Human Survival Research Articles

THE EFFECTS OF MAMMOTHS ON HUMANITY'S FAITH AND BUILDING ACTIVITIES

It is highly likely that early humans, who generally lived in open nature, emptied large animal carcasses and used them as temporary shelters. This is because there are clear similarities between the mammoth skeletal system and the structural systems of constructions built by humans since prehistoric times. Early humans, who utilized deceased mammoth bodies as temporary shelters outside caves, might have later attempted to construct more permanent, taller, and wider-span huts using same materials. Many mammoth bone huts have been discovered across the Ukrainian and Russian Steppes, dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period, and these structures may be the result of such efforts. The construction method of this huts involves stacking large mammoth bones and covering them with mammoth skins. The potential impact of mammoths, which held great significance in the survival of early humans, on early belief systems and construction activities cannot be overlooked. This study aims to formulate "scientific opinions" on these issues by interpreting existing data in a relational manner. The "speculative thesis" proposed in this study suggests that even before the existence of mammoth bone huts (pre-Upper Paleolithic), individuals utilized mammoth rib cages as single-person shelters. Accordingly, early humans may have commenced constructing these huts using mammoth large bones in later periods. Thus, in later periods, even after the mammoths had disappeared, the forms of both the mammoth body, the mammoth ribcage, and the huts made of mammoth bone may have been reflected in the architectural geometry of huts, tents, and houses.

Application of Time Series in the Analysis of Physical-Chemical Data to Support the Management of Water Clarification Efficiency in a Water Treatment Plant

Abstract. Water is a natural and essential resource for life and must be preserved. Its potability is also vital for human survival. In this context, the turbidity parameter is a factor preponderant, as its presence can “protect” harmful microorganisms during the disinfection. Considering the extensive volume of data collected by Pelotas Autonomous Service of Sanitation at the Santa Bárbara Water Treatment Plant over the years, it was proposed to develop a methodology to support decision-making by managers, through data processing using statistical methods, machine learning and time series. Studies have shown that turbidity is an essential parameter in quality monitoring of the water andcan be inferred before the filtration stage from data collected throughout time. Furthermore, using data from the treatment plant itself offers the advantage of taking its peculiarities into account in the analysis.

PTN from Leydig cells activates SDC2 and modulates human spermatogonial stem cell proliferation and survival via GFRA1

BackgroundSpermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are essential for the maintenance and initiation of male spermatogenesis. Despite the advances in understanding SSC biology in mouse models, the mechanisms underlying human SSC development remain elusive.ResultsHere, we analyzed the signaling pathways involved in SSC regulation by testicular somatic cells using single-cell sequencing data (GEO datasets: GSE149512 and GSE112013) and identified that Leydig cells communicate with SSCs through pleiotrophin (PTN) and its receptor syndecan-2 (SDC2). Immunofluorescence, STRING prediction, and protein immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the interaction between PTN and SDC2 in spermatogonia, but their co-localization was observed only in approximately 50% of the cells. The knockdown of SDC2 in human SSC lines impaired cell proliferation, DNA synthesis, and the expression of PLZF, a key marker for SSC self-renewal. Transcriptome analysis revealed that SDC2 knockdown downregulated the expression of GFRA1, a crucial factor for SSC proliferation and self-renewal, and inhibited the HIF-1 signaling pathway. Exogenous PTN rescued the proliferation and GFRA1 expression in SDC2 knockdown SSC lines. In addition, we found downregulation of PTN and SDC2 as well as altered localization in non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) patients, suggesting that downregulation of PTN and SDC2 may be associated with impaired spermatogenesis.ConclusionsOur results uncover a novel mechanism of human SSC regulation by the testicular microenvironment and suggest a potential therapeutic target for male infertility.

The Russia-Ukraine war's "Armageddon" threat: A call to action for nuclear disarmament

The first atomic weapon was constructed in 1945 as a result of the discovery of nuclear fission. In the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II, the US first exploded the weapon in 1945. Since then, more than 12,000 different kinds of nuclear weapons and advanced delivery systems have been obtained by nine other countries. Despite efforts to outlaw and eliminate nuclear weapons, Russia has made it known that it intends to use them in the conflict it is currently engaged in with Ukraine, which began in February 2022. This study looks at the Russian menace that has frightened the world and brought to mind the tragic US nuclear attacks and the ensuing massive destruction of the environment, material resources, and human lives. Fears of a nuclear war and destruction have increased due to the potential for nuclear reprisal from the West. According to this research, there is a serious risk to human survival from the presence of nuclear weapons. It also concludes that there is a genuine risk that nuclear weapons will be used in today's military conflicts. The paper suggests that, by the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, which went into effect on January 22, 2021, the current stockpile of nuclear weapons be immediately disarmed and destroyed.

Biotic and Abiotic Components of The River

This study offers a comprehensive analysis of the physico-chemical parameters of the Sarodha Dam in Kabirdham, Chhattisgarh, over three distinct periods: pre-autumn, autumn, and post-autumn of 2007. Key parameters examined include temperature, velocity, total solids, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, turbidity, pH levels, dissolved oxygen content, free CO2 concentration, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), alkalinity, chlorides, sulphate levels, and fish species identification. The research identified 36 distinct fish species within the dam, underscoring the biodiversity present. Historically, water has been a crucial resource for human survival and development, with rivers playing a vital role globally. However, pollution from sewage and industrial effluents threatens these vital water bodies, leading to significant environmental and health issues. Despite advances in water treatment, urban piped water often remains contaminated, resulting in waterborne diseases such as jaundice, cholera, typhoid, and gastroenteritis. Pollution impacts rivers through chemical degradation and disruption of ecosystems, highlighting the need for interdisciplinary approaches to monitor and manage water quality effectively.

Study on Non-Point Source Pollution Prevention and Control System in Nansi Lake Basin Based on System Dynamics Approach

Agriculture, as an important activity on which human beings depend for their livelihood, brings serious environmental problems while meeting the needs of human survival, among which agricultural non-point source (NPS) pollution is one of the most urgent environmental problems. This study quantitatively assessed the loading characteristics spatial and temporal evolution patterns of two agricultural NPS pollutants, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), from 2010 to 2020 in the Nansi Lake Basin as an example, and constructed a system dynamics (SD) simulation model to simulate and analyze agricultural NPS pollution under different development and treatment scenarios, based on an investigation of the regional prevention and control strategy of agricultural NPS pollution and the technological system. The results show that the current status of agricultural NPS pollution load in the Nansi Lake Basin is poor, and the level of pollution load is high, showing obvious geographical differences. In terms of temporal changes, the pollution loads of the two pollutants showed a decreasing trend from 2010 to 2020, among which the pollution load of NH3-N showed the largest change. Spatially, the spatial distribution of each type of pollutant has some similarities, with smaller pollution loads in Jining and Zaozhuang and relatively larger pollution loads in Heze and Ningyang. The main source of COD pollution in the Nansi Lake Basin is rural life, with an emission proportion of 52.85%, and the main sources of NH3-N pollution from agricultural NPS pollution in the area are rural life and livestock and poultry farming, with emission proportions of 47.55% and 35.36%, respectively. Under the status quo continuum scenario, the pollution load values for COD are consistently higher than those for NH3-N, so the relative impact of COD is greater. In this study, the principles and methods of SD in system science are adopted to deal with the agricultural NPS pollution of Nansi Lake Basin, and the evolution of its behavioral characteristics are simulated, forecasted, and predicted, and policy experiments are conducted, with a view to providing references for the prevention and control of agricultural NPS pollution in Nansi Lake Basin and further research.

Knowledge, Perception and Awareness of Dog Related Zoonosis in Uyo Metropolis, Nigeria

Introduction: The interaction of humans and animals especially dogs, has made zoonotic diseases remain a genuine threat to the health and survival of humans. Aim: The study was aimed at assessing the level of knowledge and risk perception of dog owners regarding canine and their zoonotic potential in Uyo, Akwa, Ibom. Methodology: Structured questionnaires were employed for the cross sectional study. Result: A total of 200 respondents were employed for the study and all (100%) were aware that some animal diseases (zoonoses) are transmissible to humans, including those of dogs. A high level of awareness of 100% (200) was recorded for rabies and its route of transmission (bite) and 75% (157) for dermatophytosis while 96.5% (193) were ignorant on dog helminthic zoonosis. Some of the encountered factors that predisposed infectivity included: compromised sanitary conditions of the kennel (50%), inappropriate disposal of dog feces (51.5%), poor veterinary attention (58%), and feeding of dogs with both raw animal products and household leftovers (53%). Conclusion: This revealed a high potential of zoonotic infectivity among the human population in the area, mostly on zoonotic helminth infections, as they were misperceived. Therefore, there is a need for increased awareness, strategy formulation, and implementation toward the control and eradication of zoonotic diseases.

Enhancing water security: Statistical measurement and spatiotemporal analysis

Water security is essential for ensuring energy security, sustainable development, and human survival. However, due to a series of challenges, including rising water demand, environmental pollution, and water resource shortages, the global water security situation remains concerning and poses a threat to global sustainable development. To assess water security in China, this study uses data from 30 provinces in China from 2012 to 2021. A comprehensive evaluation method was applied to determine the level of water resource security in China. The Dagum Gini coefficient, Moran index, and spatial model were used to clarify regional differentiation characteristics and the driving factors. The results indicate that while China's water resource security is relatively low, it has shown steady improvement in recent years. Significant regional disparities exist in water resource security across China, with notable spatial characteristics, and socio-economic factors are the primary causes of these differences. Based on the above research, we put forward policy recommendations from the aspects of water resources management, public participation and inter-regional water resources cooperation, to provide reference for water resources security in developing countries.

Role of women in the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus—challenges and opportunities

AbstractWater, food and energy are crucial for human survival and sustainable development, being interconnected through the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus. Despite extensive research, the significant roles women play in these sectors are often underappreciated. Women are vital in water management, enhancing resource management, water quality and access, particularly in rural areas. In agriculture, they make up a large proportion of the workforce, boosting productivity, promoting sustainable farming practices and ensuring food security. Their deep knowledge of traditional food systems, coupled with their caregiving roles, contributes to providing nutritious and culturally appropriate diets. In the energy sector, women are key advocates for sustainable solutions and grassroots adoption of renewable energy technologies. Recognizing gender equality and empowering women are essential for maximizing their potential in the WEF nexus. Implementing gender‐responsive policies, inclusive decision‐making processes, and investing in education and skills training can significantly enhance women's roles in sustainable management. Empowered women drive innovation and transformative change, leading to more resilient and inclusive governance structures. This article emphasizes the importance of recognizing and supporting women's contributions within the WEF nexus, as this leads to more sustainable and equitable outcomes for all.

Seasonal Variations in Physico- chemical Parameters of the Sediment of Thengapatnam Estuary, South-coastal Region of India

The tremendous biodiversity and ecological processes that depend on freshwater and marine environments are essential to human survival. The physicochemical parameters in both surface waters and sediments are important to understand estuarine dynamics. The present study was carried out to determine how the seasonal variation will affect the physicochemical parameters of sediments of five stations in Thengapatnam estuary. Sediment samples were collected for a period of one year from June 2014-May 2015 from five different sampling stations. The parameters such as pH, temperature, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium, Copper, Zinc, Iron and Manganese were analysed using standard procedures. The result expose that, soil sediment have high amount of potassium in all five stations. Sediment temperature varied from 25.7- 30.1°C. Hydrogen ion concentration ranged between 6.9 to 8.3, concentrations of nutrients viz. nitrate (2.4 – 6.4 mg/100g), phosphate (1.5 - 15.25 mg/100g) potassium (138 – 560 ppm) and concentration of metals like iron, zinc and manganese were found to be higher during monsoon season and lower during premonsoon seasons The overall findings highlight the need for a scientific solution to reduce the use of harmful chemicals and heavy metal contamination from the river system in order to preserve the biodiversity of freshwater and marine ecosystems.

PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN SATE LILIT IKAN BANDENG SEBAGAI UPAYA MENINGKATKAN KETERAMPILAN DAN STATUS GIZI BAGI MASYARAKAT

Food is essential for human survival. The government has to provide and distribute food which is affordable and safe for the people to consume. The society in Muara Gembong District, Bekasi Regency, mainly makes a living from fish farming, agriculture, and trade. A vivid example of food availability is the utilization of local resources through 'food modification'. One popular culinary product is satay, which is usually made from meat. However, in this particular training, we used a local raw material, namely milkfish, as the main ingredient for making sate lilit (a type of satay). Milkfish contains high protein, namely around 20-24%; rich with micro and macro minerals; as well as has a soft, chewy, and savory texture. The results of the training, based on the results of the pre-test and post-test, showed an n-gain score of 0.6. This number signifies that the making of sate lilit was medium. Furthermore, in an effort to follow up on the aforementioned result, we hope that SMAN 1 Muara Gembong can become a part of the mentoring groups of the study program.

TRNA-derived fragment 3031B regulates human anterior cruciate ligament cell proliferation and survival by targeting RELA

tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) are novel short noncoding RNAs that play pivotal roles in cell proliferation and survival. However, knowledge of the biological roles of tRFs in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) cells is limited. Here, we intended to investigate the function of tRF-3031B in ACL cell. We used the tRF and tiRNA array to analyze tRF and tiRNA expression profiles in osteoarthritis (OA) ACL cells and normal ACL cells, and qRT-PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were used to determine tRF-3031B expression. The results showed that tRF-3031B was expressed at low levels in OA ACL and Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) treated ACL cells. We found that RELA was the target of tRF-3031B. When ACL cells were transfected with tRF-3031B mimics, RELA expression was suppressed, whereas transfection with tRF-3031B inhibitors had the opposite effect. The rescue and dual-luciferase reporter assays showed that tRF-3031B silenced the RELA expression by binding to its untranslated region (3′-UTR). Hence, this study showed the novel function of tRF-3031B in regulating ACL cell proliferation and survival by targeting RELA, and these findings may offer a new direction for the study of ACL degeneration and pathophysiological of OA.

A Hybrid Framework for Plant Leaf Region Segmentation: Comparative Analysis of Swarm Intelligence with Convolutional Neural Networks

Agriculture is important for the survival of humanity since about 70% of the world's population is engaged in agricultural pursuits to varying degrees. The previous and present methodology lacks ways to identify diseases in different crops within an agricultural environment. The crops most impacted by these illnesses are tomatoes, leading to a significant increase in the price of tomatoes. Controlling tomato illnesses is crucial for optimal development and production, making early diagnosis and disease detection vital. Early disease diagnosis and treatment in tomato plants can lead to improved yields. Tomato plants are susceptible to illnesses, which can significantly affect the quality, quantity, and productivity of the crop if not properly treated. Despite many unsuccessful efforts to utilize machine learning methods for detecting and classifying illnesses in tomato plants. This study introduces a comparative framework for segmenting tomato leaf regions using both conventional and swarm intelligence methodologies to determine the more effective approach. This framework enables the development of a tomato plant diagnosis system capable of analyzing various sorts of images, including both standard and custom image datasets. The obtained evaluation parameters of the proposed model in terms of average precision, recall, f-measure, error, and accuracy are 0.914, 0.915, 0.915, 1.55% and 98.45%, respectively. We performed a comparative examination of six scenarios: T-model, K-model, TPSO-model, KPSO-model, TGO-model, and KGO-model. The combination of K-means with the GO algorithm proved to be a powerful hybrid technique, with an accuracy of 96.45%. Comparatively, the T-model, K-model, TPSO-model, KPSO-model, and TGO-model attained accuracies of 85.73%, 86.61%, 87.54%, 88.64%, and 92.21% correspondingly.

Ecologically Regenerative Building Systems through Exergy Efficiency: Designing for Structural Order and Ecosystem Services

Regenerative design is being increasingly explored in urban environments to counteract and adapt to the changing climate and degradation of ecosystems. A critical success factor for the implementation of regenerative design is the evaluation of urban and building systems in relation to ecological performance and benefits. In biological ecosystems, the availability of high-quality energy, called exergy, and structural order can be used as indicators of the efficiency of on-going ecological processes. Structural order refers to the organization and systematic arrangements of biotic and abiotic elements within an ecosystem based on the available space and interactions with the goal to form a functional system. Ecological processes use the available exergy and generate ecosystem services (ESs) upon which human survival and that of other living organisms depend. In this article, structural order and ESs generation are proposed as indicators for exergy efficiency and accumulation in building systems, respectively, which can evaluate to what extent they are ecologically functional and regenerative. Based on this insight, design strategies are derived from the functioning of ecosystems that describe how buildings could become habitats that host living, non-living, and hybrid systems with optimized thermodynamic efficiency and that can generate ESs. This research suggests that when buildings improve structural order (an ecological concept) and implement ESs generating processes similar to biological ecosystems, they can facilitate regenerative processes more effectively that consume and generate resources and, with this, destroy but also accumulate exergy.

Cinematic Science Fiction, Indigenous Mythology, and Multispecies Entanglement: An Ecological Reading of The Mermaid (2016)

Abstract In a time of anxiety about environmental annihilation and human extinction, many literary science fiction (sf) authors from the Sinophone area have explored and expressed their ecological concerns through depicting a devastated environment populated by supernatural beings. This article traces a similar trend in cinematic sf by analyzing the 2016 film The Mermaid (Meirenyu 美人鱼), a science-fictional fairy tale written and co-produced by Stephen Chow 周星驰. The choice of merfolk, half-human half-fish creatures employed in the movie, differs, but not completely, from Han Song’s 韩松 portrayal of “aquatic humans” (shuiqiren 水栖人) in his 2004 novel Red Ocean (Hongse haiyang 红色海洋). I believe that the marine humans present in both works, reminiscent of supernatural figures belonging to Chinese and global mythology that embody a harmonious relationship between humans and nature, can be read as an attempt to decolonize science fiction, via a symbolic display of multispecies entanglement.

IRX3 promotes adipose tissue browning and inhibits fibrosis in obesity-resistant mice

Obesity is one of the threats to human health and survival. High fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity leads to adipose tissue fibrosis and a series of metabolic diseases. There are some people still thin under HFD, a phenomenon known as the "obesity resistance (OR) phenotype". It was found that Iroquois homeobox 3 (IRX3) is considered as a regulator in obesity, but the regulatory mechanism between OR and IRX3 is still unclear. In this study, we investigated OR on a HFD and the role of the IRX3 gene. Using mice, we observed that OR mice had lower body weights, reduced liver lipid synthesis, and increased white adipose tissue (WAT) lipolysis compared to obesity-prone (OP) mice. Additionally, OR mice exhibited spontaneous WAT browning and less fibrosis, correlating with higher Irx3 expression. Utilizing 3T3-L1 differentiated adipocytes, our study demonstrated that overexpression of Irx3 promoted thermogenesis-related gene expression and reduced adipocyte fibrosis. Therefore, Irx3 promotes WAT browning and inhibits fibrosis in OR mice. These results provide insight into the differences between obesity and OR, new perspectives on obesity treatment, and guidance for lessening adipose tissue fibrosis.

Human Leukocyte Antigen Mismatching and Survival in Contemporary Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Hematologic Malignancies.

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatching can reduce survival of patients with blood cancer after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). How recent advances in HCT practice, in particular graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis by post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy), influence HLA risk associations is unknown. The study included 17,292 unrelated HCTs with 6-locus high-resolution HLA typing, performed mainly for acute leukemia or related myeloid neoplasms between 2016 and 2020, including 1,523 transplants with PTCy. HLA risk associations were evaluated by multivariable Cox regression models, with overall survival (OS) as primary end point. OS was lower in HLA mismatched compared with fully matched transplants (hazard ratio [HR], 1.23 [99% CI, 1.14 to 1.33]; P < .001). This was driven by class I HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C (HR, 1.29 [99% CI, 1.19 to 1.41]; P < .001) but not class II HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 (HR, 1.07 [99% CI, 0.93 to 1.23]; P = .19). Class I antigen-level mismatches were associated with worse OS than allele-level mismatches (HR, 1.36 [99% CI, 1.24 to 1.49]; P < .001), as were class I graft-versus-host peptide-binding motif (PBM) mismatches compared with matches (HR, 1.42 [99% CI, 1.28 to 1.59]; P < .001). The use of PTCy improved GVHD, relapse-free survival compared with conventional prophylaxis in HLA-matched transplants (HR, 0.77 [0.66 to 0.9]; P < .001). HLA mismatching increased mortality in PTCy transplants (HR, 1.32 [1.04 to 1.68]; P = .003) similarly as in non-PTCy transplants (interaction P = .43). Class I but not class II HLA mismatches, especially at the antigen and PBM level, are associated with inferior survival in contemporary unrelated HCT. These effects are not significantly different between non-PTCy compared with PTCy transplants. Optimized HLA matching should still be considered in modern HCT.

Reconstructing Early Microbial Life.

For more than 3.5 billion years, life experienced dramatic environmental extremes on Earth. These include shifts from oxygen-less to overoxygenated atmospheres and cycling between hothouse conditions and global glaciations. Meanwhile, an ecological revolution took place. Earth evolved from one dominated by microbial life to one containing the plants and animals that are most familiar today. Many key cellular features evolved early in the history of life, collectively defining the nature of our biosphere and underpinning human survival. Recent advances in molecular and evolutionary biology have profoundly deepened our understanding of the origin and evolution of microbes across deep time. However, the incorporation of molecular genetics, population biology, and evolutionary biology approaches into the study of Precambrian biota remains a significant challenge. This review synthesizes our current knowledge of early microbial life with an emphasis on ancient metabolisms. It also outlines the foundations of an emerging interdisciplinary area that integrates microbiology, paleobiology, and evolutionary synthetic biology to reconstruct ancient biological innovations.

PS-MTL-LUCAS: A partially shared multi-task learning model for simultaneously predicting multiple soil properties

Soil acts as a foundation for human survival and social development and soil quality has a great effect on the growth of agricultural products. Visible/near-infrared spectroscopy has been acknowledged as a rapid and non-destructive method for predicting soil properties, and multi-task learning is a preferable approach to analyze the correlation between the spectroscopy data and soil properties. However, current multi-task learning models with the soft parameter sharing structure extremely rely on the task relatedness. To tackle this limitation, we proposed PS-MTL-LUCAS, a multi-task learning with a partially shared structure in this study. An additional shared layer was utilized to learn the general informative representations and interact with each task-specific layer. The partially shared structure ensured the maximum information flow between layers, thereby boosting the prediction performance. Also, the SHapley Addictive exPlanations (SHAP) algorithm was adopted to extract the feature wavelengths of each soil property. PS-MTL-LUCAS was validated on the LUCAS topsoil dataset (2009), and the experimental result suggested that PS-MTL-LUCAS dominated state-of-the-art models by achieving the determination of coefficient at 0.945, 0.936, 0.413, 0.624, 0.837, 0.952, and 0.956 for pH, N, P, K, CEC, OC, and CaCO3, respectively. In summary, this study highlighted the use of the soil spectroscopy and multi-task learning techniques in the soil property prediction task and provided a very promising approach for soil studies.

Circular Economy for Fashion Waste in the Indian Fashion Industry: Challenges and Opportunities

Essential to human survival, textiles, and clothing have witnessed a meteoric rise in production and consumption worldwide, evolving from basic needs to everyday commodities. A more disposable consumer culture is evident in the projected global apparel demand of $2.6 trillion by 2025. However, a primary environmental concern—fashion waste—has emerged as an outcome of lifestyle changes. The fashion industry is the most wasteful consumer industry in the world, mainly due to its linear (take, make, and waste) model. Several solutions have been proposed to address the waste created by this industry, with the circular economy (CE) being considered the most appropriate choice. This study explores the challenges unique to the Indian fashion industry in adopting CE practices to handle textile waste. The study gathers insights from 22 industry stakeholders by adopting a qualitative approach. It offers challenges spanning political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal (PESTEL) dimensions. The investigation emphasized that the most pressing challenge is economics, highlighting the emphasis on company profits, followed by technical and political challenges. The study recommends addressing these challenges through capacity building, clear guidelines, innovation, technological advancement, and multi-stakeholder collaboration platforms.