Human Identification Research Articles

Towards Increasing Performance Rate with Minimized Dataset in ECG-based Human Identification

ABSTRACT This paper presents an ECG-based human identification that aims to increase the prediction accuracy with a minimized training dataset using a Block Dense CNN (BDCNN) architecture. This study specifically examines the effect of increasing the number of individuals, while decreasing the amount of training data on the performance of the network. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed network with multisession ECG recordings is also investigated. Comprehensive experimentation on nine ECG public databases that include normal and various abnormal ECG beats has been carried out. Performance of the network is evaluated using metrics such as prediction accuracy, false rejection ratio (FRR), false acceptance ratio (FAR), computational complexity, and training time, and the results are then compared to the results of a residual network. Experimental results show that, not only in a single session but also in multisession ECG recordings, the proposed network proficiently overbears the load of increased persons with decreased training dataset with about a 5.06% increase in identification rate as compared to its close counterpart. Therefore, the proposed BDCNN can be a potential framework for ECG-based human identification systems.

A survey of appearance-based approaches for human gait recognition: techniques, challenges, and future directions

AbstractGait recognition has become an important biometric feature for human identification, in addition to data such as face, iris, and fingerprint. The goal of human gait recognition is to identify people based on walking images. Artificial intelligence technologies have revolutionized the field of gait recognition by enabling computers to automatically learn and extract intricate patterns. These techniques examine video recordings to determine key features in an individual's gait, and these features are used to identify the person. This paper examines the existing appearance-based gait recognition methods that have been published in recent years. The primary objective of this paper is to provide an informative survey of the state-of-the-art in appearance-based gait recognition techniques, highlighting their applications, strengths, and limitations. Through our analysis, we aim to highlight the significant advance that has been made in this field, draw attention to the challenges that have been faced, and identify areas of prospective future research and advances in technology. Furthermore, we comprehensively examine common datasets used in gait recognition research. By analyzing the latest developments in appearance-based gait recognition, our study aims to be a helpful resource for researchers, providing an extensive overview of current methods and guiding future attempts in this dynamic field.

Reconsidering Self and Identity According to Mullah Sadr

The current study is based on a hypothesisThe Islamic philosopher Sadr al-Din al-Shirazi (1572-1641 AD), known as Mulla Sadr, reconsidered all previous Islamic philosophical discussion related to the concepts of self and identity. SoThe focus has been placed throughout the paragraphs of this articleA study on presenting Mulla Sadra’s views related to the self and identity, as well as his theory of knowledge and his vision about the formation of human identity through the accumulation of experience and the cognitive unity between the subject and the object, which he presented on the basis of the approach with the philosophical vision of the relationship between matter and image, which is philosophically traditional and known since Aristotle, and which was common and prevalent among people. Muslim philosophers in general. The beginning came in this studyWith fast and intense presentation. The legacy of the School of Transcendent Wisdom includes the most important stages of Mulla Sadra’s spiritual and intellectual development and all the historical, social, and political circumstances that accompanied the emergence of his star as a philosopher, then moving on to present his most important philosophical ideas about the human self, knowledge, and reason, and his own arguments about the immateriality of the soul. This study also addressed his most important ideas about the theory of knowledge and the independence of human cognitive abilities, as well as the influence of experience and its role in forming an identity for the mind, a variable and unstable identity that is formed gradually through accumulation and ultimately contributes to defining a special qualitative identity that emerges clearly through disparate patterns of thinking, which represents... The culmination of Mulla Sadra's reconsideration, which distinguished him from all the Muslim philosophers before him, including Ibn Sina and his theses about the self and self-awareness.

Estimation of Time of Death through Observation of Microbiota Changes in the Oral Cavity

Abstract: Various methods for estimating post-mortem (PMI) have been investigated such as rigor mortis, livor mortis, molecular, chemical, and forensic entomology (insect) methods. However, these methods have weaknesses, therefore researchers are looking for more accurate methods in determining the time of death of a person. Molecular methods are unreliable due to the degradation of DNA, RNA, and proteins in corpses over time. In different parts of the body, the amount of diversity of microbes will be different. The oral cavity is the most abundant microbial area among other parts of the body due to its continuous exposure to the respiratory and digestive systems. This area has great potential in estimating time intervals of death because of its ease of access and the types of microbiomes that predominate at any given time. Therefore, this narrative review was conducted to describe studies that used oral microbiota communities to estimate post-mortem intervals. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes are the dominant microbial types found in corpses. Firmicutes became one of the dominant bacterial phyla in the early stages of decomposition. Actinobacteria were found to decrease as PMI increased. Studies have shown that the oral microbiome has excellent potential as a parameter to determine the post-mortem interval. However, further research is needed with more complex environmental conditions such as different humidity and temperature. In addition, further research requires more samples of human remains to obtain more valid results. Keywords: oral microbiome; post-mortem interval; human identification; forensic odontology

ADVANCED SHOPLIFTING PREVENTION AND ALERT STSYEM

Detecting human beings accurately in a visual surveillance system is crucial for diverse application areas including abnormal event detection, human gait characterization, congestion analysis, person identification, gender classification and fall detection for elderly people. The first step of the detection process is to detect an object which is in motion. Object detection could be performed using YOLOv7, optical flow and spatio-temporal filtering techniques. Once detected, a moving object could be classified as a human being using shape-based, texture-based or motion-based features. A comprehensive review with comparisons on available techniques for detecting human beings in surveillance videos is presented in this paper. The characteristics of few benchmark datasets as well as the future research directions on human detection have also been discussed. We can use camera for Human Motion Detection. The Camera is used to catch the live images of the area in which it is being implemented, if any object is moving. The captured images are stored for further work. If motion is found in this video, the computer will start recording, buzz an alarm and send SMS to people listed in its database. In this way the system will provide the security against any misdeed. Keywords: YOLOv7, SMS, E-mail, CCTV, SMTP, RFID

Wave-CapNet: A Wavelet Neuron-based Wi-Fi Sensing Model for Human Identification

Gait is regarded as a unique feature for identifying people, and gait recognition is the basis of various customized services of the IoT. Unlike traditional techniques for identifying people, the Wi-Fi-based technique is unconstrained by illumination conditions and such that it eliminates the need for dense, specialized sensors and wearable devices. Although deep learning-based sensing models are conducive to the development of Wi-Fi-based identification, the latter technique relies on a large amount of data and requires a long training time, where this limits the scope of its use for identifying people. In this study, we propose a Wi-Fi sensing model called Wave-CapNet for human identification. We use data processing to eliminate errors in the raw data so that the model can extract the characteristics in channel state information (CSI). We also design a dedicated adaptive wavelet neural network to extract representative features from Wi-Fi signals with only a few epochs of training and a small number of parameters. Experiments show that it can identify human gait with an average accuracy of 99%. Moreover, it can achieve an average accuracy of 95% by using only 10% of the data and fewer than five epochs and outperforms state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods.

Artificial Intelligence and Theology: Can Different Doctrines Have Different Outcomes?

This article focuses on how different theological perspectives may influence AI acceptance in diverse faith communities. It highlights differences between Western and Eastern Christian traditions, suggesting that the historical emphasis on intellect in Western Christianity might make it more open to AI, though challenges in church integration are acknowledged. Global examples of AI assimilation in religious practices, from a robotic Buddhist preacher to a blessing-delivering robot in a German church, are discussed. The article argues that theological doctrines shape AI perspectives, influencing ethics and raising profound questions about human identity. The ongoing debate questions whether AI threatens theology or fosters enriching dialogue. The article suggests, through historical parallels and the dynamic interplay of theological doctrines and technology, that the relationship between AI and theology could evolve into constructive engagement rather than inherent conflict.

Post-human Bodies in Atwood’s Oryx and Crake

This paper analyses the human bodies as a site of both aesthetics as well as politics in post-human turn in the novel Oryx and Crake by Margaret Atwood. Questions related to what is a body, who controls it, and what relation does it have to morality at techno-science culture share a negotiation between machine and morality. After the advent of popular culture, the concept of body as cogent and self-bounded entity is blurry one as the discourse of ‘what is a beautiful body’ reflects a growing concern with different approaches of body aesthetics. As seen the novel, Oryx and Crake by Margaret Atwood, we see Crakers— the genetically modified humans as an outcome of Crake’s aesthetics and politics. Jimmy’s father’s involvement in Pigoon Projects designed with the intention of providing human organs for transplantation and Crake’s involvement in creating Crakers—whom Crake had programmed to die at 30 open a new avenue for discussion regarding human identity. Such dimension of body aesthetics is precarious leading to ethical question as progress in science does not only enhance body, it also poses a threat to humanity in entirety. This research is qualitative and interpretive in nature. So, as a researcher, I have brought theoretical insights related to trans-humanism and post-humanism developed by Fukuyama, Braidotti. In the paper, I conclude that though new version of body aesthetics poses a threat to the world itself, it helps to understand how humans have co-evolved with other companion species. Thus, it contributes on the discussion of literary engagement and literary understanding of post humanism.

Us, them and we: How national and human identifications influence adolescents' ethnic prejudice.

Although there have been numerous studies on the relations between group identification and ethnic prejudice, it is less clear whether their associations reflect stable individual tendencies or rather situational or temporal fluctuations. This longitudinal multilevel study aimed to fill this gap by examining the between- and within-person associations of identification with the national and superordinate human groups and levels of prejudice against multiple ethnic minorities. A total of 883 Italian majority adolescents (Mage = 15.66, SD = 1.15 at T1, 49.7% females) completed questionnaires at four time points over the course of 1 year. Results showed that national identification was related to more prejudice at the between-person level but to decreases in prejudice at the within-person level. Additionally, human identification contributed to lower levels of and steeper decreases in prejudice at both the between- and within-person levels. Common and unique associations also emerged across different ethnic minority targets, but only for between-person effects. Overall, this study highlights the importance of distinguishing stable individual levels and momentary fluctuations of both ingroup identifications and ethnic prejudice in order to orient future interventions aimed at improving the quality of intergroup relationships.

Black Crip Superpowers

This article contains some language that readers may find offensive. Black people have never been human. White heteropatriarchal paradigms in the United States depend upon the abjection of blackness, excluding us from the realm of human identities. It is this exclusion that generates the problem of unintelligibility; this lack of grammar in turn renders black bodies invisible and more vulnerable to violence. The article attends to the black disabled body as a source of new grammars , short-circuiting the separation of blackness from other modes of difference. These new grammars, or what the article articulates as crip superpowers , theorize new ways of thinking, knowing, and being beyond abjection. By building on the labor of black feminist, crip/queer, and disability scholars, this intervention into disability studies analyzes how marginalized bodies engage with issues of erasure and disability within the black community. The article offers a transtemporal reading of Essex Hemphill’s Ceremonies (1992) and Danez Smith’s Don’t Call Us Dead (2017) to examine how black disabled subjects have developed these new grammars across time and space. Through this affective connection between the past and our contemporary moment, we can, as it were, go home ; we can imagine, that is, alternative worlds, where we can be whole and free.

The vedotin antibody-drug conjugate payload drives platform-based nonclinical safety and pharmacokinetic profiles.

Nonclinical safety and pharmacokinetic data for MMAE and 14 vedotin ADCs were evaluated to determine patterns of toxicity, consistency of pharmacokinetic results, and species differences between rats and monkeys. Most nonclinical toxicities were antigen-independent, common across ADCs, and included hematologic, lymphoid, and reproductive toxicity related to MMAE pharmacology. Hematologic toxicity was the dose-limiting or predominant toxicity for the majority of vedotin ADCs in both species. Tissue expression of the targeted antigen of an ADC rarely correlated with dose-limiting toxicity (DLT); only two ADCs had antigen-dependent skin DLTs. For two additional ADCs, antigen-dependent delivery of MMAE in the bone marrow may have exacerbated the antigen-independent hematologic DLT. The highest tolerated doses and pharmacokinetics were similar within a given species, with rats tolerating higher doses than monkeys. Studies longer than one month in duration detected the same or fewer toxicities than one-month studies and had no additional findings that affected the human risk assessment. These data support opportunities to streamline ADC toxicity assessments without compromising human starting dose selection or target organ identification.

Distance-Based Integration Method for Human Skin Type Identification

Distance-Based Integration Method for Human Skin Type Identification

CovertEye: Gait-Based Human Identification Under Weakly Constrained Trajectory

CovertEye: Gait-Based Human Identification Under Weakly Constrained Trajectory

인공지능(AI)시대의 호모 사케르(Homo Sacer)

This study examines the evolution of posthumans in novels and movies as a relationship between sex and love, focusing on Giorgio Agamben's Homo Sacer. Agamben tried to reveal the essence of life politics through the concept of Homo Sacer, which is, bare life. Bare life means only biological life in all living things that Aristotle divided into Zoe and Bios, and humans pursue the life of Bios, who live as a member of a community of society, politics, and culture beyond the life of Zoe. Artificial intelligence robots have only Zoe's life, deprived of their social and political life, Bios. With the development of technology, such AI has a more human appearance, emotion, intelligence, and ability than humans, and dreams of the realm of Bios pursued by humans. I analyzed the emotions and identity of humans and posthuman beings in the AI era, focusing on Rachel in Phillip Dick's novel, the movie Ex Machina's Ava, and David Mitchell's novel of the same name, Cloud Atlas' Sonmi-451. Female mechanical humans are creatures that have life but have no value for existence, and they become invisible others in oppression and governance, appearing as unfamiliar fears, that is, the uncanny. This study examined why humans pursue sexual relationships with machine humans through female AI's uncanny, whether it is possible to fall in love with them, and what it means for programmed AI to evolve on its own, control emotions, and use it to mock humans. As machines become more human-like, their uncanniness makes humans even more uneasy and fearful. If humans can no longer be distinguished from machines, it is necessary to redefine humanity to understand what makes us human. Only then, when the science fiction imagined becomes a scientific reality, can we truly live as humans.

Crisis of Medical Humanity: It Is the Time for a Real Consideration

The medical humanity issue presents a significant obstacle to the healthcare profession, raising concerns about the ethical standards, compassion, and empathy that are vital aspects of patient-centered care. Amidst the prevalence of technological progress and a focus on measurable results, there is a rising apprehension that healthcare providers are becoming increasingly detached from their patients, viewing them as just medical cases rather than individuals who deserve comprehensive care. The erosion of medical humanity not only weakens the bond between patients and healthcare providers but also has consequences for patient outcomes and the overall quality of service. Healthcare organizations must prioritize activities focused on cultivating a culture of empathy, providing training in communication skills, and promoting mindfulness practices among healthcare staff. To tackle this problem and guarantee the provision of compassionate care that respects the dignity and well-being of every patient, we need to shift our attention towards humanistic ideals and recognize the significance of emotional intelligence in medical practice.

Uncovering Forensic Evidence: A Path to Age Estimation through DNA Methylation.

Age estimation is a critical aspect of reconstructing a biological profile in forensic sciences. Diverse biochemical processes have been studied in their correlation with age, and the results have driven DNA methylation to the forefront as a promising biomarker. DNA methylation, an epigenetic modification, has been extensively studied in recent years for developing age estimation models in criminalistics and forensic anthropology. Epigenetic clocks, which analyze DNA sites undergoing hypermethylation or hypomethylation as individuals age, have paved the way for improved prediction models. A wide range of biomarkers and methods for DNA methylation analysis have been proposed, achieving different accuracies across samples and cell types. This review extensively explores literature from the past 5 years, showing scientific efforts toward the ultimate goal: applying age prediction models to assist in human identification.

Beyond the Pump: A Narrative Study Exploring Heart Memory.

The field of organ transplantation, particularly heart transplantation, has brought to light interesting phenomena challenging traditional understandings of memory, identity, and consciousness. Studies indicate that heart transplant recipients may exhibit preferences, emotions, and memories resembling those of the donors, suggesting a form of memory storage within the transplanted organ. Mechanisms proposed for this memory transfer include cellular memory, epigenetic modifications, and energetic interactions. Moreover, the heart's intricate neural network, often referred to as the "heart brain," communicates bidirectionally with the brain and other organs, supporting the concept of heart-brain connection and its role in memory and personality. Additionally, observations from hemispherectomy procedures highlight the brain's remarkable plasticity and functional preservation beyond expectations, further underscoring the complex interplay between the brain, body, and identity. However, ethical and philosophical questions regarding the implications of these findings, including the definition of death and the nature of personal identity, remain unresolved. Further interdisciplinary research is needed to unravel the intricacies of memory transfer, neuroplasticity, and organ integration, offering insights into both organ transplantation and broader aspects of neuroscience and human identity. Understanding these complexities holds promise for enhancing patient care in organ transplantation and deepens our understanding of fundamental aspects of human experience and existence.

The Effects of AI-Driven Face Restoration on Forensic Face Recognition

In biometric recognition, face recognition is a mature and widely used technique that provides a fast, accurate, and reliable method for human identification. This paper aims to study the effects of face image restoration for forensic face recognition and then further analyzes the advantages and limitations of the four state-of-the-art face image restoration methods in the field of face recognition for forensic human image identification. In total, 100 face image materials from an open-source face image dataset are used for experiments. The Gaussian blur processing is applied to simulate the effect of blurred face images in actual cases of forensic human image identification. Four state-of-the-art AI-driven face restoration methods are used to restore the blurred face images. We use three mainstream face recognition systems to evaluate the recognition performance changes of the blurred face images and the restored face images. We find that although face image restoration can effectively remove facial noise and blurring effects, the restored images do not significantly improve the recognition performance of the face recognition systems. Face image restoration may change the original features in face images and introduce new made-up image features, thereby affecting the accuracy of face recognition. In current conditions, the improvement in face image restoration on the recognition performance of face recognition systems is limited, but it still has a positive role in the application of forensic human image identification.

Studying the Role of Soil Factors on Degree of Degradation of DNA of Human Remains

Generating a DNA profile using autosomal Short Tandem Repeat (STR) DNA allele from skeletal remains is a crucial step in the identification process for mass disaster and unidentified person situations. The capacity to extract substantial amounts of relevant DNA from bones, which were highly durable biological components that can withstand soil elements and climatic conditions over long periods of time, would be advantageous. 70 femur male bone samples were collected from two different environmental mass graves (Al-Mahaweel massgrave) in Babil governorate and (Al-Saqlawiya massgrave) in Al-Anbar governorate in Iraq. The DNA from bone samples extracts were assessed by capillary electrophoresis and a standardized set of short tandem repeat (STR) loci are analyzed using Mutiplex 21 STR loci System to allow human identification by matching the profile of the dead individuals with their relatives. From these two different sites; soil samples were collected to analyze and study the different environmental factors and find a relation between the degree of preservation or degradation with these factors like temperature, humidity, salinity, PH and texture of soil and find how these factors can affect on pattern of degradation of DNA profiles. The average of the percentage of the detected alleles in each locus in the two sites; were 87\% for Al-Mahaweel site and 32\% for Al- Saqlawiya site. we found that clay soil, low salt concentration, PH slightly alkaline and low humidity for Al-Mahaweel site; all participate in DNA preservation while the chalky and very high salt concentration of Al- Saqlawiya site soil; all participate in DNA degradation. Predicting the effect of these factors on the quality of the DNA profiles can be helpful in finding better solutions for many complications that may face the process of analyzing samples and finding sufficient informative profiles.

Food Choice as an Ethical Practice: Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches to a Possible Synthesis

Food, reflecting individual and collective ethical choices, is the focus of this essay, which explores the profound interrelationship between food practices and the moral principles that govern them. Beginning with Feuerbach’s maxim ‘Man is what he eats,’ the essay explores the complex relationship between diet, ethics, and philosophy, showing how every food decision is inextricably linked to ethical, social, and environmental considerations. It explores the transformation of the concept of ‘food’ from a mere dietary choice to an expression of a conscious lifestyle. It shows how everyone’s food choices reflect and influence our interaction with the world. Through historical and contemporary analysis, the multiple dimensions of diet are explored: from responsibility towards undernourished people to environmental sustainability, from the debate on omnivorism to the promotion of ethical diets such as vegetarianism and veganism. The exposition is then articulated through two dominant ethical currents: the top-down approach, based on universal principles, and the bottom-up approach, which emphasizes the importance of virtues and values in the specific context of food. The essay not only brings these perspectives into dialoguebut also invites critical reflection on the role of food in defining human identity and morality, underlining the urgency of a global ethical commitment that reconciles personal needs with collective and environmental ones.