Human Sex Trafficking Research Articles

Look Beneath the Surface: The Role of Healthcare Providers in Identifying Victims of Human Trafficking

Human trafficking, encompassing both labor and sex trafficking, is a pervasive issue that affects people across all demographics globally, nationally, and locally. Family physicians, due to their long-term relationships with patients, are in a unique position to identify victims. Studies show that many trafficking victims access healthcare, particularly in primary care, during their trafficking experience. Recognizing the signs of human trafficking—such as inconsistencies in medical histories, controlling behaviors from companions, and multiple unconnected medical issues—is crucial for early identification. Family physicians can play a pivotal role in offering trauma-informed care and support, helping victims escape exploitation. This article discusses various indicators, including physical, mental, and social signs, and highlights how tools like the PEARR (Privacy, Educate, Ask, Respect, Respond) Tool can assist in victim care. By applying these methods, family physicians not only provide essential healthcare but can also contribute to breaking the cycle of trafficking.

The Use of EMOJIS in Online Human Sex Trafficking Ads

Technology has dramatically changed the way criminals conduct their illicit activities. Specifically, the Internet has become a major facilitator of online human sex trafficking. Traffickers are using these technologies to market their victims which presents new challenges for efforts to combat sex trafficking. This study used knowledge management principles and natural language processing methods to develop an improved ontology of online sex trafficking ads. The language of these ads is constantly evolving; therefore, this study explored the role of a new type of indicator, emojis, to the ontology of human trafficking indicators.

Beneath The Horror of Human Trafficking in Laos: Unraveling Asean's Efforts and Failures Through the Lens Of Neoliberal Institutionalism

This study aims to examine the role of ASEAN, with a specific focus on the Indonesian Chairmanship in 2023 and the future Lao chairmanship in 2024, in addressing the persistent issue of non-traditional security concerns, specifically human trafficking and sex trafficking, which have been prevalent in Laos for an extended period of time. In addition, this analysis will explore the involvement of Lao governments and residents in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the underlying factors contributing to the enduring prevalence of human trafficking in Laos or arenas such as GTSEZs which has exploited Laotian workers. This study will employ a qualitative research methodology, employing the theoretical framework of neoliberal institutionalism to examine the extent to which ASEAN has achieved success or failure in fostering cooperation as an institution. In addition, this study will thoroughly examine the intricacies of domestic politics in Lao. This study reveals that ASEAN has undertaken many initiatives, including ACTIP, NRM, and collaboration between Indonesia and Laos. However, upon further analysis of the government of Lao's endeavors in resolving this subject, it becomes evident that their attempts have been inadequate in terms of institutional capacity, domestic political considerations, and cultural comprehension. Hence, in order to enhance the efficacy of ASEAN's endeavors, it is imperative for the Lao government to demonstrate unwavering dedication in addressing the horror of human trafficking.

Clinical profiles and factors associated with treatment initiation in survivors of sex trafficking: A comparison with survivors of domestic violence and sexual assault.

Little is known about formal help-seeking for mental health issues in survivors of human sex trafficking (ST) and if their experiences are different from those initiating treatment for sexual assault (SA) or domestic violence (DV). This study sought to characterize the clinical and trauma profiles of treatment-seeking survivors of ST as compared with DV and SA and the predictors of mental health treatment initiation in these three groups. The research was based on a secondary data analysis of data gathered from 1,264 treatment-seeking adults from a community mental health treatment facility in the United States. Compared with DV and SA survivors, ST survivors were significantly younger, female, Black, single, unemployed, completed less than high school, and were from the United States. Despite the presence of clinical symptoms among all three groups, findings suggest significant differences in clinical and trauma profiles, with ST survivors reporting lower levels of mental health symptomology compared to DV and SA survivors. Older age (OR = 1.03, 95% CI [1.01, 1.05]), female sex (OR = 3.03, 95% CI [1.89, 4.88]), employment (OR = 0.40, 95% CI [0.24, 0.66]), and better social relationships (OR = 1.09, 95% CI [1.01, 1.16]) were significantly associated with treatment initiation. This research highlights some important predictors of formal help-seeking, including perceived social relationships. Assessing for support systems in these three groups of survivors of interpersonal violence early when engaging survivors is recommended. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Long-term mental health, victimization, and behavioral consequences associated with human sex trafficking

Long-term mental health, victimization, and behavioral consequences associated with human sex trafficking

Development of a New Resident-Centric Sex Trafficking Education Program for Obstetrics/Gynecology, Emergency Medicine, and Family Medicine Programs

Human sex trafficking is widespread and a nationally recognized public health crisis. Trafficked individuals and survivors often utilize the healthcare system, yet healthcare professionals cite a lack of formal training to identify and provide appropriate care. This study aims to increase obstetrics/gynecology, emergency medicine, and family medicine residents' knowledge and confidence when caring for individuals involved in sex trafficking. Obstetrics/gynecology, emergency medicine, and family medicine residents voluntarily attended an evidence-based education session and received an electronic pre-, immediate post-, and 5-month post-session survey measuring knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and confidence. Validated survey items were adapted from previous studies. Paired t-tests (p<0.05) and descriptive analyses were used to determine differences. A concluding focus group was facilitated to further understand trainee experiences and awareness when caring for suspected sex-trafficked individuals and survivors. Thematic analysis determined reoccurring themes. Between 2019 and 2021, 48 pre-session, 28 immediate post-session, and 13 5-month post-session surveys were collected. Resident knowledge and confidence increased from the pre-session to the immediate post-session period. Session pre- and post-surveys were linked (n=14) and showed a statistically significant increase in knowledge (p<0.05) and an increase in confidence. The mean number of correct knowledge questions remained higher 5 months after the session than in the pre-session period. Focus group themes included increased resident knowledge and confidence. Improvement and retention in resident knowledge and confidence in caring for sex-trafficked individuals illustrate the utility of this education intervention and expand on current literature. This study provides an example of an education session that can be adapted for other medical trainees.

Human Trafficking Education: A Pilot Study of Integration into Medical School Curriculum.

Few medical schools incorporate formal education on human trafficking (HT) and sex trafficking (ST) into their curriculum. Our objective was to develop, implement, and evaluate education on HT and ST in the first-year medical student curriculum. The curriculum included a standardized patient (SP) experience and lecture. As part of their mandatory sexual health course, students interviewed an SP who presented with red flags for ST and then participated in a discussion led by a physician-facilitator in an observed small group setting. A multiple-choice survey to assess knowledge about HT and ST was developed and administered to students before and after the SP interview. Of the 50 first-year medical students, 29 (58%) participated in the survey. Compared with the students' baseline scores (according to the percentage of correct responses), scores after the educational intervention showed a significant increase in percentage correct on questions related to trafficking definition and scope (elder care, P = .01; landscaping, P = .03); victim identification (P < .001); referral to services (P < .001); legal issues (P = .01); and security (P < .001). On the basis of the feedback, a 2-hour lecture, which was adapted from the American Medical Women's Association-Physicians Against the Trafficking of Humans "Learn to Identify and Fight Trafficking" training, was presented the next year to all first-year medical students as part of their longitudinal clinical skills course and before the SP case. Curriculum objectives included learning trafficking definitions, victim/survivor identification, intersections with health care, the local impact of HT, and available resources. This curriculum fulfills course objectives and could be replicated at other institutions. Further evaluation of this pilot curriculum is necessary to evaluate its effectiveness.

Sex trafficking screening and intervention in the emergency department: A scoping review.

IntroductionHuman sex trafficking is a global public health crisis. Emergency departments (EDs) are important access points for trafficked persons who seek medical care. However, because of victims’ hesitancy to disclose their situation and health care practitioners' lack of training and institutional protocols, many trafficked persons go unrecognized.MethodsWe performed a scoping review of current literature. PubMed, SCOPUS, and reference lists were searched to identify articles for inclusion. We aimed to identify gaps in knowledge and shortcomings to assist this vulnerable population. Two reviewers independently screened literature search results and abstracted data from included studies. Descriptive analysis was conducted.ResultsWe selected and analyzed 23 studies that focused on adult human sex trafficking identification, screening, interventions, or education in the ED. Eight (35%) of the publications used a survey model to quantitatively assess outcomes. Many of the other publications were descriptive or qualitative in nature, with some using a structured interview approach. We have observed that no validated or consistent screening tool exists for the identification of possible adult trafficked patients in the ED. However, we found that educational interventions and screening tools can improve health care practitioners’ confidence, victim identification, and knowledge of “next steps” for victims.ConclusionsWe found that most ED clinicians and staff have little or no formal training in sex trafficking victim identification, support, institutional protocols, or available local resources. Our review demonstrates a paucity of formal training programs, validated adult screening tools, and standardized institutional protocols to aid in the care of trafficked patients in the ED.

Mental Health and Human Sex Trafficking Among Youth in the US : A Focus on FBOs and Spiritual Health Recovery

Victims of human trafficking endure physical and mental anguish. Young children and women can suffer from physical violence during laborious work, or client and owner encounters. Owners of victims are also abusive and manipulative in order to force compliance. They can also suffer from mental illnesses as a result of long term abuse. According to Zimmerman [1], “Labor trafficking, including both forced and bonded labor is by far the largest category of human trafficking” [2,3]. Zimmerman states that, "The State Department Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons (2009) estimates that just 1.39 million individuals out of the 12.3 million persons enslaved worldwide are trafficked into the commercial sex industry” (p. 568). Children caught up in this crime should not be classified as juvenile delinquents as they are clearly victims. Boxill [4] explains that, “American children who have been prostituted describes these children primarily as juvenile delinquents” (p. 138). These children should not be considered juvenile delinquents and provided with appropriate health care to become productive citizens. Women and children should be cared foras victims and receive the appropriate mental health treatment from government and community entities.

Repairing the Trauma Bonds of Sex Trafficking Victim-Survivors with Animal-Assisted Therapy

ABSTRACT In this paper, we discuss the unique trauma experiences of victim-survivors of sex trafficking. In discussion of current counseling practices and the complex trauma endured by these victim survivors, we offer a suggestion to integrate therapy animals through the use of animal-assisted therapy (AAT) as a practical means of helping victim-survivors heal and repair their trauma bonds. The paper provides counselors with information on the mental and emotional impact of human sex trafficking on victim-survivors while also providing its implications for treatment.

Book review: The Seductions of Quantification: Measuring Human Rights, Gender Violence, and Sex Trafficking

Book review: The Seductions of Quantification: Measuring Human Rights, Gender Violence, and Sex Trafficking

Sally Engle Merry: The Seductions of Quantification – Measuring Human Rights, Gender Violence, and Sex Trafficking (Chicago – London: The University Of Chicago Press 2016) 249.

Sally Engle Merry: The Seductions of Quantification – Measuring Human Rights, Gender Violence, and Sex Trafficking (Chicago – London: The University Of Chicago Press 2016) 249.

A Relational-Cultural Theory Approach to Work with Survivors of Sex Trafficking

ABSTRACT Human sex trafficking has gained greater awareness in recent decades. The literature surrounding sex trafficking has largely applied a model of supply and demand or model of sexual aggression to the issue; however, this understanding is limited. An application of Relational-Cultural Theory (RCT) simultaneously reveals the deeply anti-relational aspects of this human rights abuse and counseling approaches that facilitate healing. An RCT approach, including working with authenticity, mutual empathy, empowerment, relational images, as well as connection and disconnection, can be engaged by counselors to culminate in relational experiences of “the five good things” for survivors of sex trafficking.

A Public Health Approach to Global Child Sex Trafficking.

Human trafficking and child sex trafficking and sexual exploitation in particular are global public health issues with widespread, lasting impacts on children, families, and communities. Traditionally, human trafficking has been treated as a law enforcement problem with an emphasis on the arrest and prosecution of traffickers. However, use of a public health approach focuses efforts on those impacted by exploitation: trafficked persons, their families, and the population at large. It promotes strategies to build a solid scientific evidence base that allows development, implementation, and evaluation of prevention and intervention efforts, informs policy and program development, and guides international efforts at eradication. This article uses the public health approach to address human trafficking, with a focus on child sex trafficking and exploitation. Recommendations are made for public health professionals to contribute to antitrafficking efforts globally.

Teen Knowledge of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children.

The commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) is a pediatric health care problem with significant physical and mental health consequences for victims, even death. Although there exists community-wide collaborations in the United States to address professional response to CSEC, these efforts often have a limited capacity to reach adolescents and involve them in CSEC prevention. As part of a prevention strategy, the National Institute of Justice recommends educating youth about CSEC and exploiters' recruitment tactics. Despite this recommendation, little is known regarding American youth knowledge of CSEC. A descriptive research design was used for this study. All adolescents, male and female, presenting to a high-volume urban pediatric hospital-based Midwestern Child Advocacy Center (CAC) due to concerns for alleged sexual abuse were invited to participate in the study by answering a self- administered electronic questionnaire. This questionnaire explores the participants' knowledge, awareness, and attitudes about CSEC, in addition to collecting demographic data, such as participant age, gender identity, grade, school district, and school. During the six-month study period, 286 CAC patients were eligible to participate in the study. Nearly all participants (n = 217; 97%) agreed that pimping is wrong. While the majority of participants indicated an awareness of human trafficking (n = 198; 94%) and sex trafficking (n = 193; 87%); just (n = 91; 41%) had heard of labor trafficking. Fewer participants (n = 55; 25%) identified that a doctor, nurse, or other health care provider had ever spoken with them about sex trafficking. Study participants overwhelmingly conveyed negative attitudes toward CSEC. Participating adolescents indicated a significantly higher awareness of sex trafficking (87%) versus labor trafficking (10%). Sex trafficking receives more attention in the media than labor trafficking. Given that study participants indicated hearing about trafficking primarily from the media (74%) and family/friends, this may explain the deficit in labor trafficking awareness. Although study participants demonstrated mostly accurate baseline knowledge of CSEC, that knowledge was not universal.

Characteristics and Healthcare Needs of Women Who Are Trafficked for Sex in the United States: An Integrative Literature Review.

Human sex trafficking is a major public health issue. The United States is the second largest market for sex-trafficked women, yet few healthcare interventions, designed for women specifically, have been identified. The purpose of this review was to present a systematic review of the literature on the characteristics and healthcare needs of women who have been trafficked for sex in the United States. This literature review was conducted following the methodology outlined by Whittmore and Knalf and written using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses criteria. Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health, PsychInfo, PubMed, and Scopus databases were searched. A quality assessment tool was used to determine rigor of the studies included in this review. Nine publications met the inclusion criteria. Three studies specifically explored health. Four studies were composed solely of women born outside the United States, and two studies reported differences across many variables, including overall health, between women born outside the United States and women born within the United States. A lack of resources and an inadequate response by the health system resulted in care that was not optimal. There are differences between U.S.-born and non-U.S.-born victims. Evidence on the healthcare needs of U.S.-born women trafficked for sex in the United States is extremely limited. Research focusing on the health perceptions of women survivors of human sex trafficking may shed light on how they perceive health, care, and the health system and what they identify as important for key stakeholders to understand.

Recognizing Victims of a Hidden Crime: Human Trafficking Victims in Your Pediatric Trauma Bay.

Human trafficking is the second largest criminal industry in the United States and almost half of the victims are children. This crime against children is referred to as domestic minor human sex trafficking (DMHST). The majority DMHST victims access health care, often at an emergency department, at some point during their captivity. Trafficking of minors has been cited as the most underreported form of child abuse making education on this topic essential for all health care providers to help meet the needs of this population. A case study provides an illustration of a pediatric trauma patient who was a victim of DMHST and presented to an emergency department for care. As nurses who care for pediatric trauma patients in all settings strive to learn more about child abuse, topics in DMHST should also be included in these educational activities.

Book Review: The Seductions of Quantification, Measuring Human Rights Gender Violence and Sex Trafficking

Book Review: The Seductions of Quantification, Measuring Human Rights Gender Violence and Sex Trafficking

Human Trafficking

Human sex trafficking, often referred to as modern-day slavery, is a major global human rights problem with at least 4.5 million people trafficked for commercial sex annually. Many of these women interface with the medical system regularly, often in women’s health clinics and the emergency departments. Therefore, it is important for healthcare providers to be able to identify red flags for human trafficking, to be able to screen effectively, and to know how to connect patients with resources in the community. It is also important for healthcare providers to be aware of the many long-term health effects related to sexual trauma that victims of human trafficking may develop. OBGYNs are able to have long-lasting impacts on the many survivors of human sex trafficking by screening effectively and providing compassionate, trauma-informed care. This review contains 4 figures, and 3 tables, and 40 references. Keywords: Sexual assault, sexual violence, Intimate partner violence, Human trafficking, Rape, Trauma-informed care, Women, Primary Care, Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Sexual Health Education in OB-Gyn Residencies—The Program Directors’ Survey

Objective: To evaluate U.S. obstetrics-gynecology (OB-Gyn) program Director appraisal of resident physician female sexual health training. Methods: An OB-Gyn resident sexual health curriculum survey was developed and sent to 237 U.S. OB-Gyn program directors. University/military programs were compared to community-based programs. Results: 115 OB-Gyn residency program directors responded (48.5% participation); 37.9% university/military and 43.2% community OB-Gyn Program Directors appraise the resident curriculum as “not well” preparing residents to manage sexual health therapies upon graduation. Topics not sufficiently covered include human sex trafficking, sexual health for women with disabilities, and cultural competency. Conclusions: This study identifies opportunities in OB-Gyn residency female sexual health education.