Human Rights Values Research Articles

Female Genital Mutilation dan Pertanggungjawabannya Menurut Hak Asasi Manusia

Introduction: This study examines the practice of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), involving cutting, scraping, or piercing female genital organs with the aim of partial or total removal, often based on cultural reasons. It is estimated that over 200 million women worldwide have undergone FGM.Purposes of the Research: The research evaluates whether FGM can be considered a violation of international Human Rights (HR) and whether countries and perpetrators of FGM can be held accountable under international law.Methods of the Research: Using a normative legal research method, focusing on international HR instruments such as the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).Results of the Research: The study finds that FGM is inconsistent with international HR values and can be categorized as a violation of HR against women. The study emphasizes the state's responsibility to protect women from this harmful practice and suggests the imposition of sanctions on perpetrators. However, it also highlights the complexity of addressing FGM due to variations in types and practices across different countries. Therefore, criminalization is not always seen as an ideal solution, stressing the need for a holistic approach that integrates health, cultural, and legal aspects. Efforts to prevent FGM are expected to align with international HR values without discriminating against specific cultures while preserving existing community traditions

The status of health information systems and digital transformation in the European Region

Abstract Although there have been investments in health information systems (HIS) and digitalization, WHO/Europe’s work with Member States (MS) shows that much can be improved still. Typically, there is a strong focus on data collection, but less on analysis and knowledge translation, resulting in available data not being optimally used to support decision making. Standards for data exchange and interoperability have not yet been fully implemented. Efforts are underway to train healthcare professionals, yet only half of MS have developed policies for digital health literacy. Fewer still have implemented a comprehensive digital inclusion plan, leaving disadvantaged populations at risk of falling behind. In line with the traditionally strong focus on HIS strengthening in WHO’s work, the European Programme of Work 2020-2025 (EPW) emphasises the need for MS to improve and modernise their HIS to ensure that decisions are data driven. One of the EPW flagship initiatives is Empowerment through Digital Health, promoting the leveraging and scaling up of digital transformation for better health. The Regional digital health action plan for the WHO European Region 2023-2030 outlines the strategic actions needed to achieve this, while fully respecting the values of equity, solidarity and human rights. Collaboration with MS and international partners is vital in this work. WHO/Europe has established several MS-driven health information networks in the past, most notably the European Health Information Initiative (the EHII). The EHII in 2023 has made a restart in the form of the European Health Information Network (HIN). The HIN will guide the work under the EU-funded action ‘Supporting Member States in the WHO European Region in strengthening health information systems and boosting health data governance’, which will be implemented by WHO/Europe. This strong European Commission and WHO/Europe partnership will be a main catalyst for HIS improvement in the Region the coming years.

Young Europeans’ Geo-Political Identities: A Poststructural Analysis

This study analyses the way young Europeans, aged between 10 and 20, construct their sense of identity with geo-political entities such as the nation, the state and the European Union; how these are expressed; and how young people manage the potential multiplicity of identities. It re-analyses earlier data, some 224 transcripts of young Europeans discussing their identities and sense of attachment to the geo-political entities of the state and the nation. This study looks specifically at how they discuss affiliations to a country or nation and does so within the historical context of the development of European nations in the 19th and 20th centuries and the ‘strict definition’ of nationality, as based on either birthplace or parentage. The young people’s discussions identify a wide range of reasons for attachment (or not) to one or more states: these include parentage, birthplace, passports, culture, language, residence, etc., many of which are incompatible with each other. Their response to this is often to profess multiple identities, switching to use that is most appropriate to a particular context or contingency. How does this behaviour meet the various models of identity formation, such as the psychosocial, the socio-cultural, and the poststructuralist? These young people also offer a range of qualities or values that they expect a state to uphold and deliver and are sometimes critical of states’ behaviour in this area. The combination of these attributes and qualities leads to a range of attitudes towards a polity or polities, ranging from acceptance of their status to indifference. The explanations suggested in this paper are that globalisation and migration have led to the realisation that the ‘strict definitions’ of nationality are no longer appropriate, and there are new potential attributes for identity, and secondly, that the development of supranational codification and the implementation of human rights are weakening the sovereignty of states. Together, these two factors reduce the perception of the requirement to develop a single overriding national identity. This combination of multiple identities and recognising the importance of human rights values is most commonly found amongst young people who have grown up in multicultural societies, often urban, and the corollary of this is that combination is least likely to be found among the older population in more rural, monocultural settlements.

2022 개정 특수교육 기본교육과정 사회과 내 인권교육 관련 성취기준 분석

Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze the social studies achievement standards of the 2022 revised basic curriculum of special education by content elements of human rights education to check the current status of each school level and human rights education area, and to suggest the direction of human rights education in special education. Methods In this study, the social studies achievement standards of the 2022 special education basic curriculum were analyzed using the analysis framework of previous studies related to human rights education. In addition, in order to confirm the reliability and validity of the analysis results, the reliability between analysts and the validity of the expert content were implemented. Results Elementary school showed the highest frequency, and middle and high school showed the highest frequency of I. respect for human rights in the major area, and I-3. Human rights values and attitudes in the sub-area showed a very high percentage. The analysis results of human rights education by grade group showed that in all grade groups, I. respect for human rights showed the highest frequency, and in the sub-area, I-3. Human rights values and attitudes and II-1. Freedom rights showed the highest frequency, while middle and high school levels showed the highest frequency of human rights values and attitudes. Conclusions The conclusions according to the analysis contents are as follows. First, special teachers need to construct a holistic human rights education through curriculum restructuring. Second, the content elements of human rights education need to be sequenced and connected by grade group of the curriculum.

Pendidikan Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Kurikulum ‘Presisi’: Studi Sekolah Polisi Negara di Sumatera Utara

This article focuses on the Indonesian Police (Polri) efforts in the realization of human rights-based policing, as well as its articulation in the forming education (pendidikan pembentukan/ DIKTUKBA) of Polri, specifically at the State Police School (Sekolah Polisi Negara/SPN) in North Sumatra, established in 1960-s and one of the oldest SPN in Indonesia. Since 2021, Polri has acknowledged and developed the ‘presisi’ curriculum to become a starting point for transformation agenda and, of course, to strive Polri’s obligation in the implementation of human rights values, principles and standards in the police functions. The research applied a qualitative approach with a descriptive design. Data collection was employed using documents, FGD, observations and literature relevant to police and human rights issues. Respondents were selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data validation was carried out by extending observations and triangulation and analyzed using the spiral technique. Human rights-based policing through the DIKTUKBA POLRI level at the SPN Poldasu brings the vision of ‘presisi’ police through the ‘presisi’ curriculum. The ‘presisi’ curriculum offers good ways to achieve the transformation of the Polri. However, the increasingly short training period for the DIKTUKBA POLRI represents a challenge to improve human rights-based policing. The challenges affirm the correlation between human rights and policing in a dynamic police workspace. In this context, the instructors’s capacity must continuously acquire knowledge and experience. Therefore, collaboration and innovation in using learning models and methods such as group learning, problem-solving, discussion, and active involvement of students can be continuously developed.

Keamanan Manusia dalam Perdagangan Manusia: Analisis Peran IOM Menangani Human Trafficking

Abstract The most crucial thing about human trafficking is that the activity does not disappear and even continues to show increasing numbers of victims. Handling cannot be carried out only by the government or by state officials but requires comprehensive handling from all levels of society. This research aims to highlight the role of an organization in dealing with these problems using a human security approach. Descriptively and qualitatively the facts are analyzed and produce several conclusions: a). efforts to help, defend, rescue based on existing laws which are more outward in nature, but also on efforts to implement human rights values ​​from within. Apart from being an ethical basis, human values ​​are also implemented in every action. b). The problem of human trafficking cannot be separated from structural dimensions such as the fulfillment of welfare, justice and development policies which influence all dimensions of human livelihood. c). The best prevention is through education, providing employment opportunities, welfare and the most important thing is to provide a sense of security for all citizens.

Freedom of speech in the age of digital technologies: protection against censorship and online persecution

This article examines key aspects related to threats to freedom of speech in the online environment, particularly censorship and persecution. The author explores tools that help protect this freedom, restore access to information and expressions that have been restricted. Special attention is given to the role of international standards in the field of human rights and their importance in ensuring freedom of speech in the digital age. The author analyzes innovative approaches and technologies used to protect internet users from censorship and online persecution. The research reflects current trends in the field of information freedom and offers recommendations for further steps to support the values of democracy and human rights in the digital space. Overall, the article analyzes the impact of social media and other online platforms on freedom of speech and expression. It highlights the role of digital literacy and education in shaping users’ awareness of their rights and opportunities on the Internet. Ethical aspects of using freedom of speech in the online environment and the importance of balancing freedom of expression with protection against negative influence and discrimination are also considered. Analyzing innovative approaches and technologies for protecting freedom of speech in the online environment, the article emphasizes current trends in information freedom. The results and recommendations of the article can serve as a basis for the development of policies and programs aimed at protecting the values of democracy and human rights in the digital age. This research can also assist government bodies, civil society, and IT companies in their efforts to protect freedom of speech and raise awareness among users about their rights and opportunities on the Internet. Such an approach reinforces the role of science and research in addressing important issues in the modern world, particularly in the realm of digital freedom and human rights.

Philosophical Foundations and Human Rights in the Bajapuik Tradition: Bridging Local Wisdom and Islamic Law in Minangkabau Marriage Practices

This study explores the philosophical values and human rights implications within the Bajapuik tradition, a distinct matrimonial practice of the Padang Pariaman tribe in Sumatra. Explores the philosophical values of the unique amalgamation of local wisdom and Islamic law as an example of integrating cultural heritage with religious principles in marriage. As qualitative descriptive field research, data were gathered from interviews and documentation from a diverse group of informants, including religious leaders, traditional leaders, community leaders, and the people of Padang Pariaman. By utilising a sociological approach, the study examines the social realities of the Bajapuik tradition, mainly focusing on its dowry practice, particularly the maslahah (general welfare) concept. Contrary to typical dowry practices, in the Bajapuik tradition, the bride’s family provides the dowry to the groom, symbolising respect and equality rather than economic burdens. This study highlights that the Bajapuik tradition is not merely a transactional stage in the marriage process but a more profound expression of community bonds and shared values. The findings emphasise the strong philosophical values of mutual respect and companionship inherent in the Bajapuik tradition, demonstrating its alignment with Islamic law and human rights values. This research reveals how the Minangkabau’s adherence to religious and local wisdom significantly reinforces human rights within traditional practices. Furthermore, the study examines the extent to which the Bajapuik tradition achieves the objectives of maslahah in marriage. The results show that the Bajapuik tradition supports general welfare (maslahah) by strengthening social bonds, upholding the dignity of women, and ensuring justice and equality in marital relationships, offering a new perspective rarely explored in previous studies.

Empirical study of traditional russian values and social practices

In recent years, Russia has seen a turn towards conservative values reflected in the presidential decree on year 2022 about the Fundamentals of state policy for the preservation and strengthening traditional Russian spiritual and moral values. We assess the level of expression of some “traditional values” in Russian society. Data from federal statistical observation and departmental (including judicial) statistics were used, and secondary data from representative surveys of leading Russian sociological centers from the early 1990s to 2022, as well as individual results of international surveys (for example, World Values Survey). None indicator fully characterizes values, so the consistent dynamics of groups of indicators was assessed. The hypothesis that the values are indeed traditionales partially confirmed, that is, they recorded objectively and strengthen over time. The most positive trends noted in the implementation of the values of life, humanism and mercy. The situation is contradictory with the values of dignity, human rights and freedoms, high moral ideals, the priority of the spiritual over the material, and justice.

On emperors, monsters and social workers human rights based narratives for post-covid times

ABSTRACT The outbreak of COVID-19 has affected—and continues to affect—social work both in its professional dimension and as an academic discipline in its teaching and research variants. Numerous studies, coincide in highlighting the ‘state of shock’ in which the pandemic has left the field of social welfare and especially everything relating to social services. This has resulted in undermining the self-esteem of many social work practitioners, many of whom were overwhelmed in their daily work and felt incapable of understanding the reality around them, burnt out and frustrated, This situation led to the reactivation of a debate on the need to develop a new narrative identity for social work based on dignified responses. This article is therefore about narratives. More specifically, it is about knowing to what extent it is possible to create a new and narrative identity for social work. The lessons provided by two children’s stories: Hans Christian Andersen’s The Emperor’s New Clothes and Julia Donaldson’s The Gruffalo help to illustrate how narratives can change fundamentally held views. but also can be a powerful instrument for introducing human rights values and topics in social work teaching.

Exploring perceived challenges, adoption, and assessment of Western values of democracy and human rights in Palestine in the 2023 War on Gaza

This study delved into the dynamics of perceived challenges, adoption, and assessment of Western values of democracy and human rights among university students in Palestine, particularly in the aftermath of the 2023 War on Gaza. A mixed-methods strategy was used in the research, with a participant pool of 384 students representing a range of demographics. By exploring the impact of geopolitical events, the results revealed a positive link between perceived challenges and the assessment of Western values. Although there is a notable gender and geographic difference in the assessment and adoption of Western values, females and those living in cities and villages are shown to have greater perceived challenges with these values. The qualitative component, including interviews with 12 students, provided valuable insights into the postwar evolution of Palestinian perspectives, highlighting a notable shift in attitudes, initially characterized by belief in the superiority of Western values, followed by a decline in faith during the war. This decline is attributed to traumatic events, biased media narratives, and the contradiction between idealized standards and harsh realities. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the need for a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted influences on Palestinian perceptions of Western values.

Menegakkan Ham dan Mempertahankan Nilai Pancasila Dalam Masyarakat

This article discusses how to uphold human rights values ​​in Indonesian society based on Pancasila. The Pancasila ideology is seen as the basis of the Indonesian state because it contains several principles, such as the principles of divinity, humanity, nationality, sovereignty and social justice. Pancasila values ​​must be implemented in upholding human rights in society, taking into account the principles that have been previously established. Human rights in Indonesia are regulated by Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Implementation of human rights requires efforts from the government, non-governmental organizations and society to create an environment that supports respect for human dignity. Handling issues related to human rights and Pancasila values ​​is required with an inclusive approach and constructive dialogue. This article aims to discuss how human rights values ​​can be implemented in Indonesian society based on Pancasila. Apart from that, the article also aims to highlight the importance of implementing the noble values ​​of Pancasila in upholding human rights in Indonesia. The research method used in this article is text analysis and interpretation of human rights values, Pancasila ideology, the Basic Laws of the Republic of Indonesia, and implementation of noble values ​​of Casila in upholding human rights in Indonesia. The importance of implementing the noble values ​​of Pancasila in upholding human rights in Indonesia is also emphasized, by involving the government, non-governmental organizations and society in creating an environment that supports respect for human dignity. An inclusive approach and constructive dialogue are also considered important in dealing with issues related to human rights and Pancasila values.

Contemporary Traditions and Challenges: Tafsir Maudhu’I’s Study of Islam and Fundamentalism<b></b>

Islam and fundamentalism have become significant subjects in contemporary studies of religion and politics. The presence of fundamentalism in the context of Islam poses complex challenges, particularly in managing the relationship between tradition and contemporary realities. This research employs descriptive and thematic content analysis methods to analyze the phenomenon of Islamic fundamentalism, exploring its origins, characteristics, and impacts in social, political, and cultural contexts. Through a descriptive approach, this research provides a comprehensive overview of the phenomenon of Islamic fundamentalism from historical, doctrinal, and practical perspectives. Thematic content analysis allows for an understanding of interpretations and applications of Islamic doctrines that underpin fundamentalist movements. The findings highlight the complexity of the relationship between the rich tradition of Islam and rapidly changing contemporary contexts. While fundamentalism often claims to uphold the "purity" of tradition, this research demonstrates how rigid understandings and interpretations often conflict with the values of modernity, human rights, and pluralism. The results of this research provide deep insights into the dynamics between Islam, fundamentalism, and contemporary challenges. Their implications stimulate critical reflection on how Muslim and non-Muslim societies can respond to these challenges in ways that promote dialogue, tolerance, and mutual understanding.

Educación y acciones afirmativas para atender la diversidad étnica en Colombia

The Colombian State, starting with the 1991 Constitution, declared itself as a Social State of Law where the values of Human Rights become a fundamental pillar in the construction of an inclusive society that respects ethnic difference. In this sense, the article aims to describe the legislative developments, particularly, laws and decrees in which affirmative actions are materialized in order to guarantee the right to education of ethnic minorities from their realities and cultural particularities in Colombia, which which is fundamental for the fulfillment of other rights, such as identity, health, among others. To do this, a qualitative investigation is carried out focused on documentary analysis, taking as a reference the laws and decrees published since the Political Constitution of 1991. Documentary analysis is a research methodology that uses documents as a source of information. Documents can be of various types, such as books, articles, reports, etc. Document analysis allows the researcher to obtain information about a specific topic, understand different perspectives on a problem, and develop new ideas. The results show the legal advances in this matter. However, their weaknesses are also evident, which have led to difficulties for the population to effectively access the joy and enjoyment of education, based on its ethnic diversity.

Covid-19, State Effectiveness, and Core Values of Political Morality

Abstract There are three main failures that occurred during Covid-19 which relate to critical aspects of what Jeremy Waldron has referred to as the constellation of political values or ideals constituting the core of our political morality. These include questions of democracy, human rights, and the rule of law. To analyze how these values were affected by Covid-19, this article begins with an overview of what occurred during the Covid-19 crisis. First, I focus on the deliberation and decision-making processes applied during the crisis. Second, I review key aspects of state effectiveness that the experience exposed. Third, I consider the ways government responses affected human rights protections. I then examine these themes through leading theoretical accounts about the critical components of political morality including rule of law, democracy, and human rights. Drawing on those theoretical perspectives, I seek to identify the broad causal story about the developmental process through which rule of law, democracy, and human rights emerge. A critical component of that story is the role of state effectiveness. In the final section, I confront these theoretical and empirical views with key takeaways from governments’ responses to Covid-19 from the standpoint of Waldron’s constellation of values of democracy, human rights, and rule of law. In conclusion I consider the implications of this understanding for the theory and practice of law and development.

The De-Europeanization of the Kurdish Question in Turkey and the EU

ABSTRACT Using an in-depth interview method, this study examined HDP deputies’ thoughts concerning Turkey–EU relations, its effect on Kurdish issues, and the HDP’s expectations of the EU, showing that the high expectations of the EU during the 1990s and early 2000s have faded and that the EU accession process no longer generates enthusiasm among the HDP deputies interviewed. The most notable finding of the interviews was the consensus that the EU has now lost its role as the driving force for Turkey’s democratization and, moreover, that the EU has ignored Turkey’s authoritarianism by remaining silent on AKP’s disobedience of the Copenhagen criteria and non-compliance with international agreements. The interviewees believed that the EU has become an accomplice of the AKP regime by indirectly supporting Erdoğan’s authoritarianism. Both the EU and Turkey’s loss of faith in Turkey’s full membership have caused the EU to lose its transformative power, encouraging the AKP government to more confidently jettison the values of democracy and human rights. Moreover, the recent developments in the Middle East, particularly the emergence of a Kurdish entity in Syria and Iraq, have resulted in a redirection of Kurdish attention towards the Middle East.

Abstract PO5-09-08: Cancer Health Disparities among non-Hispanic African women: A systematic review of the disparities, reasons and probable intervention

Abstract Health equity places health inequities in historical and social context and calls for action to address injustice and enhance health. As an ethical and human rights value that drives us to end health inequities, health equality is defined as everyone having a fair and just opportunity to be as healthy as feasible. According to this perspective, structural discrimination and marginalization cause health disparities that can be avoided. If these issues are not resolved, social and economic injustices, bias, and unfavorable outcomes that affect all of us will continue to exist. The idea of cancer health equality recognizes that there is still considerable work to be done to change the social structures and historical momentum that have contributed to different cancer outcomes, and that this work can only succeed if it is done. In USA, non-Hispanic black women experience a complicated and multifaceted disparity in breast cancer incidence and outcome. It's possible that social, economic, and behavioral variables contribute to discrepancies. Black women are less likely to breastfeed after childbirth, statistically more likely to have diabetes, heart disease, and obesity, all of which are risk factors for breast cancer. Compared to white women, they are more likely to lack adequate health insurance or access to medical facilities, which could have an impact on screening, follow-up treatment, and therapy completion. It has become evident via more study that biology also plays a part. Black women are more likely to be diagnosed at younger ages and at higher rates with more aggressive subtypes of breast cancer, such as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and inflammatory breast cancer. The National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) established a research framework to characterize the multiple domains of influence (biological, behavioral, physical environment, sociocultural environment, and health care system) that may act across various levels of influence to impact health. A literature search was conducted using the National Library of Medicine's PubMed search engine. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a common malignancy in African American women. The incidence of TNBC is higher in women of African ancestry and is associated with overall poor prognosis. This disparity is due to the presence/absence of oncogenes/tumor suppressor genes, mutations and altered signaling pathways that might predispose premenopausal African American women to TNBC. Multiple socioeconomic factors influence the access to standard care, novel treatments and inclusion in clinical trials and contribute to overall prognoses. This review focuses on the epidemiology, molecular alterations, and treatment-related disparities in African Americans with breast cancer. This poster will elaborate the racial disparity in terms of breast cancer among the African-American women in USA, the reasons and it's effects on health equity. Citation Format: Tasnuva Khan Efa. Cancer Health Disparities among non-Hispanic African women: A systematic review of the disparities, reasons and probable intervention [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO5-09-08.

INDONESIA'S SIMULTANEOUS ELECTORAL SYSTEM UNDER HUMAN RIHTS AND DEMOCRACY: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

The 2024 simultaneous elections mark a significant milestone as they combine the selection of the President, Vice President, Legislative Members, and Regional Heads for enhanced effectiveness and efficiency. However, this innovative approach also presents a host of challenges. This article employs a normative legal research methodology, utilizing both statutory and conceptual frameworks. Data collection involved a comprehensive literature review of relevant laws and regulations pertaining to elections. The findings of this study reveal that the democratic process of simultaneous elections is far from flawless. Instances of power abuse by the DPR and prevalent money politics practices continue to persist. Such misconduct occurs among participants, organizers, and voters, ultimately undermining the intended goals of enhancing democracy and upholding human rights values through the implementation of simultaneous elections.

Harmony Unveiled: Sharia Law and Human Rights in Dubai's Justice

Utilizing a literature review as the primary method, this study delved into the navigation of tradition and modernity within Dubai's criminal justice system. The methodology entailed a comprehensive review of existing scholarly works, legal documents, and reports pertaining to the subject matter. The analysis synthesized insights from various sources to examine the system's integration of international human rights values and Sharia law principles. Additionally, it explored mechanisms for defending minority rights and assessed perceptions of the system's fairness and effectiveness among different segments of the population. Through this literature-based approach, key findings emerged. Firstly, the majority of sources indicated that the system effectively balances international human rights standards with Sharia law principles. Secondly, specialized courts and legal aid provisions were identified as mechanisms for safeguarding minority rights. Lastly, while the system was generally perceived as providing adequate protection, opportunities for improvement, such as enhancing access to justice for marginalized groups, were highlighted. In conclusion, the findings suggest that the Dubai criminal justice system has successfully negotiated tradition and modernity, offering valuable insights for other jurisdictions. Nonetheless, further research is warranted to evaluate the long-term implications of these findings and to refine strategies for ongoing enhancement in response to evolving societal demands.

Kebijakan Pidana Mati Terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Narkotika Di Lingkungan Prajurit TNI

Regulation on the eradication and countermeasures of narcotics and psychotropic substances (drugs) in Indonesia is known for very strict sanctions in the form of death penalty for drug dealers and dealers who meet certain criteria. Globally, death penalty sanctions pose pros and cons. For those who are against the death penalty is considered contrary to human rights values, while for those who are pro, consider that human rights have restrictions, namely respect for other human rights. In law enforcement against TNI soldiers involved in the circulation of narcotics and psychotropic substances, in addition to being guided by the criminal law that applies to everyone, there are also additional criminal sanctions stipulated in the Criminal Code. In addition, the thing that differentiates is the mechanism and procedure. For the general public, it is processed through the general court, while for soldiers it is processed through the military justice mechanism. The development of death penalty sanctions has shifted with the promulgation of Law No. 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code which will take effect from January 2, 2026.