To provide a firmer basis for ‘best interests’ decision-making, we adapt the factors included in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and demonstrate how these could be used with a typical clinical situation. Finally, we analyse the decisions from an ethical point of view.Medical decisions for young children are made by those with parental responsibility, with legal involvement only if the decision is potentially detrimental to the child’s welfare. While legally classified as property, some argue that animals are in a similar position to children; treatment decisions are made by their owners, posing a legal challenge only if the proposed treatment has the potential to cause harm or unnecessary suffering, as defined by animal protection legislation. This paper formulates the approach to a ‘best interests’ calculation, utilising the factors included in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and relying on exchange of information between the human parties involved. Although this form of decision-making must primarily protect the animal from unnecessary suffering, it recognises that the information provided by the owner is critical in articulating the animal’s non-medical interests, and hence in formulating what is in the animal’s best overall welfare interests. While statute law does not mandate consideration of ‘best interests’ for animals, this approach might reasonably be expected as a professional imperative for veterinary surgeons. Importantly, this version of a ‘best interests’ calculation can be incorporated into existing ethical frameworks for medical decision-making and the humane treatment of animals.