Human Sensory Perception Research Articles

Optoelectronic wide-band-gap oxide-based memristor for mimicking human eye sensory perception and object tracking

Optoelectronic wide-band-gap oxide-based memristor for mimicking human eye sensory perception and object tracking

Visual‐Audio Thermoelectric Detectors for Images and Sound Recognition

AbstractInherent in humans is the capacity to perceive music and art, engaging both the visual and auditory senses, with profound effects on physiological and psychological states. Sound and light possess the remarkable ability to transform into thermal energy and, ultimately, electrical signals, playing a crucial role in human sensory perception. This research introduces a previously unmentioned synesthesia‐inspired image and sound recognition system, diverging from conventional image/sound acquisition techniques based on photo/mechanical‐electrical conversion. Leveraging the photo/acoustic‐thermal‐electric effects, the system utilizes micro‐/commercial thermoelectric devices as a conduit for energy conversion. It successfully discriminates monochromatic red, green, blue (RGB) and color coverage, showcasing its proficiency in distinguishing ten digital paintings. Additionally, by probing fiber responses to varied sound frequencies and loudness levels, the system achieves time‐domain identification of four classical music compositions. The device exhibits high sensitivity to detecting input energy and its inputting rate power, offering a novel approach to image and sound recognition through thermal signals. Potential applications span from bionic image sensors and time‐domain thermal monitoring of audio. With further exploration, this thermoelectric‐based system holds promise in quantifying emotional responses to images and sound.

Technology and Care: Starting From Human-Centered Compassion

The rapid development of technology in recent years has not only transformed everyday life but also profoundly impacted the fields of healthcare and caregiving. Approaches to care that are technology-based and human-centered may be used to provide care services that are more efficient, accurate, and personalized and that, ultimately, improve our quality of life and overall health. First, intelligent health monitoring systems can generate customized health management plans based on individual health conditions and needs, allowing chronic diseases to be managed more effectively and helping prevent disease onset. Examples of these systems include smart medication dispensers (Gargioni et al., 2024) and fall prevention exercise apps for older adult patients (Czuber et al., 2024). Also, in clinical settings, especially in the context of monitoring patients in operating rooms and intensive care units, visualization technologies are using psychology and cognitive neuroscience principles to leverage human sensory perception to improve caregiver understanding of information. Patient data are presented using different shapes, colors, and animation frequencies, which are more effectively perceived, integrated, and interpreted than other formats (e.g., numbers). This helps healthcare professionals effectively perceive and identify potential medical issues, enhancing their situational awareness, helping them make better decisions, and improving patient safety (Gasciauskaite et al., 2023). In the field of rehabilitation, Krishnan et al. (2024) developed a wearable rehabilitation device to facilitate gait rehabilitation in post-stroke patients that exhibits better durability, modularity, and usability than previous technologies. In addition, for patients with upper limb impairments who experience varying degrees of ability loss in performing activities of daily living, robotic platforms have been introduced to facilitate intensive and repetitive exercises that strengthen motor skills and neuroplasticity (Bucchieri et al., 2023). In conclusion, human-centered technology care is a field ripe with potential that combines the power of technology with human-centered care to improve support and service capabilities. Articles in this issue explore the application of social robots in nursing practice, the applicability of smart technology in cardiac and elderly care, and the opportunities for next-generation smart care. We look forward to seeing more human-centered technology care solutions in the future that further promote health, well-being, and comprehensive social development.

Bio-Inspired Sensory Receptors for Artificial-Intelligence Perception.

In the era of artificial intelligence (AI), there is a growing interest in replicating human sensory perception. Selective and sensitive bio-inspired sensory receptors with synaptic plasticity have recently gained significant attention in developing energy-efficient AI perception. Various bio-inspired sensory receptors and their applications in AI perception are reviewed here. The critical challenges for the future development of bio-inspired sensory receptors are outlined, emphasizing the need for innovative solutions to overcome hurdles in sensor design, integration, and scalability. AI perception can revolutionize various fields, including human-machine interaction, autonomous systems, medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, industrial optimization, and assistive technologies. As advancements in bio-inspired sensing continue to accelerate, the promise of creating more intelligent and adaptive AI systems becomes increasingly attainable, marking a significant step forward in the evolution of human-like sensory perception.

On the rheological and sensory properties of a novel natural salivary substitute

The prevalence of xerostomia, the sensation of dry mouth, is estimated at 20 % in the general population and up to 50 % in older adults. Saliva plays different roles during bolus formation: lubrication, mixing, coating, hydration, dissolution, and comminution of food particles. This study proposes and tests artificial saliva formulations mimicking human saliva rheological and sensory perceptions. Shear and extensional rheology were assessed to select the type of formulation closest to saliva rheological characteristics. After evaluating three alternative sources, an extract simulating saliva rheology was produced from flax seeds. Friction coefficient and rheological properties, such as flow curves, relaxation times, and Trouton ratios, were compared favorably with human saliva. The sensory evaluation demonstrated that flaxseed extracts induce perceived mouth hydration, slipperiness, and adhesion exceeding that of human saliva. The flaxseed extract proposed in this can i) be used to study in vitro food oral processing and ii) pave the way to novel natural salivary substitutes to alleviate the symptoms of xerostomia.

High concentrations if fructose and NaCl affect choice behavior in larval drosophila

As a crucial adaptation for survival, the gustatory system serves as a primary mechanism for distinguishing between nutrient-rich compounds that are palatable and those that may pose risks or be unpleasant. This intricate sensory apparatus not only guides behavioral choices but also underpins flavor recognition across various species. Understanding the complexities of the gustatory system in Drosophila larvae has profound implications for unraveling the complexities of human gustatory perception as well as advancing our understanding of sensory processing mechanisms more broadly, thereby providing a broader repertoire of the topic for current days. Behavioral studies employing diverse stimuli have been instrumental in elucidating the underlying processes governing choice, feeding, and learning behaviors in animals. Building upon this foundation, our study sought to explore the specific effects of elevated concentrations of fructose and NaCl on the choice behavior of Drosophila larvae. Through meticulously designed assays using 3M concentrations of fructose and NaCl, we unequivocally demonstrated the pronounced preference of larvae for fructose over NaCl. Furthermore, the robustness of this preference was reaffirmed through a secondary assay employing 3M fructose and water as a control. Our comprehensive findings not only highlight the significant influence of elevated concentrations of fructose and NaCl on larval choice behavior but also shed light on the intricate interplay between sensory perception and genetic mechanisms, particularly involving the Gr5a gene. These insights contribute to our broader understanding of the role of the gustatory system in shaping crucial behaviors vital for animal survival, with potential implications extending to human sensory perception research and beyond.

Functional Movement Screening Test in Female Athletes with Visual Impairments

Background: Vision provides 80% of human sensory perception. Hence, loss of the visual sense can cause severe motor problems. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the total score of functional movement screening test (FMSTM) and its components in three groups B1, B2 and B3 in female athletes who are visually impaired. Methods: Seventy-three female athletes with visual acuity at different levels of blindness (B1, B2 and B3) were selected as participants. Functional movement were measured by FMS tests including deep squats, hurdle steps, in-line lunges, shoulder mobility, active straight leg raises, trunk stability push-ups, and rotary stability. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22, using ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests at a significant level of P ≤ 0.05. Results: The finding showed that the quality of performing functional movements declined with blindness acuity, but it was not significant statistically in total score of functional movement screen (FMS) test between groups. However, there was a significant difference between B1 with B2 group only at the inline lunge. Conclusions: Therefore, coaches are recommended to include FMSTM in the programs for screening, pre-participation, and assessments of athletes with visual impairments to improve functional movements.

Attunement Space and Eco-Deconstruction in Malone Dies

As exemplified by Timothy Morton’s argument, what is at stake in the discussion of the Anthropocene is the need to deconstruct the closedness of the anthropocentric world and recover the fundamental connection between the human and the nonhuman that has been suppressed by it. This essay attempts to examine how Malone Dies shows the possibility of eco-deconstruction, not in the sense of an idealistic or normative ethics of ecology, but rather in presenting us a uniquely imaginative ‘attunement space’ that allows for an alternative form of sensitivity to the profound and paradoxical intimacy between the human and the nonhuman. Beckett's vision in Malone Dies resonates with Morton's vision of ecological being, but takes it to a more enigmatic place that more fully takes into account both the violence and the receptivity within the ‘grey zone’ between human and nonhuman. In Beckett's view, it is necessary to descend to a limit (non-)place like the ‘attunement space’ presented in this novel, where ordinary sensory perception and temporal and spatial restrictions dissolve. The essay shows how this ‘attunement space’ unveils itself in several overlapping layers. First, there is the layer of something articulated in terms of the spiritual, a realm of what Malone calls ‘the soul’. Then there is another layer that involves the perception of the unperceivable, which is usually hindered by ordinary human sensory perception. In this realm something fundamental that exists prior to all phenomena and things is revealed – something that is inseparable from what Beckett calls the ‘buzzing confusion’, ‘the mess’, or ‘the chaos’. This unique perception takes place in the realms of both sight and sound. The attunement to an undifferentiated dimension in Malone Dies makes possible an ecological awareness of the already existing intimacy with nonhuman life, as Morton describes.

Assessing Subjective and Objective Road Environment Perception in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand: A Deep Learning Approach Utilizing Street Images

Recently, deep learning techniques, specifically semantic segmentation, have been employed to extract visual features from street images, a dimension that has received limited attention in the investigation of the connection between subjective and objective road environment perception. This study is dedicated to exploring and comprehending the factors influencing commuters’ perceptions of the road environment, with the aim of bridging the gap in interpreting environmental quality in Thailand. Semantic segmentation was applied to identify visual objects, expressed as a percentage of pixels represented in 14,812 street images from the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. Subjective road environment perception was assessed through a questionnaire, with a total of 3600 samples collected. Both sets of data were converted to average values per grid, with a grid size of 500 × 500 square meters, resulting in a total of 631 grids with data points. Finally, a multiple linear regression model was employed to analyze the relationship between the ratios of objects obtained from street images via semantic segmentation and human sensory perception of the road environment. The findings from this analysis indicate that the attributes of distinct object classes have a notable impact on individuals’ perceptions of the road environment. Visual elements such as infrastructure, construction, nature, and vehicles were identified as influential factors in shaping the perception of the road environment. However, human and object features did not exhibit statistical significance in this regard. Furthermore, when examining different road environments, which can be categorized into urban, community, and rural contexts, it becomes evident that these contexts distinctly affect the perceptions of various road environments. Consequently, gaining a comprehensive understanding of how street environments are perceived is crucial for the design and planning of neighborhoods and urban communities, facilitating the creation of safer and more enjoyable living environments.

Unveiling the Senses: A Bibliometrics Analysis on the Role of Sensory Marketing in impacting Consumer Behaviour

In the dynamic landscape of contemporary business, companies are constantly seeking innovative strategies to captivate consumers, forge memorable brand experiences, and ultimately foster brand loyalty. Amidst this quest for differentiation, one phenomenon has emerged as a powerful and immersive tool – Sensory Marketing. This paradigm shift in marketing strategies transcends traditional approaches, harnessing the human senses to create an emotional connection between consumers and brands. Sensory marketing is a multifaceted concept that integrates the human senses – sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell – into the marketing mix to evoke emotions, stimulate memories, and influence consumer behavior. Unlike conventional marketing methods that primarily rely on visual and auditory stimuli, sensory marketing leverages a holistic approach, engaging consumers on a deeper, more visceral level. The genesis of sensory marketing can be traced back to the realization that consumers are not mere rational decision-makers but emotional beings whose perceptions and preferences are profoundly shaped by sensory experiences. Visual elements, such as logos and packaging design, appeal to the sense of sight, while auditory stimuli, such as jingles or brand sounds, create a sonic brand identity. Tactile experiences, from the texture of products to the feel of a retail environment, engage the sense of touch. Furthermore, taste and smell, often overlooked in traditional marketing, are harnessed in industries ranging from food and beverage to retail, creating memorable sensory imprints. This research paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the theoretical frameworks that underpin sensory marketing, drawing on psychological and neuro scientific perspectives to unravel the intricacies of human sensory perception. By synthesizing existing literature, we seek to establish a foundation that not only explicates the role of sensory marketing in shaping consumer behavior but also sheds light on its practical applications for businesses across diverse industries. Keywords: Sensory, Sensory marketing, Marketing, Sensory Experience, Stimuli, Senses, Psychological Marketing, Neuro Scientific Marketing, Consumer behavior, Customer Experience.

Leveraging an AI-Assisted Electrochemical Sensor Array to Visualize Digital Fingerprints of Complex Liquids

Electrochemical sensor arrays have shown potential for fast and untargeted chemical analysis of multi-component media, enabling simultaneous quantification of multiple analytes and estimation of liquid properties that could correlate with human sensory perception. In particular, potentiometric electronic tongues (e-tongues) have been explored as promising alternative tools for chemical analysis in various applications, ranging from traceability of goods to characterization of food products for quality control and innovation processes. The reduced complexity of non-selective sensor fabrication and the ease of potentiometric transduction make these devices suitable for portable and decentralized chemical analysis. However, the interpretation of the sensor array response has always been a challenge due to the inherent cross-sensitivity of the sensing materials and the corresponding combinatorial signals arising upon sensor interaction with a liquid. Machine learning can help recognizing and mapping signal patterns and various data processing, unsupervised and supervised techniques have been proposed to calibrate e-tongue devices. These methods usually require exposing the sensor array to a set of liquids with known properties that serve as training base to build a calibration model. Therefore, the quality and quantity of tests is crucial to boost sensor performances. Nevertheless, performing an extensive number of measurements could be extremely time-consuming and results to be tedious to achieve in practice for certain use-cases. In this context, advances in deep learning and machine learning models have shown potential to accelerate chemical and materials discovery when combined with high-throughput experimentation, highlighting the benefits of AI-assisted research practices. Moreover, the recent advent of multi-domain and multi-task models trained by self-supervision, so-called foundation models, bears also promises for extending learnt representations across multiple fields, thus counteracting the reduced data availability in certain applications, and benefiting from information exchange across domains. Thus, in the present contribution we propose extending this approach to data-driven chemical sensors. More specifically, we leverage transfer learning based on fingerprints pretrained in other domains to model new instrument/sensor data representations. Herein, we demonstrate how the output of a model system comprising an integrated electrochemical sensor array for analysis of multi-component liquids can be encoded as image representations to leverage existing deep learning computer vision models pretrained on large collections of image data. The models effectively extract features from these representations and feed specific model heads to perform downstream tasks. Firstly, an integrated sensor array comprising 16 polymeric sensors was fabricated through electrodeposition on conventional electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) electrodes. The conductive polymers (PEDOT, PPy, PANI and PAPBA) were synthesized by chronoamperometry or cyclic voltammetry in a three-electrode configuration and were enriched with doping agents for enhanced sensitivity. 15 linearly independent differential voltages between these polymeric sensors were measured during the transition of the sensor array from a reference solution to a test solution, thereby obviating the need for a conventional reference electrode. Indeed, the use of low-selective polymeric sensors for potentiometric measurements does not necessarily require integration of reference electrodes, which are known to be unpractical for remote sensing applications. Training data were obtained by alternatively immersing the sensor array in reference (120 s) and test (60 s) solutions continuously using an automated test rig. The 15 raw time-series data from the sensor array were processed and concatenated to yield a spectral response, which was smoothed by means of the moving average technique and standardized using Standard Normal Variate (SNV). The obtained spectra were encoded into image representations using the Gramian Angular Summation Field transformation. Off-the-shelf features were generated leveraging pretrained neural networks developed to classify natural images and applied to the “sensor images”. Dimensionality reduction through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) yielded a set of features that could then be used to train machine learning classifiers and regressors. The pipeline was applied to generate visual fingerprints of multiple beverages, proving full discrimination of liquid types (mineral waters, coffees, fruit juices, soft beverages and wines). On a model dataset comprising 11 Italian red wines, it was demonstrated that image fingerprints of samples enabled class identification with a mean accuracy ~95%. The results demonstrate the successful creation of a new representation of the chemical sensing space which achieves comparable performance as domain-specific hand-crafted feature selection. The present contribution represents an example of integration of data processing techniques and publicly available libraries/models to support transfer of methodologies across domains. We believe this approach could be disruptive in the field of electrochemical sensor arrays, especially for processing e-tongues and e-noses response and enhancing capabilities of data-driven chemical sensors. Figure 1

The Integral Role of Magnesium in Muscle Integrity and Aging: A Comprehensive Review.

Aging is characterized by significant physiological changes, with the degree of decline varying significantly among individuals. The preservation of intrinsic capacity over the course of an individual's lifespan is fundamental for healthy aging. Locomotion, which entails the capacity for independent movement, is intricately connected with various dimensions of human life, including cognition, vitality, sensory perception, and psychological well-being. Notably, skeletal muscle functions as a pivotal nexus within this intricate framework. Any perturbation in its functionality can manifest as compromised physical performance and an elevated susceptibility to frailty. Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays a central role in approximately 800 biochemical reactions within the human body. Its distinctive physical and chemical attributes render it an indispensable stabilizing factor in the orchestration of diverse cellular reactions and organelle functions, thereby rendering it irreplaceable in processes directly impacting muscle health. This narrative review offers a comprehensive exploration of the pivotal role played by magnesium in maintaining skeletal muscle integrity, emphasizing the critical importance of maintaining optimal magnesium levels for promoting healthy aging.

Carbon Nanodots Memristor: An Emerging Candidate toward Artificial Biosynapse and Human Sensory Perception System.

In the era of big data and artificial intelligence (AI), advanced data storage and processing technologies are in urgent demand. The innovative neuromorphic algorithm and hardware based on memristor devices hold a promise to break the von Neumann bottleneck. In recent years, carbon nanodots (CDs) have emerged as a new class of nano-carbon materials, which have attracted widespread attention in the applications of chemical sensors, bioimaging, and memristors. The focus of this review is to summarize the main advances of CDs-based memristors, and their state-of-the-art applications in artificial synapses, neuromorphic computing, and human sensory perception systems. The first step is to systematically introduce the synthetic methods of CDs and their derivatives, providing instructive guidance to prepare high-quality CDs with desired properties. Then, the structure-property relationship and resistive switching mechanism of CDs-based memristors are discussed in depth. The current challenges and prospects of memristor-based artificial synapses and neuromorphic computing are also presented. Moreover, this review outlines some promising application scenarios of CDs-based memristors, including neuromorphic sensors and vision, low-energy quantum computation, and human-machine collaboration.

Virtual Immortality—God, Evolution, and the Singularity in Post- and Transhumanism. by Oliver Krüger

<i>Virtual Immortality—God, Evolution, and the Singularity in Post- and Transhumanism</i>. by Oliver Krüger

Kant's approach to understanding space from the perspective of modern natural science

The logical-historical subtext of Kant's definition of space and time as pure forms of sensory knowledge is investigated. The author analyzes the thinker's revision of the concept of a priori, his assertion of the existence of a priori synthetic judgments that serve as the basis for the formulation of the problem of the possibility of a priori forms of sensuality. In the center of the consideration is Kant's correlation of the categories of substance and form, matter and form, spatial incongruence as justifications of transcendental aesthetics. Special emphasis is placed on the differentiation, even the opposition of the categories of matter and form, substance and form by the thinker. The main method is hermeneutical reinterpretation of Kant's legacy from the standpoint of achievements and problems of modern cosmology. The main conclusions of this study are: 1) The formulation of the problem of the human dimension of our Universe in Kant's philosophy, which echoes the anthropic principle widely discussed in physics and testifies to the enduring projective significance of the philosopher's creativity.2) In this regard, it is permissible to attribute a priori forms of sensuality to the innate features of the human body. The three-dimensionality of the form of human sensory perception in the models of eleven-dimensional space-time discussed in modern science determines the very fact of the possibility of its existence. 3) In Kantian philosophy, the question is not raised how the form is attached to the essence. The development of modern elementary particle physics and cosmology in geometrodynamic content has come close to this priority issue.

A Video Mapping Performance as an Innovative Tool to Bring to Life and Narrate a Pictorial Cycle

Video mapping is defined as a particular form of augmented reality capable of transforming any surface, flat or irregular, into a dynamic surface capable of enriching human sensory perception. Video mapping projections can become a medium to link the historical facts and the location by means of the valorisation of the monument and narration of its story through images and sounds. This paper aims to show how video mapping, beyond its purely technological aspect, can be linked to cultural heritage and represents a tool capable of becoming a mediator of culture, tradition, and legends. It is used to pass on and tell the legend of the foundation of the present Cathedral of Maria Santissima della Madia in Monopoli through the animation of the pictorial cycle by Nicolò Maria Signorile preserved in the church.

Combination of machine learning and intelligent sensors in real-time quality control of alcoholic beverages

Machine learning (ML) featured on its ability of learning and extracting features from a large set of data and automatically building statistical models. Through cooperation with intelligent sensors, which is designed to imitate human organs to analyze the sensory characteristics of foods, ML-based intelligent sensory systems such as electronic nose (E-nose) and electronic tongue (E-tongue) are developed for sensing applications in food industry. Consumption of alcohol beverages keep growing worldwide in recent years and fraudulent activities are stimulated due to the high price of alcoholic drinks, which motivates the application of intelligent sensory technology with high efficiency and accuracy for real-time quality control. Thus, this paper firstly summarizes the novel intelligent sensors that is suitable for sensory evaluation and the advanced ML algorithms used to create intelligent systems. Then the paper describes the mechanism of commercial ML-enabled intelligent devices and summarizes their practical sensing applications on the real-time quality control of a variety of alcoholic beverages, in term of detection of frauds and adulterations, aroma analysis, monitoring of the production process, and correlation with human sensory perception. Finally, the potential applications and future opportunities of ML-enabled intelligent sensor systems in the alcohol industry are discussed.

Back-off

Standstill behavior by a robot is deemed to be ineffective and inefficient to convey a robot’s intention to yield priority to another party in spatial interaction. Instead, robots could convey their intention and thus their next action via motion. We developed a back-off (BO) movement to communicate the intention of yielding priority to pedestrians at bottlenecks. To evaluate human sensory perception and subjective legibility, the BO is compared to three other motion strategies in a video study with 167 interviewees at the university and public spaces, where it excels regarding legibility. Implemented in a real encounter, objective motion behavior of 78 participants as a reaction to a stop-and-wait strategy, and two versions of BO (short and long), shows an improvement of the pedestrians’ efficiency in the second encounter with the robot’s short BO version compared to the stop strategy. Eventually, in the third encounter with all motion strategies, interaction causes only a small time consumption still required by the cognitive process of perceiving an object in the visual field. Hence, the design of kinematic parameters, BO path and time, exhibits the potential to increase the fluency of an interaction with robots at bottlenecks.

A Brain Wave-Verified Driver Alert System for Vehicle Collision Avoidance

Collision alert and avoidance systems (CAS) could help to minimize driver errors. They are instrumental as an advanced driver-assistance system (ADAS) when the vehicle is facing potential hazards. Developing effective ADAS/CAS, which provides alerts to the driver, requires a fundamental understanding of human sensory perception and response capabilities. This research explores the premise that external stimulation can effectively improve drivers’ reaction and response capabilities. Therefore this article proposes a light-emitting diode (LED)-based driver warning system to prevent potential collisions while evaluating novel signal processing algorithms to explore the correlation between driver brain signals and external visual stimulation. When the vehicle approaches emerging obstacles or potential hazards, an LED light box flashes to warn the driver through visual stimulation to avoid the collision through braking. Thirty (30) subjects completed a driving simulator experiment under different near-collision scenarios. The Steady-State Visually Evoked Potentials (SSVEP) of the drivers’ brain signals and their collision mitigation (control performance) data were analyzed to evaluate the LED warning system’s effectiveness. The results show that (1) The proposed modified canonical correlation analysis evaluation (CCA-EVA) algorithm can detect SSVEP responses with 4.68% higher accuracy than the Adaptive Kalman filter; (2) The proposed driver monitoring and alert system produce on average a 52% improvement in time to collision (TTC), 54% improvement in reaction distance (RD), and an overall 26% reduction in collision rate as compared to similar tests without the LED warning.

Analisa Sense of Place Kampung Wae Rebo untuk Pengembangan Wisata di Manggarai

Kampung Wae Rebo is the traditional village of Manggarai and is the only village in Manggarai that still maintains the village pattern and architecture of the traditional Manggarai buildings. This village has historical, cultural, architectural and unique character values ​​so that it becomes a destination for local tourist and foreign tourists. This village has a sense of place which is formed by physical and non-physical elements that influence tourist with unique experiences and perceptions. The research objective was to find out the elements that makes the sense of place of Wae Rebo village which play a role in providing human experience and sensory perceptions of physical elements in describing the sense of place of Wae Rebo village so that it can be a reference for the development of tourist objects in Manggarai. The method used in this study is a qualitative method by conducting case studies, interviews and in-depth observations in the village of Wae Rebo and its surroundings. From the results of this study, it was obtained several physical and non-physical elements that formed a sense of place in Wae Rebo village, including: access to achievements, landscapes, historical, social and architectural aspects of buildings, etc.