Patrimony Of Humanity Research Articles

A Free Man in Search of the Truth about Himself. An Attempt at a Moral-Theological Rein-terpretation of Sophocles’ “Oedipus The King”

Sophocles’ “Oedipus the King” is one of the oldest and most famous tragedies that belong to the common patrimony of humanity. It raises issues to which each generation must find its own answer. Some of these issues become particularly relevant at moments when the foundations of common anthropological concepts are shaken, as they are at the present time. The reference to pre-Christian literary works can be a starting point for a dialogue with those who do not share the Christian worldview but are open to an exchange of reflections about man. In this article the author, starting from the specifics of the adaptation of the myth in the Sophocles’ edition, through an outline of the wealth of interpretations of his tragedy through the centuries, arrives at a proposal for the moral-theological reinterpretation of this work in today’s world with the help of two examples: the question of the origin of the person in the context of parenthood and moral responsibility in a world dominated by individualism and a weakened belief in actual human freedom.

A Free Man in Search of the Truth about Himself. An Attempt at a Moral-Theological Rein-terpretation of Sophocles’ “Oedipus The King”

Sophocles’ “Oedipus the King” is one of the oldest and most famous tragedies that belong to the common patrimony of humanity. It raises issues to which each generation must find its own answer. Some of these issues become particularly relevant at moments when the foundations of common anthropological concepts are shaken, as they are at the present time. The reference to pre-Christian literary works can be a starting point for a dialogue with those who do not share the Christian worldview but are open to an exchange of reflections about man. In this article the author, starting from the specifics of the adaptation of the myth in the Sophocles’ edition, through an outline of the wealth of interpretations of his tragedy through the centuries, arrives at a proposal for the moral-theological reinterpretation of this work in today’s world with the help of two examples: the question of the origin of the person in the context of parenthood and moral responsibility in a world dominated by individualism and a weakened belief in actual human freedom.

Vodou Haïtien

Haitian Vodou first took shape in the context of slavery. Once the religion of the royal family in Dahomey, in West Africa, it was then transformed by the slaves of the island of Haiti as a way of restoring a sense of identity and as a force of liberation. This explains the highly significant role played by Vodou in the largest ever successful slave revolt in history and in the creation of an independent Haiti. Initially, anthropology, based on an evolutionary perspective, regarded Vodou as the manifestation of a primitive and barbaric culture closely linked to magic and witchcraft, a view compatible with the European colonisation movement. As a result, Vodou was subjected to a number of waves of persecution by the Catholic clergy. However, over the course of the last decades, anthropology has demonstrated that the syncretism seen in Vodou, notably with its repurposing of the worship of Catholic saints, indicates the creation of a new culture that is capable of tolerance. Its pantheon and its rituals can be understood thanks to an anthropology based on theories of language and symbolic function. Anthropology also shows us that Haitian Vodou serves as a means of remembrance and that it forms part of the patrimony of humanity since the nineteenth century.

Steatite/Epoxy Composites for Restoration Works Through a Statistical Mixture Design Methodology

Currently many works of art made of soapstone and recognized as cultural patrimony of humanity are in an advanced stage of degradation. Hence, it is necessary to interrupt this process and recover the deteriorated parts. Composite materials consisted of steatite particles and epoxy polymer are designed and characterised for their application in the repair of sculptures made of soapstone. The material applied in restorations should provide coloration and texture similar to soapstone besides structural requirements. The degree of similarity of the artificial material to the rock is enhanced by the proper selection of the particle size range and the increase of steatite incorporation in the composites. A statistical methodology based on the mixture design is used to optimize the relative amount of three particle size fractions of steatite particles in order to maximise the proportion of the dispersed phase in the composites. The maximum particle packing density (1.50 g/cm³) is obtained for a ternary mixture, composed of 62% of coarse particles (1.18 mm - 0.60 mm), 6% of medium sized particles (0.60 mm - 0.30 mm) and 32% of fine particles (0.30 mm - 0.15 mm). In this manner, the fabrication of composites based on an epoxy polymer matrix with 70wt% of incorporated steatite particles has been possible, increasing the maximum amount by 10% as used in previous works.

Currículo, Educação Física e Marabaixo: fundamentando caminhos para inserção da cultura afro-brasileira na escola do Amapá

O Marabaixo é uma manifestação cultural afro-brasileira do Estado do Amapá, que representa um movimento de resistência/luta contra a opressão da população negra. O presente artigo objetivou analisar caminhos para superação da ausência/secundarização do Marabaixo nas aulas de Educação Física no Amapá, tendo como referência os estudos curriculares e as identidades da Educação Física brasileira. Identificamos que o desafio de incluir o Marabaixo como conteúdo de ensino da Educação Física, nas escolas do Amapá, pode ser enfrentado pela perspectiva que reconhece que os objetivos deste componente curricular estão centrados nos sentidos e significados das manifestações corporais, enquanto patrimônio cultural da humanidade.

Composite materials for the restoration of historical monuments made of soapstone (steatite): a statistical approach

Currently many works of art made of soapstone and recognized as cultural patrimony of humanity are in an advanced stage of degradation. Hence, it is necessary to interrupt this process and recover the deteriorated parts. Composite materials consisted of steatite particles and epoxy polymer are designed and characterised for their application in the repair of sculptures made of soapstone. The material applied in restorations should provide coloration and texture similar to soapstone besides structural requirements. The degree of similarity of the artificial material to the rock is enhanced by the proper selection of the particle size range and the increase of steatite incorporation in the composites. A statistical methodology based on the mixture design is used to optimize the relative amount of three particle size fractions of steatite particles in order to maximise the proportion of the dispersed phase in the composites. The maximum particle packing density (1.50 g/cm³) is obtained for a ternary mixture, composed of 62% of coarse particles (1.18 mm - 0.60 mm), 6% of medium sized particles (0.60 mm - 0.30 mm) and 32% of fine particles (0.30 mm - 0.15 mm). In this manner, the fabrication of composites based on an epoxy polymer matrix with 70wt% of incorporated steatite particles has been possible, increasing the maximum amount by 10% as used in previous works.

Metal Distribution and Short-Time Variability in Recent Sediments from the Ganges River towards the Bay of Bengal (India)

The Ganges River receives inputs from highly populated cities of India (New Delhi, Calcutta, among others) and a strong influence of anthropogenic activities until reaching the Bay of Bengal. It is a seasonal river with 80% of discharges occurring between July and October during monsoon. The land-based activities next to the shore lead to discharges of untreated domestic and industrial effluents, inputs of agricultural chemicals, discharges of organic matter (cremations), and discharges of chemicals from aquaculture farms. In spite of the UNESCO declaring Human Patrimony the National Park Sundarbans, located in the delta, contamination has increased over time and it dramatically intensifies during the monsoon period due to the flooding of the drainage basin. Vertical element distribution (Cd, Co, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) was studied in sediments collected in different stations towards the Hügli Estuary. Results determined no vertical gradient associated with the analyzed sediment samples, which informs about severe sediment dynamic in the area that probably relates to tidal hydrodynamics and seasonal variation floods. The multivariate analysis results showed different associations among metals and in some cases between some of them (Co, Zn, Pb, and Cu) and the organic carbon. These allow the identification of different geochemical processes in the area and their relationship with the sources of contamination such as discharge of domestic and industrial effluents and diffuse sources enhanced by the monsoons. Also, an environmental risk value was given to the studied area by comparing the analyzed concentrations to quality guidelines adopted in other countries. It showed an estimated risk associated with the concentration of the metal Cu measured in the area of Kadwip.

El Consumo de drogas y su incidencia en el Nivel de Rendimiento Académico en los estudiantes de los Octavos Años de Educación General Básica de la Ciudad de Quito

OBJETIVO: " Determinar cómo influye el consumo de drogas en el Rendimiento Académico en los estudiantes de los Octavos Años de Educación General Básica de la Ciudad de Quito".
 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS: Identificar el nivel de consumo de drogas por parte de los estudiantes de los Octavos Años de Educación General Básica de la Unidad Educativa “Patrimonio de la Humanidad” . Verificar el nivel de rendimiento Académico en los estudiantes y su relación con el consumo de drogas en los Octavos Años de Educación General Básica de la Unidad Educativa “Patrimonio de la Humanidad”. Proponer un programa de prevención de drogas para los estudiantes de los Octavos Años de Educación General Básica de la Unidad Educativa “Patrimonio de la Humanidad”
 MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en la población de los estudiantes de los Octavos Años de Educación General Básica de la Unidad Educativa “Patrimonio de la Humanidad ubicado al Noroccidente de la Provincia de Pichincha . Fuente de información Primaria. Se estudiaron 114 personas que acudieron a clases ordinariamente entre el 2018 al 2019. Se identifico el riesgo de desarrollar un bajo rendimiento escolar por el consumo de drogas tanto licitas como ilícitas mediante de aplicación de la encuesta validada por la generación interactiva de Iberoamérica . Se realizó el análisis con el programa EPI INFO 7, para obtener un análisis uni y bivariado, se obtuvo porcentajes de las variables cuantitativas y se realizó la búsqueda de una relación utilizando el test exacto de Fisher.
 RESULTADOS
 El tamaño de la muestra fue de 114 estudiantes de los Octavos Años de Educación General Básica de la Unidad Educativa “Patrimonio de la Humanidad”, de la Ciudad de Quito, en el ciclo escolar 2018 -2019, de los cuales encontramos el 58.7% (n= 67) de sexo femenino; la edad media de la población estudiada fue de 14.2 años +/- DS 13,08 años. De los datos demográficos encontramos que el 100 % (n= 114) de la población no ha tenido deserción escolar . Según el tipo de droga que mas conoce se encuentran todas incluyendo las licitas e ilícitas con un 88.5% (n=101) , con respecto a las secuelas del consumo de drogas hay un conocimiento del 80.7% (n=92) . Sobre el interés de recibir charlas de prevención sobre el consumo de drogas la población en estudio tiene un alto interés el 90.3% (n=103) lo que significa la importancia de las mismas .Sobre la principal causa del consumo de las drogas tenemos múltiples variantes como la curiosidad , falta de comunicación intrafamiliar, baja autoestima y ser aceptado en un grupo de amigos con un 78% (n=89) que está en relación a las estadísticas mundiales . El signo físico causado por el consumo fue los ojos rojos con un 89.4% (n=102) que es orientativo para pesquisa de consumo en edades tempranas . Con respecto a las alteraciones en el rendimiento académico por con sumo la inasistencia a clases tiene un 95.6% (n=109) y su mayor problema social fue lo económico (pobreza) en un 78% (n=89). Según los lugares donde más se consume la droga nos llama la atención que es en los espacios abiertos como en los parques en un 53.5% (n=61) que nos indica que debemos tener cuidado cuando nuestros estudiantes nos indican que van al parque a jugar .
 CONCLUSIÓN
 La variable consumo de drogas si se relaciona estadísticamente con el rendimiento académico en los estudiantes de octavo año.
 Existe una necesidad de implementar charlas preventivas sobre el consumo de drogas en toda la población y con mayor énfasis en los estudiantes de octavo año de educación básica por los cambios que experimentan en la malla curricular .
 El 95.6% de las inasistencias en esta etapa escolar nos indica que puede deberse a problemas de consumo y es cuando debemos actuar en prevención.
 Los cambios físicos experimentados por el consumo como ojos rojos , cambios en el comportamiento , rechazo a las normas establecidas son alarmas de consumo de drogas en los estudiantes

Correção Geométrica de Imagens CBERS-4/PAN com Modelos Generalizados Usando como Referência Dados do Sistema Nacional de Gestão Fundiária

As imagens orbitais vêm sendo amplamente empregadas em diversas aplicações no contexto de observação da Terra, as quais exigem diferentes níveis de detalhamento e de acurácia posicional. O Programa CBERS (China–Brazil Earth Resources Satellite Program) originou-se de uma parceria entre Brasil e China no setor técnico-científico espacial. O satélite CBERS-4 é o quinto satélite do Programa CBERS e contém o sensor PAN, que coleta imagens pancromáticas com elemento de resolução espacial (GSD – Ground Sample Distance) de 5 m. Os estudos relacionados à análise da confiabilidade posicional e correção geométrica de imagens CBERS-4 ainda são limitados. Estudos prévios com imagens CBERS-4 PAN com diferentes níveis de processamento indicam deslocamentos posicionais significativos das imagens georreferenciadas, disponibilizadas pelo INPE (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais), incompatíveis com o seu GSD. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse trabalho consistiu em investigar a aplicação de modelos matemáticos generalizados na correção geométrica de imagens CBERS-4 PAN usando limites das propriedades rurais do INCRA (Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária) como pontos de controle. Destaca-se que esses limites estão disponíveis para propriedades de todo o Brasil, o que possibilita a replicação do trabalho em nível nacional. Foram consideradas imagens com diferentes níveis de correção prévia (níveis 1 e 2). As imagens de nível 1 são resultantes apenas da aplicação de procedimentos de calibração radiométrica, enquanto as de nível 2 são imagens de nível 1 corrigidas geometricamente a partir de informações de dados orbitais do satélite. Nos experimentos, considerou-se 3 (três) imagens no nível 1 e 1 (uma) imagem no nível 2. Adotaram-se os seguintes modelos generalizados: Polinomiais de ordem 1, 2 e 3; Projetiva e; Thin Plate Spline (TPS). Os modelos generalizados têm por vantagem não exigir o conhecimento dos parâmetros de aquisição do sistema, como a distância focal, o tamanho do sensor, dentre outras. Entretanto, exigem quantidade significativa de pontos de controle com distribuição uniforme ao longo da imagem. Para o processo de correção geométrica utilizou-se diferentes configurações de pontos de controle (30, 25, 20, 15 e 10) coincidentes com os limites das propriedades rurais georreferenciadas no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, que apresentam acurácia superior a 50 cm. A validação da correção geométrica foi realizada a partir do REQM (Raiz quadrado do Erro Quadrático Médio) nos pontos de verificação. A transformação Polinomial de ordem 1 apresentou valores elevados (maior que 10 GSD – 50 metros) de REMQ quando comparado aos demais modelos matemáticos, mesmo considerando 30 pontos de controle. O modelo Polinomial de ordem 2 apresentou comportamento mais consistente se comparado aos demais modelos. Mesmo ao considerar apenas 10 GCP apresentou REQM entre 1 e 2 GSD. Nesse modelo não há melhora significativa nos resultados mesmo aumentando a quantidade de pontos de controle. Nos demais modelos (TPS, Projetiva e Polinomial de ordem 3), verificou-se um aumento significativo no REQM ao se reduzir a quantidade de pontos. As imagens utilizadas nesse trabalho recobrem parte do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, o qual engloba a maior parte do Pantanal, considerado patrimônio natural da humanidade. Essas imagens orbitais, portanto, podem contribuir para o mapeamento e monitoramento de seus recursos naturais e, consequentemente, na proteção desse patrimônio.

Caracterización de la cultura afro como estrategia de educación

The objective of this research was to demonstrate the characterization of Afro culture as an education strategy. The development of the study is framed in authors such as Sánchez, Arrocha, under a descriptive cut as what is done is to describe realities. "That is, saying what a certain phenomenon is like and what it is. Descriptive studies seek to specify the important properties of people, groups, communities or any other phenomenon that is subject to analysis. Measure or evaluate various aspects, dimensions or components of the phenomenon or phenomena to investigate to (40) students of different courses. As a result, it could be observed that the educational community of the IED San ​​Juan de Palos Prieto highlights the importance of celebrating the day of Afro-Colombianeidad since we are a mestizo race. That the Afro character of the world population is not a matter exclusively of these, but that it is a patrimony of humanity for what it means for universal knowledge.

Heritage and patrimony of the peasantry framework to address rural development and its application in Colombia

The theoretical framework “heritage and patrimony of the peasantry” and its suggested operationalization potentially offers an improvement over previous approaches to analyse rural development. The first application of the concept was carried out in Colombia, quantifying rural development indicators in six rural territories. The most critical indicators to define rural development in this context were identified as follows: biodiversity, recycling and communal values. Based on these findings, human patrimony has the lowest level of all the heritages of the Colombian peasantry. Public policies to overcome these matters in the post-conflict era, should be the priority of rural development strategies.

Heritage and Patrimony of the Peasantry Framework and Rural Development Indicators in Rural Communities in Mexico

Abstract: The analytical framework “heritage and patrimony of the peasantry” and its recommended implementation theoretically provide an enhancement over previous methodologies to examine rural development. The current paper measures rural development indicators in six Mexican rural territories, and analyses their interaction in the heritages and patrimonies of the peasantry. The principal indicators that affect the patrimonies in these regions were recognised as Pluriactivity, Social Acknowledgment, Biodiversity and Recycling. Based on these outcomes, the indicators that belong to the Human Patrimony define it as the lowest of all the heritages of the Mexican peasantry. The analysis of the results remarks on the fact that the emphasis of public policies on productive concerns has left out complicated social problems such as the loss of identity, diversity and culture. These matters are becoming the strongest threat affecting the Mexican peasantry to improve their quality of life while respecting their human rights.

A Matter of Justice, Human Rights, and New Ways of Thinking About Work

This study deals with the employees’ participation in the management of a company and the protection for economically employee. The workers are first citizens, human beings looking for the fulfilment of human rights and justice. There is a legal provision in the Brazilian Constitution about the participation in a company’s management, which becomes more important as there is no labour union freedom in Brazil. The participation in the management is analysed within the social function concept of the company and its value chain. The aim is to investigate if the employees’ participation in a company’s management can enable profit, competitiveness, efficiency, and quality, without putting down the employees’ personal satisfaction, self-realization, self-esteem, projection, and motivation. This is an attempt to explain that it is not about converting the property into a patrimony of humanity, but only to subordinate private property to the community’s interests, inside a vision of giving to each one what belongs to them. A company cannot exercise its right contrary to the interests and expectations of present and future generations. Disregarding the human rights, over-consuming resources and failing to implement economic improvements that benefit the community, since the private wealth accumulation cannot oppose to the common profit.

La sustentabilidad ambiental en las unidades agroturísticas cafeteras en el departamento del Quindío

<p>En el departamento del Quindío, Colombia el cultivo de café ha representado la base económica y social para muchas familias desde hace más de 5 décadas, aunque recientemente el agroturismo se ha incorporado como nueva alternativa de ingresos que ha permitido fortalecer la cultura cafetera, logrando ser reconocida por la Unesco, como “Patrimonio cultural y turístico de la humanidad”. El nuevo reto del sector cafetero es diseñar estrategias que mejoren su nivel de sustentabilidad y gestión ambiental, sin embargo, no existen estudios claros sobre la situación ambiental de las actividades agroturísticas en estas unidades, por lo tanto, el presente estudio exploró y recogió información sobre la gestión de la sustentabilidad ambiental de las unidades empresariales rurales cafeteras dedicadas al agroturismo en este departamento, por medio de una matriz de indicadores ambientales diseñados para promover el desarrollo sostenible del turismo en Colombia. Los resultados mostraron un buen uso del recurso agua, y al mismo tiempo se evidenciala necesidad de realizar ajustes a los indicadores respecto a diferenciar el consumo “fijo” en las temporadas turísticas baja y alta. Igualmente se pone sobre la mesa de discusión la necesidad de conocer la representación mental de los individuos frente a la relación costo/beneficio de la gestión ambiental, rescatar el humanismo dentro de las estrategias y el papel de las universidades para fortalecer el desarrollo sustentable en las regiones.</p><p> </p>

O super-homem de Nietzsche

Resumo Artigo publicado no diário do Rio de Janeiro A Manha , em 1942. Nele, o historiador brasileiro discorre sobre aspectos morais e políticos do ideal do "super-homem de Nietzsche". Para tanto, transcreve e parafraseia trechos de sua obra Assim falava Zaratustra ; traz citações de intérpretes de suas obras, como Édouard Schuré e Antonio Mariano Barrenechea; procura desvencilhar sua ideia do super-homem de utilizações pessoais, políticas e autoritárias, defendendo seu autor como um patrimônio comum da humanidade.

Nutrition between sustainability and quality.

This lecture describes the complex interrelations existing between human nutrition, quality of aliments, their safety and the sustainability of the feeding habits adopted by the different cultures in the World. At present, a significant part of the developing World is still affected by insufficient availability of nutricious and safe food, and these difficulties are due more to political events as wars and less to natural events as famine. It is equally true that in the developed World, where abundance reigns and international trade grants a large variety of foods everywere, the existing health problems arise from the excess of nutrition, worsened by sedentarity, because the fatigue due to manual work has disappeared and people maintain their feeding habits; but such problems depend also on the diet composition, which in some countries is too rich in meat and animal fats. As a consequence, chronic degenerative pathologies and a progressive dependance of people in their third age are becoming more and more common. But this situation could be overturned by corrective interventions driven by good epidemiological knowledge, as teach us the great international institutions as UNO and WHO. The goal is not to expand without limits the production of food, but to better distribute it socially and geographically, to minimize losses and wastes and also to change those diets based on foods which consume too many natural resources and, therefore, do not respect sustainability. Sustainability can be measured under different aspects: ecology (use of water, energy and soil), economy and health protection. Accurate analyses and evaluations have brought to the conclusion that the least sustainable diets are those, quite popular in the Anglosaxon countries and northern and eastern Europe, rich in meat and animal fats, while those based on cereals, legumes and fish - like the Japanese and the Mediterranean diets - respect much more the environment, consume less resources and improve health and longevity (or, better, longevity in good health). The Mediterranean diet has been identified, classified and scientifically documented as the one that can guarantee longevity in good health by the US physiologist Ancel Keys, who lived many years in the Italian area of Cilento, the Italian creadle of such a diet, and died at the age of 100. The Mediterranean diet has been recognized in 2010 as an intangible cultural patrimony of Humanity by UNESCO, and is practiced also in many areas of Spain, Portugal, Greece, Morocco and Cyprus. Good diets per se are not sufficient to improve health if they are not accompanied by a daily physical exercise, which is necessary to replace the physical fatigue, represented in the past by the manuality of almost all jobs, with new practices as swimming, bicycling or at least walking enough time every day Another aspect to be developed is the capacity of the Mediterranean Diet to safeguard the cultural aspects, like conviviality and sharing of food, which are good mechanisms for socialization and improving the life of families and communities.

Transferring an innovation in food and lifestyle education: adaptation of a French obesity prevention methodology in Australia (262.2)

Property of the UNESCO Patrimony of Humanity, the French food model (FFM) is founded upon taste, social conviviality and structure. EPODE, a community‐based obesity prevention program promoting the FFM in France, was developed in 2003 and has been disseminated globally, including to Australian communities. There is no literature informing on the conditions for such cross‐cultural methodology transfers.The objective of this study is to examine French and Australian cultural contexts (food habits, environments, etc.), how the EPODE and OPAL programs function within them, and to understand the conditions for transfer.Qualitative, case study approaches used focus groups, semi‐structured interviews, and observations in EPODE and OPAL communities in France and Australia with program coordinators, implementers, children and families.The findings show that, although the holistic food principles behind EPODE gave ground for its importation, they did not transfer to OPAL. French study participants hold unquestioned assumptions toward their own cultural particularities and therefore the French food principals were not included in the formalized EPODE methodology. OPAL used Australian, nutrition‐focused principals without question, in line with Australian evidence. Unexamined assumptions of one’s own culture may be a barrier to cross‐cultural methodology transfers and thus cultural principals should be examined, defined and taken into account.Grant Funding Source: Supported by Flinders University, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

Rhetorical Conflicts: Civilizational Discourse and the Contested Patrimonies of Spain’s Festivals of Moors and Christians

The title of this essay identifies a series of verbal scuffles—or “rhetorical conflicts”—that developed in the fall of 2006 within Spain’s larger culture wars. The political skirmishes coalesced around an announcement by the Popular Party (PP) to champion a class of regional festivals for U.N. designation as indispensible elements of “human patrimony.” The war of words stemmed from the PP’s politicization of cultural designations, but the celebrations in question—the fiestas of Moors and Christians common in the south of Valencia region—already generated controversy since they display “rhetorical conflicts” of a different sort: In potentially offensive fashion, the festivals present carnivalesque re-enactments of battles in the medieval “Reconquest” of Iberia by Christian armies over Islamic “Moors.” The essay situates these entangled controversies in the broader context of waves of immigration that have accompanied, or even fueled, a trans-Atlantic discourse centered on notions of a geopolitical “clash of civilizations” between Islam and the West. Accordingly, the debates about the Moors and Christians festivals—like the celebrations themselves—reveal deep ambivalence about the role of Islam and of Muslims in Spain’s past and present.

Study of Multi-Origin Hazards and Assessment of Associated Risks in the Lefo Caldera (Bamenda Volcano, Cameroon Line)

The Bamenda Volcano (BV) (2621 m) is a stratovolcano situated in the Cameroon Line (CL). BV includes Mount Lefo (2534 m) which is situated on its southern slopes and contains one elliptical caldera (3 × 4 km). This caldera is propitious to farming and breeding activity. Despite these profitable assets, Lefo caldera (LC) is an amphitheater of the occurrence of multi-origin hazards that have direct or indirect impacts on the biodiversity and human patrimony. The most present hazards are those of meteorological origin. Numerous combined factors (steepest slopes, heavy rainfalls, weathered state of volcanic products…) rule these hazards. These factors gave rise to the occurrence of landslides, gullies erosion and rock falls which occur precisely on caldera northern and eastern rims. Hazards of anthropogenic origin are based on the destruction of the vegetation cover by the population for dealing, firewood and building issues. Moreover, during the breeding activity, the cattle covers the caldera throughout the day; this unevens the topography and destroys the meadow. Hazards of volcanological origin are not yet occurring in LC; but the recent Lake Monoun (1984) and Nyos (1986) CO2 eruptions, mount Cameroon eruptions (1999 and 2000) and mount Oku Lake event (2011) which are close to the BV and, the age of 0 Myr of basalt, constitutes a subject of controversy toward the reactivation of the Cameroonian hotspot faults. The assessment of risks in LC was based on the average income of breeding activity and house investment. The economy of LC is valued at about US$527472.527. The level of such risk will be important in case of loss of human beings and the destruction of geomorphosites’ values. In order to reduce the level of looses in this zone, hazard and risks maps are provided in this paper as well as some recommendations.

Paisajes vemos, de su creación no sabemos. El paisaje agavero patrimonio cultural de la humanidad

El artículo hace un análisis de algunas concepciones históricas del paisaje y del patrimonio, así como del uso pragmático que se hace en la actualidad de ambos conceptos. El caso elegido para sustentar el argumento es el de “El paisaje agavero y las antiguas instalaciones del tequila” declarados patrimonio cultural de la humanidad por la unesco en 2006. El marco para el análisis corresponde con la propuesta del moderno sistema mundo de Wallerstein y la división entre paisajes políticos y vernáculos que hace John B. Jackson. El paisaje agavero no es un espacio homogéneo, más bien es una construcción social, histórica, asimétrica, con un centro, una periferia y una semiperiferia, donde se visibilizan y valoran ciertos artificios, invisibilizando otros.