Human Obligations Research Articles

Planetary health as a paradigm shift towards health and well-being

Abstract Planetary health is a concept that focuses not only on human health but wider - on the health of our planet. Health is not only a privilege of human beings. Planetary health emphasizes the interconnected nature of human health and environmental health. This also makes a shift in the direction from human anthropocentricity to a more fair approach - health of the whole planet. Human well-being is dependent on the health of the planet, including clean air, water, and food sources. Paradigm shift towards planetary health promotes a holistic view of health that encompasses social, economic, and environmental factors. It considers the complex interactions between humans, animals, plants, and ecosystems. Planetary health insists on a preventative approach by addressing root causes such as pollution, climate change, and biodiversity loss. We should be aware of human responsibility linked to terrible symptoms of our Planet like heat waves, fires, droughts, floods... Planetary health approaches underline the importance of sustainable practices that protect the environment, promoting human health, but also actions to achieve that. By adopting sustainable lifestyles, industries, and policies, we can ensure the well-being of current and future generations. Planetary health calls for global collaboration, interconnecting nature, environment and human health challenges. By prioritizing planetary health, we show that we can be less selfish and that we respect nature and the environment. Planetary health insists on a paradigm shift towards a more integrated and sustainable approach using social and nature sciences in a holistic approach. But, we should also use Planetary health concept as a call for peace, which is a condition for all other achievements.

Analysis of Eco-Theology Understanding of Islamic Boarding Schools in North Sumatra

This study aims to analyze the understanding and application of eco-theology in Islamic Boarding Schools in North Sumatra. Eco-theology connects religious teachings with human responsibility towards environmental stewardship, and in the Islamic context, it is based on the teachings of the Qur'an and hadith. The research used a qualitative method involving direct observation and in-depth interviews with Islamic Boarding Schools in the South Tapanuli region. The findings indicate that although Islamic Boarding Schools serve as pillars of religious education, the implementation of eco-theology concepts remains limited, particularly in terms of environmental management, such as river cleanliness and sanitation practices. The study concludes that there is a need to enhance environmental awareness in Islamic Boarding Schools through structured greening and waste management programs.

Character of Ecological People in the Quran

The harmonious relationship between humans and their environment can be likened to a mutually beneficial relationship. This perspective views humans as an inseparable element of their environment, with an emphasis on the human obligation to care for and ensure the survival of nature. In return, nature will provide benefits to fulfil human needs. This research aims to actualise ecological verses in human life and produce the proposition of theological insanity from the perspective of the Quran. The following research method is a qualitative approach focusing on library research. As a guide and reference, it uses library data sources. When viewed from the method of analysis, it can be classified as descriptive research that describes information based on events and facts and relates it to explanations from related sources according to the topic of this research. In analysing Quranic interpretation, the following includes thematic or maudhûi interpretation research, with steps, namely collecting Quranic verses related to humans, the environment and nature. Furthermore, it provides interpretation and understanding of the verses in question through the application of various contemporary interpretation sources combined with other sources. This research produces a proposition of ecological human character in the Quran, which includes Khalifah, Hikmah, and Mizan. Thus, three things are interrelated to create the character of the rahmatan li al 'alamin people.

Ethical and Legal Protection of Drinking Water Resources in Islamic Jurisprudence (with Emphasis on Drinking Water Resources in Kabul)

Water is a vital resource for all living beings. The increase in population and decrease in rainfall in many cities around the world have led to serious water scarcity and pollution of wells and water resources in countries. The expansion of industrial production has resulted in the release of pollutants into surface and groundwater in cities and farmlands of countries. Therefore, this research has been conducted in a library way to examine the views and solutions of Islamic jurisprudence on resolving the problems and preserving the health of drinking water resources and wells, especially in Kabul. The findings of this research are that to preserve the health of water resources, a legal or spatial boundary between neighboring wells or farmers is required to be 500 meters in soft land, but in hard land, at least 250 meters between them is necessary to prevent the resulting damages. However, the distance between a well and a septic tank is 2.5 meters in hard land, and at least 7 cubits or 3.5 meters in soft areas. This is to purify water pollutants and prevent the resulting damages to neighbors. The legal boundary approach has been stated to compensate for the damage caused by a well or a water canal. Moral boundary means the growth of human responsibility to prevent water and environmental pollution in Islamic jurisprudence. Natural pollutant filters for well and canal water are the elements of soil, sand, abundant or flowing water, and oxygen present in water in Islamic jurisprudence.

Свобода воли в синкретизме тувинской культуры

The article analyzes the problem of free will in the Tuvan culture, characterized by syncretism and traditionalism. It uncovers the worldview aspects of the Tuvan people, which reveal an organic unity with nature, thereby determining the range of alternative actions available. It is emphasized that individuals in traditional Tuvan culture operate through syncretic thinking, which occurs in the inseparable relationship not only between humans and nature but also between subject and object. The absence of metaphysical thinking in Tuvan culture is noted as a consequence of operating within a localized cognitive framework and the lack of necessity for supra-natural concepts within the cultural context. The dissolution of the individual in the surrounding space emerges as a natural phenomenon in the context of their livelihood within a specific culture that has arisen under certain conditions. Furthermore, the article delineates a unique understanding of human responsibility and the concept of personal freedom. This understanding does not create contradictions in the realization of one’s free will and the necessity for the development of nature. Additionally, the contours of the transformation of Tuvan culture and the formation of personality concepts influenced by European models are outlined. This analysis contributes to the broader discourse on the interplay between cultural context and the conception of free will, highlighting how deeply embedded traditional beliefs and practices shape the Tuvan understanding of individual agency within the world.

When UBUNTU Becomes the Parameter of Tourism Sustainability

This study examines how embracing the concept of UBUNTU (I am because we are) can enhance tourism sustainability through digitalization. It highlights the interconnectedness of environmental factors and human responsibility globally. The main goal is to promote a sense of belonging to sustain tourism, utilizing digital platforms. By fostering harmony within nature and society, particularly through digital channels, the aim is to raise awareness about sustainability and mitigate the negative impacts of mass tourism. The study also seeks to conserve nature and natural resources from the adverse effects of tourism and advocate for prioritizing the preservation of nature and natural resources over commercial features, such as promoting homestays over star hotels. It emphasizes that destroying nature for development will ultimately diminish tourism appeal. Through this research, the message is conveyed that protecting nature ensures the continuity of tourism and related employment opportunities.

Legal responsibility of mining companies for agricultural land damage due to mining activities in Wasile district, East Halmahera Regency

The problematic activities of mining companies towards agricultural land damage should no longer be a collegial problem, but have logical consequences for society and the environment. Furthermore, it has become a shared responsibility of humanity. Natural resources are a trigger for excessive use of environmental services. Therefore, the reason some people exploit environmental capital is not only intended to survive, but instead is based on the basis of interests alone. The purpose of this study is to analyze the form of legal responsibility of mining companies for agricultural land damage due to mining activities in Wasile District, East Halmahera Regency. The research method used in this study is the empirical legal research method, through literature studies and field studies, namely conducting interviews. Environmental protection and management requires the development of an integrated system in the form of a national policy for environmental protection and management that must be implemented in a principled and consistent manner from the center to the regions. Legal responsibilities of mining companies include: The company must ensure that environmental costs are included in the management fund including environmental preservation after mining activities are carried out.

Verifying and Assessing the Reliability of the Learning Module of Positive Design and Innovative Technology in the Integration Approach of Spiritual Knowledge

This study was carried out to determine the validity and reliability of the learning module known as The Learning Module of Positive Design and Innovative Technology in The Integration Approach of Spiritual Knowledge (PRBTIFIIS). The PRBTIFIIS module has been built to develop the positive innovative thinking of Form 2 students through a knowledge integration approach with the application of the value of trust and obedience to God, human responsibility as a servant and caliph. The PRBTIFIIS module is built based on the Sidek Module construction model that uses the basic theory of Reverse Maslow's Theory, and Sidek's Learning Theory. A level of validation of the module content was carried out by five experts in the studied field. The content validity of the PRBTIFIIS Module is calculated using the Tuckmen and Waheed Level of Mastery Validity formula. The data obtained is 98.7%. The reliability of the module was obtained from 16 second-grade students who participated in the implementation of the pilot study. The Cronbach's Alpha score obtained for the reliability of the module was 0.97. The findings of the study show that the developed PRBTIFIIS Module has high validity and reliability and the PRBTIFIIS module is available to test its effectiveness.

동물과 인간 사이 ― 타자로서의 동물과 인간의 책임 ―

동물과 인간 사이 ― 타자로서의 동물과 인간의 책임 ―

The "Cosmic" Task of the Youngest Children

The article derived from Grazia Honegger Fresco’s years in close cooperation with Maria Montessori and Adele Costa Gnocchi. The author illustrates how small children from the moment they start using their hands and are standing unassisted on their own legs must act in their own way. The teacher must observe before acting and intervene as little as possible. Honegger Fresco follows the work of Montessori and Costa Gnocchi and she compares the findings with different fields of science, such as ethnology and neurology. As a result of her observations and experiences she points toward the relationship between a good childhood, and in the long term, human responsibility on Earth, using the concept “the Cosmic Task”. The method in this article is based on autoethnography, as the author shares her personal experience and reflections, both as a teacher and as an educator. The aim is to shed light on aspects regarding the needs of small children and to point at the essential role of adults, educators as well as parents. As Schiedi explains, autoethnography “extends its narrative horizon to a social, professional, organizational dimension of the self ” (2016). During Honegger Fresco’s career, she was primarily inspired by Maria Montessori’s research about child development and children’s needs and rights, and she had continuously deepened her understanding by studying other researchers in this field. Thus, the article will share her conviction that by serving the creative spirit of the youngest children we will build a better future for our planet.

Exploring Women's Health and Medical Treatment in Renaissance Italy Through Giovanni Marinello's Treatise

This article looks at a 16th-century medical book called Le medicine partenenti alle infermità delle donne by Giovanni Marinello (Venice, 1574), who wrote it intending to assist midwives and other delivery attendants in improving their professional practices. It is a very successful text that serves as an illustration of the rich body of treatises on women's diseases that were published in Europe in the sixteenth century and up until the first half of the seventeenth and which, despite disagreements and controversies, reflect a rekindled and passionate interest in medicine for the uniqueness of the female body that is beginning to diverge from the scholastic view of woman as an imperfect male. In addition, Marinello's work depicts the nature of contemporary daily life. It provides in great detail natural cures for sterility issues and all conditions related to pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum, always within the bounds of what is reasonable for a period defined by the ideas of the Council of Trent. The writings of Giovanni Marinello on women's diseases and cosmetics have two main advantages: first, they present traditional medical notions about female physiology and pathology in a way that is understandable through the use of colloquial language and an unpretentious style; second, they provide invaluable information on aspects of daily life. A significant portion of this practical book, which contains both prescribing and discursive material, is devoted to issues related to health and disease, the look of the body in life, pain, and methods to address these issues. Discussions include the human obligation to compete with natural rules, reflections on aesthetic canons and goals, and the interaction between nature and art or technology. The analysis of Marinello's texts focuses on both the form and the substance to make them accessible to a primarily female readership. The purpose of Marinello's three books, organized in a chronological order that starts with marriage and ends with childbirth, is to inform women of all the methods for maintaining their bodies and posses-sions. In the first book, we discuss eliminating all the annoying obstacles like urinary incontinence or lousy breath while discussing various sterility therapies in the seco- nd and pregnancy and childbirth in the third one. Despite the abundance of graphic and comprehensive erotic counsel, Marinello always sees it as an essential medical treatise while guaranteeing procreation. Mari- nello consequently highlights women's health through reproduction to safeguard the marriage and family unit. In addition to viewing health as the outcome of humoral balance, me- dieval medicine, based on the Hippocratic idea of humor, also consi- dered that physicians were responsible for aiding in the redemption of the soul alongside preachers (Jacquart & Thomasset, 1989; Lan, 1970). Especially when we consider that medical texts were written in Latin, a preferred language for disseminating science, until well into the seven- teenth and even the eighteenth century, the healing of diseases was associated with an unquestionable hermeticism, only accessible to spe- cialists, never to patients' objectives. As a counterpart to the idea of a Latin language associated with science, this study aims to present a guided reading of a work written in Italian, Le medicine partenenti alle enfermità delle donne, by Giovanni Marinello, the first to use his lan- guage instead of scientific Latin.

A maze of responsibility

This paper is an attempt to deconstruct, formally decode the notion of responsibility frequently appearing in the process of deinstitutionalisation and long-term care provision. It is a Kafkian predicative category of subordination. Its value is determined by its two objects. "For what" we are responsible constitutes the substance of responsibility, "to what" constitutes its form and sense. By examining the substance of responsibility—for acts, things and people, we have derived the basic parameters, conditions constitutive of responsibility: loss (negative consequences), alienation, reification, removal of will and ascribing. Investigating the form of responsibility, of that to which we are responsible, we have schematically divided instances of responsibility into hierarchic and horizontal, as well as into reflexive and transient. Intricacies of responsibility to authorities, public, community as well as to near ones and the self are explored in their action and contemplative properties. Deinstitutionalisation on the one hand restores civic responsibility to the service users, on the other it transmutes its very conditions. The imperative is to restore their will capacity, not to ascribe acts to stigma, allow reappropriation and humanisation and to put the emphasis on achievement and success. In the case of the key worker, we demonstrate a new pattern of professional responsibility, in which acts are actors' responsibility, while helpers are responsible for service delivery, their own acts and for teamwork that will uphold the user's emancipation. In the transition to community, subordinative responsibility is being transformed into everyday responsiveness and common responsibility for humanity.

Islamic Perspective And The Public Awareness In Protecting Of Environment

In modern lifestyle in this era ,the environmental problems are still an unresolved issue. Nowdays, there are still few humans who care about efforts to protect and preserve the environment. The Humans as thinking beings should be able to implement their behavior in accordance with religious guidance in preserving the environment. Not only taking advantage of the availability of nature, but also being able to manage it as a mandate from God. The aim of this research is to provide a general description and concept of ecological responsibility in an Islamic perspective that refers to its sources, namely the quran and Hadith. As well as providing data on how the current public awareness in maintaining and preserving the environment. In the Quran, it is explicitly stated that humans have ecological responsibilities. Because the creation of humans in the concept of the quran is as Khalifah on earth, which means the role, duties and responsibilities of humans in managing the earth as a place of life. It is not only Islam that teaches about environmental care. But all religions emphasize ethics towards the environment. One of the biggest factors in the lack of public concern in preserving the environment is the lack of knowledge in ecology, both its roles and responsibilities, as well as the concept of management and its impact.

Al-Tasawuf wa Azmah al-Mustadāmah: Muqārabah Muta’addidah al-Takhaṣṣuṣāt Li Idārah al-Nufāyāt fī Indonesia Mustawḥāt min Mafhūm al-Khilāfah fī Rasāil al-Nūr

This research explores the relationship between the concept of Khilafah in the Risale-i Nur and the "Zero Waste" movement in Indonesia. The study utilizes a literature review, including a compilation of Risale-I Nur, data from the Zero Waste program in Indonesia's National Waste Management Information System (SIPSN), and related literature. This data is then qualitatively analyzed and subjected to content analysis to describe the relevance and implications of it concept on the Indonesia Zero Waste movement. The research demonstrates that the concept of Khilafah transcends the anthropocentric and ecocentric perspectives, emphasizing human responsibility towards the environment. The research further illustrates how the concept of Khilafah utilizes the "Law of Purification" as a foundation for the "Zero Waste" concept. Despite the progress made by Indonesia in waste management, significant challenges remain. The research highlights the role of the Khilafah concept in fostering religious awareness and sensitivity within the "Zero Waste" movements. It elucidates that the connection between the Nursian Khilafah and the "Zero Waste" movements constitutes a religious basis and sensitivity that requires continuous attention. The research is expected to provide profound insights into the potential of the Nursian Khilafah in addressing waste problems and supporting the "Zero Waste" movement in Indonesia

VALUE-NORMATIVE DIMENSIONS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS IN THE CONDITIONS OF WAR

The article is devoted to the study of the ethical and value dimensions of the ecological crisis in the situation caused by war, and to the clarification of the significance of human responsibility for one’s actions in relation to nature. It is shown that the observance of moral and ethical norms and orientation to the values vital to man are a necessary condition for the preservation of human life and nature. The analysis of the tasks set in the article is carried out on the basis of the use of ideas of communicative philosophy and discursive ethics, which allows to form knowledge about the ecologically constructive relations of man with nature, to assess the scale of environmental problems in the conditions of war, and to search for ways to mitigate the consequences of the ecological crisis for man and nature.It is substantiated that the ecological crisis has value and cultural origins, therefore the awareness of the need to adhere to universal human values and the correlation of human actions in relation to nature with the norms of cultural and historical universalism becomes especially relevant. Attention is focused on the fact that in the conditions of war, barbaric expansion into the natural world, soullessness, merciless treatment of the plant and animal world, man and humanity must be guided in their actions by humanistic consciousness and moral principles, determine their actions by understanding responsibility for life. It has been established that modern man’s recognition of the importance of moral and ethical norms and humanistic values is an alternative to a lifestyle built on an unlimited, aggressive, exploitative attitude towards nature. Despite the difference between the types of culture and different cultural systems, the dominance of different value systems, people must equally ensure equal rights and bear joint responsibility for life. The most promising development strategy for humanity in a war situation should be the preservation of human life in unity with nature.

Environmental Ethics in the Quran: A Study of Semantic Analysis and Interpretation of the Term "Khalifah"

The term ?khalifah? is often equated with leadership, referring to a perspective that interprets it as a derivation of the term ?imamah.? While not entirely incorrect, many view it as a definitive meaning. However, referring to the Quran, ?khalifah? holds a broader and more universal significance. The limited understanding of ?khalifah? as merely a leader seems to have narrowed its original meaning. Therefore, this research aims to delineate the concept of ?khalifah? through semantic analysis and interpretations from authoritative Quranic commentators. In this research method, we employ literature review with a qualitative approach, and data collection is conducted through documentary techniques to gather data from various verses in the Quran as well as explanations from Quranic scholars in classical and contemporary tafsir literature. The collected data is then analyzed using content analysis method. The results of this research indicate that the term ?khalifah? in the Quran signifies a trust and responsibility of humans on Earth to prosper it and preserve its flora and fauna. Verses related to ?khalifah? depict that it plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of nature. This research has significant implications in the context of environmental conservation. Additionally, these findings provide a deeper insight into the importance of building a harmonious relationship between humans and nature, both being creations of Allah.

Maroon Anti-necropolitics

This article describes Maroon anti-necropolitics and its implications for multispecies justice to aid in creating a genuinely decolonial Caribbean ecological theory. Ndyuka Maroons, the descendants of one nation of self-liberated formerly enslaved Black Surinamese peoples, have created a cosmopolitical order based on the refusal of necropolitics (which is the assumption that politics must be predicated on the sovereign human appropriation of the right to kill or let die). In its place, Ndyukas practice an ethics of sociality premised on the shared collective vulnerability of present and future generations to the consequences of acts of killing. This Maroon anti-necropolitics has three primary principles: (1) death always relates specific deaths to future collective harm; (2) humans do not have a sovereign right to death over the lives of others; and (3) death does not rupture relations between the living and the dead, or the community and its enemies, but intensifies them by imposing ineradicable connections of tragic loss between perpetrators and victims. Ndyukas accordingly articulate a theory of relational justice that rejects human sovereignty while emphasizing human responsibility. This article illustrates how Maroons have imagined a world beyond necropolitics and why this helps confront the ways in which necropolitical assumptions inflect how multispecies justice is imagined.

What Is Beyond Conversion? 2. Practical Theological Approaches to Spiritual Formation

Following the theological grounding of spiritual formation in a previous study, this paper explores how we can approach the topic of faith growth in a way that maintains both human responsibility and the divine supremacy of grace. To this end, the threefold path of via purgativa – via illuminativa – via unitiva will be explored in a new way, rather than the stair-step paths of the mystical tradition. Further on, the spiritual and religious dimensions of spiritual formation will be presented, integrating Diana J. Chandler’s model with the trinity of the Great Commandment. According to the Great Commandment, the triune unity of God–man–fellow man is the space of spiritual formation. It is based on a personal intimate relationship with God, in which God has the priority. A fruitful, ethical life lived towards one’s neighbour comes from this personal, spiritual formation based on a spiritual relationship with God. Keywords: spiritual formation, via purgativa, via illuminativa, via unitiva, the Great Commandment

Peran Guru Pendidikan Agama Kristen Dalam Mengembangkan Kepedulian Ekologi Pada Generasi Muda Kristen

the increasingly alarming ecological crisis demands efforts to build awareness and concern for the environment, especially among the younger generation of Christians. This study aims to determine the role of Christian Religious Education teachers in shaping a generation of Christians who care about the ecological crisis. Using a qualitative approach with descriptive methods, data collection was conducted through interviews, observations, and filling out questionnaires. The results showed that Christian Religious Education teachers have an important role in shaping a Christian generation that cares about the ecological crisis, which is realized through (a) Integration of ecological material in Christian Religious Education learning, such as the concept of creation, stewardship, and human responsibility towards nature (b) Exemplary teachers in behaving environmentally friendly and educating students to care about the environment (c) Development of environmental awareness-based activities and cleaning activities in the school environment and its surroundings. This study suggests that Christian Religious Education teachers should consistently integrate ecological issues in learning and provide examples of environmentally friendly behavior, as well as develop extracurricular programs that can foster environmental awareness in the Christian generation. The findings of this study confirm the significant contribution of Christian Religious Education teachers in developing ecological awareness in the younger generation of Christians. Keywords: Christian Religious Education Teacher; Christian Generation; Ecology

The Challenges of Health Units During Covid19: Qualitative Analysis Through the Lens of Dynamic Capacities

In all sectors, whether public or private, the current organizational context is characterized by technological, economic, political, social, and cultural changes, which affect the ongoing relations between countries and companies. In the public sector, the political factor and its political cycles are more present, as well as social and human responsibilities in health allow us to differentiate our study environment from all the others. Currently, during the pandemic phase, according to the need for adaptation and dynamics of the Health Units, this was even more visible. Dynamic capabilities (DCs) need to be renewed to respond to emerging changes in the environment, and organizations must develop their capabilities to sustain good levels of performance. Therefore, CDs play an essential role in the performance of organizations. The main objectives of this study are to study the HC in Health Units during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, with the objective of developing a mapping of indicators that would allow a more efficient response to the organizational and structural changes of the Health Units, users' needs (whether COVID or non-COVID). This article presents preliminary data from an investigation still ongoing on the topic. As contributions, we highlight how the study helps to identify the relationships between the various capacities, relating the importance of technological capacity, human resources capacity and the special importance given to learning resources (through routine activities).