Human Ethics Research Articles

Appraising Regulatory Framework Towards Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) Under Digital Humanism

Abstract The explosive advancement of contemporary artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, typified by ChatGPT, is steering humans towards an uncontrollable trajectory to artificial general intelligence (AGI). Against the backdrop of a series of transformative breakthroughs, big tech companies such as OpenAI and Google have initiated an “AGI race” on a supranational level. As technological power becomes increasingly absolute, structural challenges may erupt with an unprecedented velocity, potentially resulting in disorderly expansion and even malignant development of AI technologies. To preserve the dignity and safety of human-beings in a brand-new AGI epoch, it is imperative to implement regulatory guidelines to limit the applications of AGI within the confines of human ethics and rules to further counteract the potential downsides. To promote the benevolent evolution of AGI, the principles of Humanism should be underscored and the connotation of Digital Humanism should be further enriched. Correspondingly, the current regulatory paradigm for generative AI may also be overhauled under the tenet of Digital Humanism to adapt to the quantum leaps and subversive shifts produced by AGI in the future. Positioned at the nexus of legal studies, computer science, and moral philosophy, this study therefore charts a course for a synthetic regulation framework of AGI under Digital Humanism.

Redefining Newsrooms: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Shaping Journalism's Future

This paper seeks to justify why journalism is at the cutting edge of this revolution with Artificial Intelligence (AI); it has become an essential component of various industries. In this study, the author examines the effects of the integration of AI into the current news media industry with an emphasis on the use of AI in executing analytic functions such as writing and verification of information. As for strong points and prospects, AI contributes improvements in terms of effectiveness and time efficiency, yet it brings into focus certain drawbacks concerning ethical aspects of carrying fake news, distorted information, etc., alongside the problem of algorithms’ credibility of algorism-based journalism. In this empirical qualitative case study, the author examines the benefits and limitations of AI’s implementation in journalism. On this point, it presents literature gaps that exist on the effects of AI on ethical considerations and looks at how such organizations can balance the need to use technology and still produce work of the highest ethical standards. According to the findings, while AI may step up the accuracy and credibility that is required in news dissemination, its abuse may also lead to increased biased and fake news. Overall, this research calls for adopting AI technologies in newsrooms, but only after putting this article’s findings into practice alongside human oversight and ethics. Finally, the paper concludes the future of AI journalism and emphasizes sustainable and more responsible ways to create technological advancement within the field of Journalism to make more truthful and reliable news.

Reporting Guidelines for the Early-Phase Clinical Evaluation of Applications Using Extended Reality: RATE-XR Qualitative Study Guideline.

Extended reality (XR), encompassing technologies such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality, has rapidly gained prominence in health care. However, existing XR research often lacks rigor, proper controls, and standardization. To address this and to enhance the transparency and quality of reporting in early-phase clinical evaluations of XR applications, we present the "Reporting for the early-phase clinical evaluation of applications using extended reality" (RATE-XR) guideline. We conducted a 2-round modified Delphi process involving experts from diverse stakeholder categories, and the RATE-XR is therefore the result of a consensus-based, multistakeholder effort. The guideline comprises 17 XR-specific (composed of 18 subitems) and 14 generic reporting items, each with a complementary Explanation & Elaboration section. The items encompass critical aspects of XR research, from clinical utility and safety to human factors and ethics. By offering a comprehensive checklist for reporting, the RATE-XR guideline facilitates robust assessment and replication of early-stage clinical XR studies. It underscores the need for transparency, patient-centeredness, and balanced evaluation of the applications of XR in health care. By providing an actionable checklist of minimal reporting items, this guideline will facilitate the responsible development and integration of XR technologies into health care and related fields.

Penerepan Budaya Inovasi & Kreatifitas dengan Metode DMAIC dan Kaizen ( Continuous Improvement) pada PT. Indolakto Pasuruan

A culture of innovation is very important to implement in a company to be able to maintain the existence and survival of the company. Successful innovation depends significantly on ability, skills and interpreting a rapidly changing environment. Apart from that, employee involvement also influences success in innovation. Innovation and creativity use the DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control) method which is associated with KAIZEN in Japanese terms, which means "continuous improvement" which emphasizes human effort, morals, communication, training, cooperation, empowerment and self-discipline . The purpose of this research is to find out the strategy carried out by PT. Indolakto Pasuruan in motivating its employees to implement a culture of innovation as well as identifying factors inhibiting its implementation and efforts made to minimize these obstacles. This research uses qualitative research methods and tests the validity of this research data using source triangulation and member checking. From the results of this research, researchers concluded that implementing a culture of innovation in companies can have a positive impact on the company's survival. Research implications - This research makes a contribution to human resource management related to corporate culture.

Feasibility and safety of weaning premature infants from nasal continuous positive airway pressure to high-flow nasal cannula: a prospective observational case study

BackgroundNasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) is widely used for premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). A high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) provides positive end-expiratory pressure using high-flow oxygen; however, the variability in distending pressure is a primary concern. This study evaluated the feasibility and safety of a newly designed protocol for NCPAP weaning with cyclic HFNC use for premature infants.MethodsPremature infants with RDS using NCPAP support who were ready for weaning were enrolled. The weaning protocol used cyclic NCPAP with HFNC every 3 h for 3 days in the neonatal intensive care unit. The heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), pulse oximetry (SpO2), transcutaneous carbon dioxide (PtcCO2), and cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) at the end of NCPAP with HFNC support were recorded once daily for 3 days.ResultsFrom June 2019 to April 2021, 46 premature infants (27 male, 19 female) were enrolled. The mean gestational age and birth body weight were 28.7 ± 2.6 weeks and 1181 ± 354 g, respectively. No statistically significant differences in the HR, RR, SpO2, and cerebral StO2 during NCPAP weaning with HFNC were observed. However, the mean PtcCO2 with NCPAP was statistically significantly lower than that with HFNC (46.9 ± 6.0 mmHg vs. 47.9 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.02).ConclusionsThe feasibility and safety of the NCPAP weaning protocol with cyclic HFNC for premature infants are acceptable in this preliminary study. Due to the limited number of participants, further studies are required for more comprehensive analysis.Trial registrationThis prospective observational case study was approved by the Human Experiment and Ethics Committee of our hospital (approval number: KMUHIRB-SV(I)-20180059; approval date: January 11, 2019).

THE CONSTRUCTION OF JAVANESE ISLAMIC ETHICS IN SERAT WEDHATAMA: KARL MANNHEIM'S SOCIOLOGY OF KNOWLEDGE APPROACH

<p><em>As a ruler who contributed to the revival of Javanese culture, especially in literature, Mangkunegara IV is mentioned as a ruler and a poet. One of the largest and most famous of his many literary works is "Serat Wedhatama". "Serat Wedhatama" is a manifestation of Mangkunegara IV's concern and sensitivity to the situation of the people at that time who experienced a moral crisis due to the influx of foreign cultures, he wrote many teachings on virtuousness that were by the personality of the Javanese people. This study seeks to identify the concept of Javanese Islamic Ethics in "Serat Wedhatama" and its construction according to Karl Mannheim's sociological theory of knowledge. This research is a type of qualitative research by applying the literature study method. The results of this study indicate that the concepts carried out in the teachings of Javanese Islamic Ethics in "Serat Wedhatama" are in the form of life guidelines that are tailored to the personality of "Javanese" as well as containing teachings of Islamic values. The teachings of ethics in "Serat Wedhatama" contain the teachings of human ethics towards others and human ethics towards God. The construction of Islamic Ethical values in "Serat Wedhatama" when viewed with the sociological theory of knowledge of Karl Mannheim refers to the historical social background of Mangkunegara IV when compiling "Serat Wedhatama". From a historical point of view, a very influential factor is heredity. Mangkunegara IV had close kinship with the previous three rulers who were religious circles. Born from a religious family supporting Mangkunegara IV grew up with a religious spirit. Embedding of a religious soul since childhood influences the output of his thoughts. It is natural when Mangkunegara IV through "Serat Wedhatama" expects Javanese to behave according to their personality, as well as act according to the actions taught in Islam.</em></p>

Ethical entanglements: human remains, museums and ethics in a European perspective

Abstract The ethical treatment of human remains after excavation is a core debate in archaeology. This project explores the treatment of human remains in some European museums with an aim to support open discussion of complex ethical issues among research and heritage professionals involved in the care of human remains.

A Survey of AI-Powered Proactive Threat-Hunting Techniques: Challenges and Future Directions

The study narrates the dimensions of AI-powered threat hunting techniques that keep changing and draws on their importance in cybersecurity measures while dealing with advanced cyber threats. While the cyber adversary is continuously adapting and innovating, the integration of advanced AI algorithms, including reinforcement learning and hybrid models, has become one of the key strategies for real-time threat detection and response. The research investigates the transformative potential of these algorithms to facilitate adaptive systems that can quickly recognize and act on new attack vectors. It also discusses the integration of AI with emergent technologies like blockchain, quantum computing, and IoT in the dimension of their potential to leverage threat intelligence and response mechanisms. This would naturally lead to increased efficiency in threat hunting by leveraging the strengths brought into this endeavor by both the AI systems and human analysts. The study also advocates for the development of strong policy and governance frameworks to drive home some ethical concerns in deploying AI in cybersecurity. Such a framework is very important for addressing challenges on data privacy, accountability, and transparency. The findings bring into sharp relief that, in this continuing evolution of the cybersecurity landscape, what will work best is a proactive stance-a proactive stance that incorporates innovative technologies with human ingenuity and ethics. This white paper broadly documents the considerable promise of AI in threat hunting and strategic advances needed to harden organizational defenses against a dynamic threat environment.

Article: Artificial Intelligence and International Trade from a Latin American Perspective

The article explores the impact of Artificial intelligence (AI) on international trade, focusing on challenges and opportunities for developing countries, particularly in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). As AI advances, it creates regulatory challenges and ethical concerns, especially regarding human rights and public morals, which may lead to trade frictions not addressed by current international agreements. AI brings important benefits to countries, such as cost reductions and efficiencies, alongside challenges related to data privacy, competition, and security. For developing countries, adopting AI offers both opportunities and obstacles, with infrastructure and human capital constraints being significant hurdles. The article suggests flexible regulatory approaches to attract investment, promote digital services exports, and ease cross-border data flow. While global trade discussions, particularly within the WTO, are addressing AI-related issues, regional agreements have made more progress. These agreements lack however comprehensive coverage and effective dispute resolution. It is important for LAC countries participating in international negotiations to ensure their interests are represented and to help shape global digital governance standards, enabling them to fully benefit from AI.

Inovasi Peran Hablum Minal Alam dalam Meningkatkan Pendidikan Religius di Perkumpulan Tani Pemuda Darul Mukmin Sukorejo Pasuruan

Hablum minal 'alam is the relationship between humans and nature, humans as caliphs on this earth are ordered to always guard, care, process, preserve and utilize nature that has been bestowed by Allah SWT. Damage that occurs in nature due to human actions is not unfamiliar, even the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) said that in the last 10 years, disasters in the country have continued to increase. Which is caused by none other than the beginning of the decline and erosion of human morals and consciousness in protecting and utilizing nature. Therefore, in this study, the researcher wants to analyze and describe (1) the role of the Darul Mukmin Youth Farmers Association in improving religious education through hablum minal 'alam innovation, (2) the implementation of hablum minal 'alam innovation in improving religious education in the Darul Mukmin Sukorejo Pasuruan Youth Farmers Association. This research uses a qualitative approach in descriptive form. The type of research used is field research. The data in this study used primary data and secondary data. For data collection, researchers use techniques, (1) interviews, (2) observation and (3) documentation. Data analysis techniques include data reduction, data display and data verification. Checking the validity of findings is carried out with diligence, observation and triangulation. The results of this study show that: the background of the role of the Darul Mukmin Youth Farmers Association in improving religious education through hablum minal 'alam innovation includes, (a) religious education is implemented through Islamic values combined with agriculture and hablum minal 'alam, (b) religious education is combined with agriculture in the form of collaborative activities between agricultural and religious activities (c) religious education covers the field of hablum minallah, Hablum Minannas and Hablum Minal' Nature. Meanwhile, the implementation of hablum minal 'alam innovation in improving religious education in the Darul Mukmin Sukorejo Pasuruan Youth Farmers Association includes: (a) aqidah such as piety, (b) morals such as honesty and sincerity and (c) community such as responsibility

Being blind (or not) to scenarios used in sacrificial dilemmas: the influence of factual and contextual information on moral responses.

Traditionally, human morality has been largely studied with classical sacrificial dilemmas. A way to advance current understandings of moral judgment and decision-making may involve testing the impact of contexts that are made available to individuals presented with these archetypal dilemmas. This preliminary study focused on assessing whether the availability of factual and contextual information delivered through classical scenarios would change moral responses. A total of 334 participants were presented with sacrificial dilemmas either with a scenario or without a scenario before performing two moral tasks: one consisted in moral judgment (e.g., is it acceptable to sacrifice one person to save five?) and one was related to choice of action (e.g., would you sacrifice one person to save five?). In the condition with a scenario, participants were presented with a story describing the dilemma, its protagonists, their roles, the location and some background details of the situation, before answering to the two moral tasks. In the condition without a scenario, participants were only asked to perform the two moral tasks without any additional contextual elements usually provided by the scenario. Participants' emotions were also measured before and after completing the two moral tasks. The results indicated that the presence of a scenario did not affect moral judgments. However, the presence of a scenario significantly increased utilitarian action choices (i.e., sacrificing one person in the interest of saving a greater number) and this effect was partially mediated by an increase in the perceived plausibility of the sacrificial action. Regarding emotional reaction to dilemmas, no differences were observed between the two conditions, suggesting that emotions are mainly based on the two moral tasks. These findings underscore the value of carefully considering the role of factual and contextual information provided by the scenarios in moral dilemmas.

Empowering Continuing Medical Education (CME) in India: leveraging Kern’s instructional design model

IntroductionContinuing Medical Education (CME) is vital for healthcare professionals to remain current with advancements and maintain their competence. In India, CME remains in its early stages, lacking a systematic approach. There is a pressing need for a comprehensive framework that addresses needs assessment, program development, accreditation, and credit allocation. Specifically, there is a gap in delivering targeted CME that meets the needs of different medical professionals at appropriate times. The aim of this study is to employ Kern’s six steps of curriculum design to plan and evaluate a faculty development program focused on Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) for MD (Doctor of Medicine) Biochemistry professionals.MethodsThis study utilized Kern’s six-step approach to design a training program on Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) tailored for MD Biochemistry professionals. Approval was obtained from the Institutional Human Ethics Committee. Following problem identification, a targeted needs assessment was conducted through expert consultations. The goal of the program was established, focusing on the development and delivery of an interactive online CME program. The program was developed, implemented and evaluated using surveys and feedback questionnaires.ResultsA comprehensive literature review revealed a notable gap in EPA-related works for MD Biochemistry program. Expert consultations highlighted significant training needs and barriers, such as limited resources and professional commitments. Consequently, the program’s primary objective was to raise awareness and sensitize participants to EPA development. A 4-h online CME was designed, featuring expert-led sessions and collaborative group activities. The program attracted 152 participants and utilized interactive elements, such as polls and chats, to foster engagement. Group activities allowed participants to apply concepts in EPA validation. Pre- and post-program surveys demonstrated significant improvements in participants’ knowledge and confidence. Feedback highlighted the practical relevance of the content and the interactive, hands-on nature of the sessions.ConclusionKern’s six-step approach provided a structured and effective framework for developing the CME program, addressing identified needs and barriers, and enhancing faculty development in MD Biochemistry. This study underscores the importance of a systematic approach in CME to improve program effectiveness.Trial registrationNot applicable.

Religious-Philosophical and Anthropological Dimensions of Dialogue between Maxim Gorky and Immanuel Kant: A Study of Gorky’s Text “The Peasant”

This article addresses the influence of Immanuel Kant’s philosophy on the works of Maxim Gorky. The study aims to explore how Kant’s philosophical ideas shaped Gorky’s worldview and contributed to the development of his prose. The primary material for this research is Gorky’s unfinished work “The Peasant,” written between 1899 and the early 1900s. It is demonstrated that the text serves as a unique “epistolary dialogue” between Gorky and Kant, in which the writer engages in a polemic with the philosopher regarding human nature, social organization, justice, and morality. The article posits that Gorky’s harsh critiques of Kant, expressed in letters and within the aforementioned text, stem from his general aversion to the deliberate complexity and analytical nature of Kant’s language, as well as the philosopher’s excessively rationalist approach to interpreting the incomprehensible and understanding humanity’s place and purpose in the world, along with the laws of existence. It is argued that Gorky did not share Kant’s absolute rationalism but instead advocated for a harmony between reason and emotion in human beings. Furthermore, it is shown that Gorky resonated with the moral and ethical principles of Kantian philosophy. Thus, this study offers a fresh perspective on the religious-philosophical and anthropological aspects of Gorky’s oeuvre.

Researching moral foundations using the Bayesian approach

Moral foundations theory describes a complex space of human morality along five moral foundations: care/harm, fairness/cheating, loyalty/betrayal, and sanctity/degradation. The first aim of this study is to explore the role of socio-demographic variables in endorsing the five moral foundations and to provide insight into the role of moral foundations in attitudes towards homeless people. The second objective of the study is to provide an example of employing the Bayesian statistical approach. There were 162 participants in our study (27% male, mean age 36 years). Convenience sampling method was used. Age and education found to be the most important predictors of moral foundations, with Bayesian factors showing the strongest evidence for age as a positive predictor of moral foundations. Gender, political affiliation, care and authority were found to be important predictors of attitudes towards homeless people, with Bayesian factors showing much stronger evidence for moral foundations than sociodemographic variables. This study lays the groundwork for research on moral foundations in Slovenian samples and provides a practical example of Bayesian approach application in social science.

TABARRUJ: SAYYID QUTHB'S PERSPECTIVE IN TAFSIR FI ZHILAL AL-QUR’AN

This study focuses on the concept of Tabarruj as interpreted by Sayyid Quthb in his Tafsir fi Zhilal al-Qur’an. The research explores the essence, existence, and impact of Tabarruj from Quthb's perspective, offering an in-depth analysis of how this concept is related to faith, social behavior, and gender roles in Islam. The essence of Tabarruj is linked to the weakening of faith and human morality, influenced by destructive social environments, and the fading of one's spiritual essence. Its existence manifests in specific behaviors, particularly among women, such as leaving the house without necessity, excessive social interaction with men, flirtatious behavior, and immodest dress. The study identifies significant impacts of Tabarruj, including the rise of social ills, the erosion of women's dignity, and the diminishing blessings of Allah in human life. The research contributes to the scholarly understanding of Islamic teachings on modesty, faith, and gender by examining Quthb’s interpretation of Tabarruj and its relevance to contemporary issues. Future research could compare Quthb’s views on Tabarruj with modern interpretations of modesty across different cultural and historical contexts, as well as examine the influence of digital and social media on the concept of Tabarruj among younger generations in Muslim societies.

Materialism in Chinese college students during 2007-2020: The influence of social change on the inclining trend.

Materialism is fundamental to the human value or goal system; therefore, an understanding of its level among Chinese college students and its changes over time is of great value. In the present study, a cross-temporal meta-analysis was performed by reviewing studies that conducted Material Values Scale-based assessment of the materialism level among Chinese university students from 2007 to 2020. Moreover, a time lag analysis was performed to clarify whether variations in materialism level are interpretable with macro-social indicators. Finally, 82 articles on studies enrolling a total of 45,966 Chinese university students were reviewed. The materialism score significantly increased on a yearly basis. Furthermore, macro-social changes in diverse areas, including economic condition (gross domestic product per capita, consumption level of all residents and national disposable income per capita), social connectedness (urbanisation degree and divorce ratio) and overall threat (rate of university enrollment), were the major factors influencing the degree of materialism among the students. By identifying the inclining trend of materialism among these college students across time and using relevant macro-social indicators, a theoretical three-dimensional framework was established to elucidate the degree of materialism among Chinese college students as a group.

Where The Hope Comes From

We have a global crisis. There is imminent exhaustion of the biome. The environment is in a steep state of decline, such that no strategic planner in any type of enterprise worldwide can afford to dismiss it. As topics, we speak about climate change, biodiversity, geopolitics, and social stability. As well as human rights and ethics. (Continues, please read pdf)

HOW SHOULD HISTORIANS EMPATHIZE?

ABSTRACTReflecting on the ethical and unethical ways of empathizing is a necessary task for historians interested in the ethics of history. Research on empathy often classifies its various parts into affective, cognitive, and prosocial dimensions. However, in historical scholarship, the cognitive‐intellectual dimension of empathy is overemphasized to the detriment of its affective and prosocial dimensions, whose roles in determining the ways historians should practice history are often disregarded. In this article, I will discuss the relations between empathy and ethics and how historians should empathize. Doing so, I argue that empathy's ethical potential for historical scholarship needs to be de‐intellectualized by historical scholarship, a task that requires a complementary and supplementary approach to empathy that is in dialogue with moral philosophy, psychology, neurosciences, and animal studies. Only by recognizing empathy as a socially developed evolutionary capacity shared among humans and other species can historians fully develop its possibilities as a tool to guide human morality and ethical decision‐making. Finally, I will claim that empathy as an ethical imperative for an ethics of care and vulnerability should guide historians' ethics toward more responsive and responsible ways of relating with others across time, space, cultures, generations, species, and so on.

Use of AI in Mental Health Care: Community and Mental Health Professionals Survey.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been increasingly recognized as a potential solution to address mental health service challenges by automating tasks and providing new forms of support. This study is the first in a series which aims to estimate the current rates of AI technology use as well as perceived benefits, harms, and risks experienced by community members (CMs) and mental health professionals (MHPs). This study involved 2 web-based surveys conducted in Australia. The surveys collected data on demographics, technology comfort, attitudes toward AI, specific AI use cases, and experiences of benefits and harms from AI use. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and thematic analysis of open-ended responses were conducted. The final sample consisted of 107 CMs and 86 MHPs. General attitudes toward AI varied, with CMs reporting neutral and MHPs reporting more positive attitudes. Regarding AI usage, 28% (30/108) of CMs used AI, primarily for quick support (18/30, 60%) and as a personal therapist (14/30, 47%). Among MHPs, 43% (37/86) used AI; mostly for research (24/37, 65%) and report writing (20/37, 54%). While the majority found AI to be generally beneficial (23/30, 77% of CMs and 34/37, 92% of MHPs), specific harms and concerns were experienced by 47% (14/30) of CMs and 51% (19/37) of MHPs. There was an equal mix of positive and negative sentiment toward the future of AI in mental health care in open feedback. Commercial AI tools are increasingly being used by CMs and MHPs. Respondents believe AI will offer future advantages for mental health care in terms of accessibility, cost reduction, personalization, and work efficiency. However, they were equally concerned about reducing human connection, ethics, privacy and regulation, medical errors, potential for misuse, and data security. Despite the immense potential, integration into mental health systems must be approached with caution, addressing legal and ethical concerns while developing safeguards to mitigate potential harms. Future surveys are planned to track use and acceptability of AI and associated issues over time.

Human Morality and Sustainability: Insights from The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri

In this paper it is argued that the root cause of the environmental crisis is the moral condition of mankind. Over-indulgence, over-consumption and a desire for material wealth and possessions, far in excess of what is needed for survival and comfort, callous use of technology to overexploit the land and seas for profit, lack of diligence in addressing threats to the environment, and the tendency towards aggressive conflict, all contribute towards the decimation of natural eco-systems. Moral improvement is therefore considered as a possible pathway towards sustainability. The impact of human morality upon the environment is examined using the system of capital vices and virtues. Particular reference is given to The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri, which provides profound insight into the human condition. The capital vices are shown to play a significant part in the decline of the environment by driving mankind's overconsumption and overindulgence, while cultivation of the capital virtues is shown to provide a pathway of moral improvement allowing human beings to live responsibly and in greater harmony with the planet. Embracing these moral virtues can provide a necessary course correction for human beings today so that we can build upon the successes of our past and thrive as one species sharing the planet with other species and securing a sustainable future. Keywords: morality, ethics, sustainable development, The Divine Comedy, moral philosophy.