Human Sports Research Articles

An Accurate Classification for Human Sport Activity Recognition from Sensor Data Using Hybrid Machine Learning Models

The significance of human sports activities recognition (HSAR) in many computing applications, including sports analytics, smart surroundings, and healthcare monitoring is huge. The current use of vision sensors for HSAR is a difficult task due to the intricate movements involved in sports and fitness workouts, as well as fluctuations in illumination conditions. Therefore, a comprehensive review of machine learning algorithms (such as XGBoost, Random Forest (RF), Decision Trees (DT), and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)) and their usage for human sports activities classification based on sensor data called ML-HSAR is presented in this article. A dataset containing 19 different human activities gathered from 8 different people through different types of sensors was used for this work; the dataset contains activities like sitting and standing, as well as other activities that require serious movements, such as running, cycling, and playing basketball. This study primarily aims to determine the performance of the considered ML models in accurately classifying these activities found in the dataset. The training of the algorithms and the subsequent evaluation were done on the segmented sensor data, effectively leveraging the dataset’s temporal aspect. In addition to the presented results for each of these algorithms, the limitations of each algorithm and their strengths in handling the complexities involved in HSAR were also presented. The contribution of this analysis is towards the understanding of the most appropriate ML models for HSAR tasks; it also offers valuable insights for future research and practical applications.

Research on Maximum Explosive Strength and Training Methods

Explosive force is a form of fast power performance, explosive force athletes an important part of the overall level of athletic ability, the athletes' athletic performance enhancement has a vital important role, the vast majority of sports programs have a profound significance. But from the current athletes special explosive force training situation to discuss, many athletes explosive force training often lack of specialization and effectiveness, omitted the training of special explosive force, is not conducive to the athletes personal escape performance improvement. The article mainly uses the literature method to define the maximum explosive force and discusses the importance for human sports performance. Attempts from the factors affecting explosive force, explosive force training, development of explosive force training methods, explosive force training load selection, for athletes explosive force training to mention the new training design ideas.

Detection of nonsteroidal and steroidal selective androgen receptor modulators in equine hair after oral administrations.

This paper describes the detections of nonsteroidal and steroidal selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs), namely, RAD140 and YK-11, in mane hair collected from horses having been orally administered with the respective drugs. SARMs are potent anabolic agents with a high potential of misuse in horseracing and equestrian sports, and the misuses of RAD140 and YK-11 in human sports have been reported. To better control the misuse of RAD140 and YK-11 in horses, two separate oral administration studies of RAD140 (0.3mg/kg daily for 3days) and YK-11 (0.2mg/kg daily for 3days) were previously conducted to investigate their metabolism and to identify target analyte(s) with the longest detection time in urine and plasma for doping control. In this work, segmental analyses of post-administration hair samples have revealed that (i) RAD140 and YK-11 could be detected in horse mane after oral administration and (ii) internal incorporation of RAD140 into hair via bloodstream and external incorporation through sweat or sebum were both observed, whereas YK-11 was primarily incorporated into hair via sweat or sebum.

Piezoresistive pressure sensor based on conductive MWCNTs@PANI fiber network for motion sensing and human–machine interface

AbstractWearable smart sensors have broad prospects in medical health and physical exercise. In this study, the core–shell conductive fiber membrane was prepared by adding multiwalled carbon nanotubes during polymerization of aniline on spun fibers. In comparison to the conventionally utilized polymerized aniline, the integration of carbon nanotube particulates enhances the conductivity and surface area, provides more aniline polymerization sites, and simultaneously increases the stability of the composite film. The pressure sensor has a sensitivity of 61.12, 40.32, and 23.17 kPa−1 in the range of 0–7.1 kPa, 7.1–11.1 kPa, and 11.1–19.54 kPa. In addition, it has a fast response time (loading time of 120 ms and unloading time of only 22 ms) and exhibits excellent cyclic stability through numerous loading–unloading cycles. These properties enable the sensor to be applied to real‐time monitoring of human sports health, such as knee and elbow bending, mouse clicking, beaker holding, and so on. This research method provides a new strategy and technology for conducting polymers as materials for flexible electronic equipment.

Application of Nanomaterials in the Repair of Sports Ligament Injury of Athletes under the Background of IOT

Abstract The phenomenon of nonstandard or hyperextended human movement leads to the sports injury of human ligaments, which affects the normal life of the human body. Therefore, this paper proposes to use nanomaterials to prepare an artificial ligament to repair ligament injury. First of all, through the analysis of the causes of high incidence of human sports ligament injury, as well as the human ligament structure, according to the structure of human ligaments, nanomaterials and instruments are determined, and nanomaterial artificial ligaments are prepared; on this basis, through the use of nanospinning materials, an artificial nanomaterial ligament was prepared, and its surface was modified. Finally, the objective function was constructed to evaluate the toughness and material density of nanomaterials, and the application effect of nanomaterials in the repair of sports ligament injury was determined. The experimental results show that the nanomaterials can effectively repair sports ligament injury, and the toughness and tensile strength of the materials are within a reasonable range.

Retracted: Optimization and Simulation of Virtual Experiment System of Human Sports Science Based on VR

Retracted: Optimization and Simulation of Virtual Experiment System of Human Sports Science Based on VR

Exploration of Physical Education Teaching Reform in Colleges and Universities in the Context of Deep Learning

Abstract Deep learning is an important path for the digital reform of college sports teaching. In this context, the study is first conducted to acquire sports data in colleges and universities. Openpose technology is used to collect skeletal point coordinate data and process it to construct a human sports model. Then, based on the similarity comparison of sports poses, the generated sports sequences are filled to simulate the real human sports sequences and data, and the DTW algorithm is used to match the sports sequences and data with the features, eliminate the inconsistency between the length of the poses to be matched and the template pose sequences, and then give the scores of the poses to realize the evaluation of the learners’ sports performance. Combining the principles and functions mentioned above, we construct a system for evaluating sports teaching and analyze its application examples. The distribution of the distance between the quaternion-based swing action and the standard swing action is within the range of 0.18~0.25, and the distance between various types of actions and the standard action is not large. The professional scoring was 5.199 points higher than the DTW-based stance score of 90.183 points. In addition, in the experimental group and the control group, there is a significant difference in the analysis of students’ movement skills assessment, P<0.05, indicating that compared with the traditional teaching mode, the deep learning-based physical education teaching system has a strong relevance as well as the ability to provide real-time movement feedback and movement correction for students’ movement practice.

Constructing a Guarantee System for Physical Education Teaching Reform and Innovation in the Digital Era

Abstract In this paper, the world coordinate system transformation in virtual reality technology is utilized to obtain the gesture information for estimating human movement in the process of physical education, and the dynamic sampling light projection algorithm is used to match the gestures of human sports movements. The selection algorithm based on the Q statistic defines the virtual reality technology difference as the error trend of the existence of the difference obtained by each classifier for the new data sports students, and at the same time, combines with the VRT method to construct the VR sports teaching model. In the digital teaching of sports, digital sports teaching materials can be produced by motion editing and video synthesis, and statistical analysis methods can be used to study and analyze the teaching of sports in the digital era. The results show that the highest value recognized by the supervised training algorithm based on JPCD+SRD is 0.92, while the highest value recognized by this paper’s algorithm is 1, i.e., it shows that the effect obtained by this paper’s algorithm is higher than that of supervised training methods, which makes the effect of action recognition in virtual reality technology further improved. The average scores of sit-ups of girls in the control class and the experimental class were improved by 4.03 points and 11.4 points, respectively, compared with those before the experiment, i.e., the use of Internet tools to assist teaching has a significant promotion effect on the sit-up scores of girls. This study facilitates teachers to innovate teaching methods and promotes the process of digital teaching reform in physical education.

Annual banned-substance review 16th edition-Analytical approaches in human sports drug testing 2022/2023.

In this 16th edition of the annual banned-substance review on analytical approaches in human sports drug testing, literature on recent developments in this particular section of global anti-doping efforts that was published between October 2022 and September 2023 is summarized and discussed. Most recent additions to the continuously growing portfolio of doping control analytical approaches and investigations into analytical challenges in the context of adverse analytical findings are presented, taking into account existing as well as emerging challenges in anti-doping, with specific focus on substances and methods of doping recognized in the World Anti-Doping Agency's 2023 Prohibited List. As in previous years, focus is put particularly on new or enhanced analytical options in human doping controls, appreciating the exigence and core mission of anti-doping and, equally, the conflict arising from the opposingly trending extent of the athlete's exposome and the sensitivity of instruments nowadays commonly available in anti-doping laboratories.

中国冰雪运动发展对构建人类体育共同体的价值探讨

Under the guidance of Xi Jinping’s great theory of ‘a community with a shared future for mankind’, we formulate and implement the ‘Belt and Road’ sports development action plan, actively build various sports exchange platforms, encourage rich and diverse non-governmental sports exchanges, and enhance the international influence of Chinese sports. It can strengthen exchanges and cooperation with international sports organizations and expand my country’s influence and voice in international sports affairs. This article proposes the concept of building a human sports community, which aims to provide a good communication platform and concept between people and between countries. Its ultimate goal is to achieve peaceful development and common progress of all mankind.

A self-powered intelligent integrated sensing system for sports skill monitoring

The use of green intelligent sensing systems which are based on triboelectric nanogenerators have sparked a surge of research in recent years. The development has made significant contributions to the field of promoting human health. However, the integration of an intelligent sensing system with multi-directional triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) remains challenges in the field of motion monitoring. To solve this research issue, this study designed a self-powered multifunctional fitness blanket (SF-MFB) which incorporates four TENGs, features multi-sensors and wireless motion monitoring capabilities. It presents a self-powered integrated sensing system which utilizes four TENG sensing units to monitor human motion. Each TENG sensing unit collects the mechanical energy generated during motion. The system is composed of SF-MFB, Bluetooth transmission terminal, and upper computer analysis terminal. Its main purpose is to wirelessly monitor and diagnose human sports skills and enables real-time human–computer interaction. The TENG integrated self-powered sensing system demonstrates practicality in sports skills monitoring, diagnosis, human–computer interaction and entertainment. This research introduces a novel approach for the application of TENG self-powered intelligent integrated sensing system in health promotion.

An Unpowered Knee Exoskeleton for Walking Assistance and Energy Capture.

In order to reduce the energy consumption of human daily movement without providing additional power, we considered the biomechanical behavior of the knee during external impedance interactions. Based on the theory of human sports biomechanics, combined with the requirements of human-machine coupling motion consistency and coordination, an unpowered exoskeleton-assisted device for the knee joint is proposed in this paper. The effectiveness of this assisted device was verified using gait experiments and distributed plantar pressure tests with three modes: "not wearing exoskeleton" (No exo.), "wearing exoskeleton with assistance " (Exo. On), and "wearing exoskeleton without assistance" (Exo. Off). The experimental results indicate that (1) This device can effectively enhance the function of the knee, increasing the range of knee movement by 3.72% (p < 0.001). (2) In the early stages of the lower limb swing, this device reduces the activity of muscles in relation to the knee flexion, such as the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and soleus muscles. (3) For the first time, it was found that the movement length of the plantar pressure center was reduced by 6.57% (p = 0.027). This basic principle can be applied to assist the in-depth development of wearable devices.

Investigation of in vitro generated metabolites of LGD-4033, a selective androgen receptor modulator, in homogenized camel liver for anti-doping applications.

The use of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARM) in sports is prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) due to their potential as performance-enhancing drugs, offering an unfair advantage. LGD-4033 is a SARM known for its similarities to anabolic steroids and can be easily purchased online, leading to increased availability and misuse. Adverse analytical findings have revealed the presence of SARMs in dietary supplements. Although LGD-4033 misuse has been reported in human sports over the years, concerns also arise regarding its illicit use in animal sports, including camel racing. Although various studies have investigated the metabolism of LGD-4033 in humans, horse, and other species, there is limited research specifically dedicated to racing camels. This study focuses on the in vitro metabolism of LGD-4033 in homogenized camel liver using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) to identify and characterize the metabolites. The findings indicated the presence of 12 phase I metabolites and 1 phase II metabolite. Hydroxylation was responsible for the formation of the main phase I metabolites that were identified. A glucuronic acid conjugate of the parent drug was observed in this study, but no sulfonic acid conjugate was found. The possible chemical structures of these metabolites, along with their fragmentation patterns, were identified using MS. These findings provide valuable insights into the metabolism of LGD-4033 in camels and aid in the development of effective doping control methods for the detection of SARMs in camel racing.

Spatial distribution characteristics and causes of public sports venues in China

Public sports venues serve as a crucial material medium for human athletic activities. Research on their spatial distribution holds profound implications for optimizing spatial layout and promoting human sports endeavors. This paper takes interest points of sports venues in China as research samples, employing GIS spatial analysis tools, mathematical statistics, and Geo-detector as research methods. It systematically investigates the spatial distribution characteristics and causes of sports venues in China, aiming to provide insights and references for the optimization of spatial arrangement, sustainable development, and relevant policy formulation of sports venues in the country. The results indicate that: (1) In terms of overall distribution characteristics, sports venues in China present a multi-centric agglomeration in geographical space. (2) From a regional distribution perspective, the spatial layout of these venues reveals a pattern of “more in the south, less in the north,” “dense in the southeast, sparse in the northwest,” and a coastal strip distribution. (3) Regarding spatial correlation, the hot and cold spot partitions of sports venues largely align with the “Hu-Line”, with their spatial distribution tending towards a positively correlated pattern of high–high clustering and low–low clustering. (4) There is evident heterogeneity in factors affecting sports venues’ spatial distribution. The distribution results from the interactive coupling of multiple factors, where the interaction between any two factors offers stronger explanatory power for the spatial layout of the venues.

Internet of things sports information collection and sports action simulation based on cloud computing data platform

In recent years, cloud computing technology has shown exponential growth, and the upgrading of hardware and the improvement of computing performance have brought significant changes to the Internet of Things industry. With the changes of the times and the emergence of many new demands, data platforms under cloud computing platforms must make corresponding changes according to the new demands. Among them, the construction of cross regional data centers is particularly important, especially in commercial environments. How to reduce the cost of data centers on cloud computing platforms while ensuring business quality has become a crucial issue. Based on the above situation, this article has optimized the bandwidth cost of the data center and solved the problem of big data transmission based on delayed big data windows and multi delay windows. A mathematical model for optimizing bandwidth cost under multi delay windows is proposed. This article also studied sports action simulation, which plays an important role in sports research, film animation, and virtual reality. Simulation actions are usually implemented based on data capture methods. However, these methods typically do not have interactivity with the environment. To enhance the authenticity and interactive ability of simulation action information collection, this article adopts reinforcement learning method for training and design, and applies a system of functions such as collecting human sports data processing. This article applies cloud computing data platforms and sports information collection to sports action simulation, making progress in the development of sports action simulation.

The Effectiveness of Coffee Morning, Press Meeting and Public Meetings in Distribution of Information in the Communication and Informatics Department of North Sumatra Province

Background: Communication is a need in human lifestyles, in regular lifestyles verbal exchange is used to engage among one person and another. Communication may be executed anywhere, together with at home, office, campus, corporations and organizations. Aims: This study aimis to know the effectiveness of coffee morning, press meeting and public meetings in distribution of information in the communication and informatics Department of North Sumatera. Methods: The verbal exchange method is largely a method of turning in messages. In the verbal exchange method, the content material of the message may be withinside the shape of facts, the want for facts is a completely crucial requirement in numerous human sports. Results: The Communication and Information Office of North Sumatra Province, in sporting out espresso morning sports as one of the habitual sports completed to carry evaluations, ideas and actual information about the company is believed to be able to reduce this. Conclusion: Coffee morning is as a means to share information between management and employees for the sake of the company's progress and supporting factors for achieving company goals. From the media employee relations communication that exists between leaders and employees through coffee mornings.

Equine in vivo metabolite profiling of the selective androgen receptor modulator LGD-3303 for doping control

LGD-3303 is a Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) that is prohibited in both equine and human sports due to its anabolic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the equine in vivo metabolite profile of LGD-3303 and identify drug metabolites that can be suitable as new and improved analytical targets for equine doping control. This was performed by an oral administration of 0.05 mg·kg−1 LGD-3303 to horses, where blood and urine samples were collected up to 96 h after administration. The in vivo samples consisting of plasma, urine and hydrolyzed urine were analyzed utilizing ultra-high performance liquid chromatography hyphenated to a Q Exactive™ Orbitrap™ high resolution mass spectrometer with a heated electrospray ionization source. A total of eight metabolites of LGD-3303 were tentatively identified, including one carboxylated and several hydroxylated metabolites in combination with glucuronic acid conjugates. A monohydroxylated metabolite is suggested as an analytical target for doping control analysis of plasma and urine after hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase, due to the high intensity and prolonged detection time in comparison to parent LGD-3303.

Common Sports Injuries of Track and Field Athletes Using Cloud Computing and Internet of Things

Cloud computing and the Internet of Things (IoT), are popular technologies on the Internet. They can connect everything with the Internet and have a huge role in promoting social development. This paper aimed to conduct an in-depth study on the common sports injuries of track and field athletes by studying the related algorithms of cloud computing and the IoT, and selected the cluster analysis method, so that it can better serve the analysis of human movement. The problem studied in this paper is to find out how to improve the efficiency of clustering algorithms, especially the ability to process high-dimensional data. A motion algorithm system that is suitable for analyzing human sports injuries. This paper gave a general introduction to the cluster analysis algorithm in cloud computing and IoT, made a detailed analysis of the common sports injuries of track and field athletes, and applied the cluster analysis method to the analysis of human sports injuries. The basic principle is to use mathematical methods to quantitatively determine the relationship between samples based on their own attributes and certain similarity or difference indicators, and cluster the samples according to the degree of this relationship. The introduction of this method greatly enhances the efficiency of clustering algorithms, especially the ability to process high-dimensional data, which is suitable for analyzing human sports injuries. Based on the experiments in this paper, it can see that this paper took 70 track and field athletes from a high school as the research object, and conducted a more detailed analysis of the nature, location and causes of their common sports injuries. The computational and Internet of Things (IoT) based research method for common athletic injuries among track and field athletes proposed in this article is higher than the multi-level model method, with a speed of about 10% faster and an accuracy of 18% higher than the multi-level model method. The experimental results in this paper showed that using cloud computing and IoT as the basic methods to study common sports injuries of track and field athletes can obtain richer experimental data and make the analysis of results more scientific and credible, which has practical significance for the study of human sports injuries.

Icing after skeletal muscle injury with necrosis in a small fraction of myofibers limits inducible nitric oxide synthase-expressing macrophage invasion and facilitates muscle regeneration.

Growing evidence from animal experiments suggests that icing after skeletal muscle injury is harmful to muscle regeneration. However, these previous experimental models yielded massive necrotic myofibers, whereas muscle injury with necrosis in a small myofiber fraction (<10%) frequently occurs in human sports activities. Although macrophages play a proreparative role during muscle regeneration, they exert a cytotoxic effect on muscle cells through an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-mediated mechanism. In this study, we established an animal injury model with necrosis limited to a small myofiber fraction and investigated the effect of icing on muscle regeneration with a focus on macrophage-related events. Icing after muscle injury of this model resulted in an enlarged size of regenerating myofibers compared with those in untreated animals. During the regenerative process, icing attenuated the accumulation of iNOS-expressing macrophages, suppressed iNOS expression in the whole damaged muscle, and limited the expansion of the injured myofiber area. In addition, icing increased the ratio of M2 macrophages within the injured site at an earlier time point than that in untreated animals. Following these phenomena in icing-treated muscle regeneration, an early accumulation of activated satellite cells within the damaged/regenerating area occurred. The expression level of myogenic regulatory factors, such as MyoD and myogenin, was not affected by icing. Taken together, our results suggest that icing after muscle injury with necrosis limited to a small fraction of myofibers facilitates muscle regeneration by attenuating iNOS-expressing macrophage invasion, limiting muscle damage expansion, and accelerating the accumulation of myogenic cells which form regenerating myofibers.

Equine metabolism of the selective androgen receptor modulator YK-11 in urine and plasma following oral administration.

YK-11 is a steroidal selective androgen receptor modulator, a compound class prohibited in both equine racing and human sports because of their potentially performance enhancing properties. YK-11 is easily accessible via internet-based supplement vendors making this compound a possible candidate for doping; however, its phases I and II metabolism has not yet been reported in the horse. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vivo metabolites of YK-11 in urine and plasma following oral administration with three daily doses of 50 mg to two Thoroughbred horses. In vitro incubations with equine liver microsomes/S9 were also performed for use as metabolite reference materials; however, this resulted in the formation of 79 metabolites with little overlap with the in vivo metabolism. In plasma, parent YK-11 and seven phase I metabolites were detected, with five of them also observed in vitro. They were present nonconjugated in plasma, with one metabolite also indicating some glucuronide conjugation. In urine, 11 phase I metabolites were observed, with four of them also observed in vitro and six of them also detected in plasma. Nine metabolites were excreted non-conjugated in urine, with two of them also indicating some sulfate conjugation. Two minor metabolites were detected solely as sulfate conjugates. The most abundant analytes in urine were a mono-O-demethylated breakdown product and di-O-demethylated YK-11. The most abundant analytes in plasma were two isomers of the breakdown product with an additional hydroxylation reaction, which also provided the longest detection time in both matrices.