Human Lung Fibroblast WI-38 Cells Research Articles

Unveiling the anticancer potentiality of single cell oils produced by marine oleaginous Paradendryphiella sp. under optimized economic growth conditions

Bioprospecting about new marine oleaginous fungi that produce advantageous bioproducts in a green sustainable process is the key of blue bioeconomy. Herein, the marine Paradendryphiella sp. was utilized for single cell oils (SCOs) production economically, via central composite design, the lipid content enhanced 2.2-fold by 5.5 g/L lipid yeild on seawater-based media supplemented with molasses concentration 50 g/L, yeast extract, 2.25 g/L at initial pH value (5.3) and 8 days of static incubation. Subsequently, the fatty acid methyl esters profiles of SCOs produced on optimized media under different abiotic conditions were determined; signifying qualitative and quantitative variations. Interestingly, the psychrophilic-prolonged incubation increased the unsaturation level of fatty acids to 59.34%, while ω-6 and ω-3 contents representing 23.53% and 0.67% respectively. Remarkably, it exhibited the highest EC100 dose by 677.03 µg/mL on normal human lung fibroblast Wi-38 cells. Meanwhile, it showed the highest inhibiting proliferation potential on cancer cell lines of A549, MDA-MB 231 and HepG-2 cells by 372.37, 417.48 and 365.00 µg/mL, respectively. Besides, it elevated the oxidative stress, the expression of key apoptotic genes and suppressed the expression of key oncogenes (NF-κB, BCL2 and cyclin D); implying its promising efficacy in cancer treatment as adjuvant drug. This study denoted the lipogenesis capacity of Paradendryphiella sp. under acidic/alkaline and psychrophilic/mesophilic conditions. Hereby attaining efficient and economic process under seasonal variation with different Egyptian marine sources to fill the gap of freshwater crisis and simultaneously preserve energy.

Stimulation of Nuclear Factor (Erythroid-Derived 2)-like 2 Signaling by Nucleus Targeted Irradiation with Proton Microbeam

Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2), well-known as a master antioxidative response regulator in mammalian cells, is considered as a potential target for radiation protection and cancer therapy sensitization. We examined the response of NRF2 signaling in normal human lung fibroblast WI-38 cells to nucleus targeted irradiation by 3.4 MeV proton microbeam. Nucleus targeted irradiation stimulated the nucleus accumulation of NRF2 and the expression of its target gene, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). The nucleus accumulation of NRF2 increased from 3 h to 12 h post 500 proton irradiation. In the 500 protons range, higher number of protons resulted in increased NRF2 nucleus accumulation. Activating NRF2 with tert-butylhydroquinone reduced DNA double-strand break (DSB) formation in nucleus targeted irradiation by 15%. Moreover, ATM phosphorylation was found in nucleus targeted irradiation. Inhibiting ATM with ku55933 prevented NRF2 nucleus accumulation. Furthermore, nucleus targeted irradiation activated ERK 1/2, and ROS-ERK 1/2 signaling regulated NRF2 nucleus accumulation. Taken together, NRF2 signaling was activated by nucleus targeted irradiation and mitigated DNA DSB. The discovery of ATM and ERK 1/2 as upstream regulators of NRF2 signaling in nucleus targeted cells revealed new information regarding radiation protection.

Histamine activates an intracellular Ca2+ signal in normal human lung fibroblast WI-38 cells.

Histamine is an inflammatory mediator that can be released from mast cells to induce airway remodeling and cause persistent airflow limitation in asthma. In addition to stimulating airway smooth muscle cell constriction and hyperplasia, histamine promotes pulmonary remodeling by inducing fibroblast proliferation, contraction, and migration. It has long been known that histamine receptor 1 (H1R) mediates the effects of histamine on human pulmonary fibroblasts through an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), but the underlying signaling mechanisms are still unknown. Herein, we exploited single-cell Ca2+ imaging to assess the signal transduction pathways whereby histamine generates intracellular Ca2+ signals in the human fetal lung fibroblast cell line, WI-38. WI-38 fibroblasts were loaded with the Ca2+-sensitive fluorophore, FURA-2/AM, and challenged with histamine in the absence and presence of specific pharmacological inhibitors to dissect the Ca2+ release/entry pathways responsible for the onset of the Ca2+ response. Histamine elicited complex intracellular Ca2+ signatures in WI-38 fibroblasts throughout a concentration range spanning between 1 µM and 1 mM. In accord, the Ca2+ response to histamine adopted four main temporal patterns, which were, respectively, termed peak, peak-oscillations, peak-plateau-oscillations, and peak-plateau. Histamine-evoked intracellular Ca2+ signals were abolished by pyrilamine, which selectively blocks H1R, and significantly reduced by ranitidine, which selectively inhibits H2R. Conversely, the pharmacological blockade of H3R and H4R did not affect the complex increase in [Ca2+]i evoked by histamine in WI-38 fibroblasts. In agreement with these findings, histamine-induced intracellular Ca2+ signals were initiated by intracellular Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum through inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) receptors (InsP3R) and sustained by store-operated Ca2+ channels (SOCs). Conversely, L-type voltage-operated Ca2+ channels did not support histamine-induced extracellular Ca2+ entry. A preliminary transcriptomic analysis confirmed that WI-38 human lung fibroblasts express all the three InsP3R isoforms as well as STIM2 and Orai3, which represent the molecular components of SOCs. The pharmacological blockade of InsP3 and SOC, therefore, could represent an alternative strategy to prevent the pernicious effects of histamine on lung fibroblasts in asthmatic patients.

The role of circTMOD3 in regulating LPS-induced acute inflammation and injury in human lung fibroblast WI-38 cells

Background Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been implicated in the molecular etiology of pediatric pneumonia. Here, we investigated the precise action of circRNA tropomodulin 3 (circTMOD3, hsa_circ_0035292) in cell injury and inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods: Cell viability was gauged by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Cell apoptosis and cycle distribution were assessed by flow cytometry. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production. The levels of circTMOD3, microRNA (miR)-146b-3p, and C–X–C motif chemokine receptor 1 (CXCR1) were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) or western blot. Ribonuclease (RNase) R, Actinomycin D and subcellular localization assays were done to characterize circTMOD3. The direct relationship between miR-146b-3p and circTMOD3 or CXCR1 was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assays. Results: Our data showed that LPS induced the expression of circTMOD3 in WI-38 cells. CircTMOD3 was resistant to RNase R and was mainly present in the cytoplasm. Silencing endogenous circTMOD3 alleviated WI-38 cell injury and inflammation triggered by LPS. Mechanistically, circTMOD3 directly targeted miR-146b-3p, and CXCR1 was a direct and functional target of miR-146b-3p. CircTMOD3 regulated LPS-induced cell inflammation and injury by targeting miR-146b-3p, and miR-146b-3p-mediated suppression of CXCR1 impacted LPS-evoked cytotoxicity and inflammation. Furthermore, circTMOD3 functioned as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for miR-146b-3p to induce CXCR1 expression. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated the regulation of circTMOD3 in LPS-induced cell injury and inflammation at least partially via miR-146b-3p-independent modulation of CXCR1.

Silencing XIST mitigated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory injury in human lung fibroblast WI-38 cells through modulating miR-30b-5p/CCL16 axis and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

BackgroundEmerging evidence shows that long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) has been a novel insight in various diseases, including pneumonia. Even though lncRNA X-inactive-specific transcript (XIST) is well studied, its role in pneumonia remains to be largely unrevealed.MethodsExpression of XIST, miRNA-30b-5p (miR-30b-5p), and CC chemokine ligand 16 (CCL16) was detected using reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting; their interaction was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Apoptosis, inflammation, and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB signaling pathway were measured using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay, flow cytometry, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsLipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation decreased cell viability and B cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 expression, and increased cell apoptosis rate and expression of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), cleaved-caspase-3, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in WI-38 cells. Expression of XIST and CCL16 was upregulated in the serum of patients with pneumonia and LPS-induced WI-38 cells, respectively; silencing XIST and CCL16 could suppress LPS-induced apoptosis and inflammation in WI-38 cells, and this protection was abolished by miR-30b-5p downregulation. Moreover, XIST and CCL16 could physically bind to miR-30b-5p, and XIST regulated CCL16 expression via sponging miR-30b-5p. TLR4 and phosphorylated P65 (p-P65) and p-IκB-α were highly induced by LPS treatment, and this upregulation was diminished by blocking XIST, accompanied with CCL16 downregulation and miR-30b-5p upregulation.ConclusionsSilencing XIST could alleviate LPS-induced inflammatory injury in human lung fibroblast WI-38 cells through modulating miR-30b-5p/CCL16 axis and inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Cytoplasmic Radiation Induced Radio-Adaptive Response in Human Lung Fibroblast WI-38 Cells.

It has been reported that in cells exposed to low-dose radiation, radio-adaptive responses can be induced which make irradiated cells refractory to subsequent high-dose irradiation. However, whether adaptive responses are possible when only the cytoplasm, not the nucleus, of the cell is exposed to radiation is still unclear. In this study, using the proton microbeam facility at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences (Japan), we found that cytoplasmic irradiation activates radio-adaptive responses in normal human lung fibroblast WI-38 cells. Our results showed that when cells received cytoplasmic irradiation with 500 protons prior to 2 Gy or 6 Gy X-ray broad-beam irradiation, the DNA double-strand break levels were significantly reduced. In contrast, at cytoplasmic irradiation with less than 100 protons, the radio-adaptive response was not detected. Moreover, the time interval between cytoplasmic irradiation and whole-cell X-ray irradiation should be longer than 6 h for the induction of adaptive responses. In addition, cytoplasmic irradiation elevated the level of cellular mitochondrial superoxide, which enhanced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK 1/2) and its mediated nuclear accumulation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2). This signaling pathway contributed to cytoplasmic irradiation-induced adaptive response as supported by the observations that treatment with the mitochondrial superoxide scavenger mito-tempol, ERK 1/2 inhibitor U0126 or NRF2 inhibitor ML385 could repress the adaptive response. Overall, we showed that cytoplasmic irradiation induces radio-adaptive responses and that mitochondrial superoxide/ERK 1/2/NRF2 signaling is a mechanism. Our results provide new information on the biological effects induced by cytoplasm-targeted irradiation.

MicroRNA (miR)-429 Promotes Inflammatory Injury by Targeting Kruppel-like Factor 4 (KLF4) in Neonatal Pneumonia.

Neonatal pneumonia is a common disease in the neonatal period with a high incidence and death. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism and effect of microRNA (miR)-429 in neonatal pneumonia. The peripheral blood was collected from neonatal pneumonia and healthy patients, respectively. Human lung fibroblast WI-38 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to establish neonatal pneumonia cell model. Then, the miR-429 expression was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In addition, the relationship between miR- 429 and kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) was confirmed by dual luciferase reporter assay. Cell viability, the level of interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and apoptosis were measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometry. Meanwhile, apoptosis and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway related proteins expression were analyzed by western blot. MiR-429 expression level was increased in neonatal peripheral blood and LPS-stimulated WI-38 cells. Then, miR-429 overexpression increased apoptosis, the level of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, Bax and cleaved caspase-3, while reduced cell viability in LPS-stimulated WI-38 cells. Besides, KLF4 was identified as the target gene of miR-429, and reversed the changes caused by miR-429 overexpression. Finally, miR-429 suppressor down-regulated p-NF-κB level in LPS-stimulated cells and KLF4 knockdown reversed these reductions. MiR-429 promotes inflammatory injury, apoptosis and activates the NF-κB signaling pathway by targeting KLF4 in neonatal pneumonia, and then these results provide evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment for neonatal pneumonia.

Silence of MEG3 intensifies lipopolysaccharide-stimulated damage of human lung cells through modulating miR-4262

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a serious threat for health and lives worldwide. Recently, lncRNA MEG3 has been well studied to participate in lung cancer, making us speculate that it may be essential for ALI. ALI was simulated by treatment of LPS in human lung fibroblast WI-38 cells and human PMVECs. Cell viability, migration, apoptosis and MEG3 level were assessed by CCK-8, Transwell, flow cytometry/Western blot and qRT-PCR assays, respectively. Utilizing bioinformatics methods, luciferase activity assay and assessments of cell viability, migration and apoptosis, the possible interacted microRNA were explored. We found that, LPS induced decreases of cell viability, migration and MEG3 expression but promoted cell apoptosis. MEG3 knockdown aggravated LPS-induced injury of WI-38 cells and PMVECs. MEG3 acted as a sponge of miR-4262 and effects of MEG3 knockdown could be alleviated by miR-4262 inhibition. Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) was negatively regulated by miR-4262, and its overexpression ameliorated LPS-induced cell injury. LPS-induced alterations of key kinases in the PI3K/AKT and JAK/STAT pathways were reversed by KLF4 overexpression. In conclusion, MEG3 was down-regulated by LPS and its knockdown aggravated LPS-induced injury of human lung cells through miR-4262-mediated down-regulation of KLF4. The PI3K/AKT and JAK/STAT pathways were implicated.

Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 antioxidative response mitigates cytoplasmic radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks.

It has been reported that DNA double‐strand breaks (DSB) can be induced by cytoplasm irradiation, and that both reactive free radicals and mitochondria are involved in DSB formation. However, the cellular antioxidative responses that are stimulated and the biological consequences of cytoplasmic irradiation remain unknown. Using the Single Particle Irradiation system to Cell (SPICE) proton microbeam facility at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences ([NIRS] Japan), the response of nuclear factor (erythroid‐derived 2)‐like 2 (NRF2) antioxidative signaling to cytoplasmic irradiation was studied in normal human lung fibroblast WI‐38 cells. Cytoplasmic irradiation stimulated the localization of NRF2 to the nucleus and the expression of its target protein, heme oxygenase 1. Activation of NRF2 by tert‐butylhydroquinone mitigated the levels of DSB induced by cytoplasmic irradiation. Mitochondrial fragmentation was also promoted by cytoplasmic irradiation, and treatment with mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (Mdivi‐1) suppressed cytoplasmic irradiation‐induced NRF2 activation and aggravated DSB formation. Furthermore, p53 contributed to the induction of mitochondrial fragmentation and activation of NRF2, although the expression of p53 was significantly downregulated by cytoplasmic irradiation. Finally, mitochondrial superoxide (MitoSOX) production was enhanced under cytoplasmic irradiation, and use of the MitoSOX scavenger mitoTEMPOL indicated that MitoSOX caused alterations in p53 expression, mitochondrial dynamics, and NRF2 activation. Overall, NRF2 antioxidative response is suggested to play a key role against genomic DNA damage under cytoplasmic irradiation. Additionally, the upstream regulators of NRF2 provide new clues on cytoplasmic irradiation‐induced biological processes and prevention of radiation risks.

A role for SUV39H1-mediated H3K9 trimethylation in the control of genome stability and senescence in WI38 human diploid lung fibroblasts.

Cellular senescence has been associated with the age-dependent decline in tissue repair and regeneration, the increasing deterioration of the immune system, and the age-dependent increase in the incidence of cancer. Here, we show that senescence of human lung fibroblast WI-38 cells is associated with extensive changes to the gene expression profile, including the differential expression of transcriptional and epigenetic regulators. Among those,SUV39H1 was downregulated in senescent cells, correlated with a decrease in global H3K9 trimethylation, reduced H3K9me3 levels in repetitive DNA sequence regions such as satellites and transposable elements, and increased transcription of these repetitive DNA sequences. This indicates that SUV39H1 plays a role in limiting genomic instability in dividing cells and suggests that SUV39H1 downregulation may contribute to the establishment of senescence by increasing genomic instability. Additionally, the manipulation of SUV39H1 expression levels resulted in altered cell cycle distribution, suggesting a causal role of SUV39H1 in the establishment of cellular senescence. Thus, based on our findings and the results from previous reports, we propose a model in which SUV39H1 downregulation promotes the establishment of cellular senescence.

Increased γ-H2AX by exposure to a 60-Hz magnetic fields combined with ionizing radiation, but not hydrogen peroxide, in non-tumorigenic human cell lines

Purpose: Genotoxic effects have been considered the gold standard to determine if an environmental factor is a carcinogen, but the currently available data for extremely low frequency time-varying magnetic fields (ELF-MF) remain controversial. As an environmental stimulus, the effect of ELF-MF on cellular DNA may be subtle. Therefore, a more sensitive method and systematic research strategy are warranted to evaluate genotoxicity.Materials and methods: We investigated the effect of ELF-MF in combination with ionizing radiation (IR) or H2O2 on the DNA damage response of expression of phosphorylated H2AX (γ-H2AX) and production of γ-H2AX foci in non-tumorigenic human cell systems consisting of human lung fibroblast WI-38 cells and human lung epithelial L132 cells.Results: Exposure to a 60-Hz, 2 mT ELF-MF for 6 h produced increased γ-H2AX expression, as well as γ-H2AX foci production, a common DNA double-strand break (DSB) marker. However, exposure to a 1 mT ELF-MF did not have the same effect. Moreover, 2 mT ELF-MF exposure potentiated the expression of γ-H2AX and γ-H2AX foci production when combined with IR, but not when combined with H2O2.Conclusions: ELF-MF could affect the DNA damage response and, in combination with different stimuli, provide different effects on γ-H2AX.

The novel interaction between microspherule protein Msp58 and ubiquitin E3 ligase EDD regulates cell cycle progression

Microspherule protein Msp58 (or MCRS1) plays a role in numerous cellular processes including transcriptional regulation and cell proliferation. It is not well understood either how Msp58 mediates its myriad functions or how it is itself regulated. Here, by immunoprecipitation, we identify EDD (E3 identified by differential display) as a novel Msp58-interacting protein. EDD, also called UBR5, is a HECT-domain (homologous to E6-AP carboxy-terminus) containing ubiquitin ligase that plays a role in cell proliferation, differentiation and DNA damage response. Both in vitro and in vivo binding assays show that Msp58 directly interacts with EDD. Microscopy studies reveal that these two proteins co-localize in the nucleus. We have also found that depletion of EDD leads to an increase of Msp58 protein level and extends the half-life of Msp58, demonstrating that EDD negatively regulates Msp58's protein stability. Furthermore, we show that Msp58 is upregulated in multiple different cell lines upon the treatment with proteasome inhibitor MG132 and exogenously expressed Msp58 is ubiquitinated, suggesting that Msp58 is degraded by the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. Finally, knockdown of either Msp58 or EDD in human lung fibroblast WI-38 cells affects the levels of cyclins B, D and E, as well as cell cycle progression. Together, these results suggest a role for the Msp58/EDD interaction in controlling cell cycle progression. Given that both Msp58 and EDD are often aberrantly expressed in various human cancers, our findings open a new direction to elucidate Msp58 and EDD's roles in cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.

Effects on micronuclei formation of 60-Hz electromagnetic field exposure with ionizing radiation, hydrogen peroxide, or c-Myc overexpression

Purpose: Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a possible correlation between exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) and cancer. However, this correlation has yet to be definitively confirmed by epidemiological studies. The principal objective of this study was to assess the effects of 60 Hz magnetic fields in a normal cell line system, and particularly in combination with various external factors, via micronucleus (MN) assays. Materials and methods: Mouse embryonic fibroblast NIH3T3 cells and human lung fibroblast WI-38 cells were exposed for 4 h to a 60 Hz, 1 mT uniform magnetic field with or without ionizing radiation (IR, 2 Gy), H2O2 (100 μM) and cellular myelocytomatosis oncogene (c-Myc) activation. Results: The results obtained showed no significant differences between the cells exposed to ELF-MF alone and the unexposed cells. Moreover, no synergistic effects were observed when ELF-MF was combined with IR, H2O2, and c-Myc activation. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that ELF-MF did not enhance MN frequency by IR, H2O2 and c-Myc activation.

Identification by LC-ESIMS of Flavonoids Responsible for the Antioxidant Properties of Mallotus Species from Vietnam

Several Mallotus species (Euphorbiaceae) are used in Vietnam as edible plants or as traditional medicines for different indications, some related to the treatment of inflammatory diseases. This study investigated the antioxidant activities of 33 samples from 17 Vietnamese Mallotus species. We also evaluated potential cytotoxic activity against human cervix carcinoma HeLa and human lung fibroblast WI-38 cells. Our aim is to develop safe dietary supplements with a protective effect against various diseases caused by tissue damage and the acceleration of the aging process linked to reactive oxygen species. These tests allowed the identification of non-cytotoxic plant species exhibiting significant antiradical properties. These antioxidant properties may be explained by their polyphenol composition. The antioxidant activity of the most active Mallotus species was further analyzed with and without tannins removal. We also identified by LC-ESI-MS some flavonoids responsible for a part of this activity.

Cyclic GMP-dependent Protein Kinase Regulates CCAAT Enhancer-binding Protein β Functions through Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3

The CCAAT enhancer-binding protein (C/EBPbeta) plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression during cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. We previously showed that C/EBPbeta participates in cGMP-regulated transcription of c-fos in osteoblasts (Chen, Y., Zhuang, S., Cassenaer, S., Casteel, D. E., Gudi, T., Boss, G. R., and Pilz, R. B. (2003) Mol. Cell. Biol. 23, 4066-4082). In the present work, we show that cGMP/cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) induced dephosphorylation and activation of C/EBPbeta by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta). Phosphorylation of GSK-3beta on Ser9 negatively regulates the enzyme activity, and we found that PKG phosphorylated this site both in vitro and in vivo; the in vivo phosphorylation occurred rapidly and preceded C/EBPbeta dephosphorylation. Previous studies with GSK-3 inhibitors suggest that GSK-3beta is a C/EBPbeta kinase in resting cells. We determined that GSK-3beta phosphorylated C/EBPbeta in vitro on Thr189, Ser185, Ser181, and Ser177; C/EBPbeta was phosphorylated on these same sites in intact, unstimulated osteoblasts, and phosphorylation was decreased in cGMP-treated cells. Mutation of the GSK-3 phosphorylation sites in C/EBPbeta prevented C/EBPbeta phosphorylation in resting cells, enhanced C/EBPbeta DNA binding, and led to increased target gene transactivation, mimicking the stimulatory effects of cGMP on C/EBPbeta. cGMP regulation of C/EBPbeta was disrupted by a mutant GSK-3beta(Ala9) resistant to cGMP/PKG phosphorylation and inhibition. We conclude that cGMP increases the DNA binding potential of C/EBPbeta by preventing the negative effects of GSK-3 phosphorylation.