Human-environment Relations Research Articles

SIA Criteria Compliance of Third Bosphorus Bridge(Yavuz Sultan Selim) Social Impact Assistment

Social, economic, cultural conditions and living systematics that differ according to these, deepen the human-environment relationship. This relationship brings along human’s tendency to the environment through positive or negative activities. Therefore; determining the impact of politics, law, planning and the implementation conditions of these on the environment and human’s health has become crucial. When the environmental impact of the activities in point are determined, it brings forth the possibility to prevent potential damage on the environment. Various impact evaluation systems exist around the world. In our country, Environmental Impact Assestment (EIA), Strategic Environmental Impact Assestment(SEA), Cumulative Environmental Impact Assestment(CIA) and Social Impact Evaluation (SIA) systems are implemented. In the process of project permits in our country, there exists legal regulations which enforce EIA, SEA, CIA. However, there is an absence of social impact evaluation enforcement in the project permission process in Turkey. Even though EIA, SEA and CIA are mandatory in legislation and execution, the social impact of these projects are not stressed adequately. Consequently, even in the existence of mandatory EIA, SEA and CIA by Turkish legislation, foreign investors reinforcing credit on politics, programs, plans and projects do not consider these as sufficient and enforce SIA to be included. There is a lack of standard implementation model to evaluate social impact which could be applied to every project. Due to the weakness and non-existing basic criteria in Turkish legislation on SIA in plans and projects, in this study, the SIA reporting has been prepared by benefiting the social approval criteria and comprehensive studies conducted by certain institutions such as UN, OECD and the World Bank. The sample project bridge, which is the widest bridge in the world with its 52 metre width and “Worlds topmost bridge” in the leaning sling bridge classification with its 322 meter tower height, unites the Asian and European continents to each other. The project with such importance, do not hold EIA, SEA, and CIA reports which evaluates environmental and social impact. The project only holds the SIA report which was conducted in 2013 by international finance institutions and the report was evaluated according to the criteria for social approval. Along with the evaluations on the sample field, suggestions has been set forth for the SIA implementations in Turkey.

The Territorial Human-Environment Relationship System: Exploring the Spatial Development of the “Three Spaces” in Mountain Outdoor Tourism Destinations

The Territorial Human-Environment Relationship System: Exploring the Spatial Development of the “Three Spaces” in Mountain Outdoor Tourism Destinations

Strategic Management of Eco-Innovation and Emerging Technologies for Sustainability in Agro-Based Industries

Eco-innovation and emerging technologies are increasingly central to driving sustainability in agro-based industries. This study examines the impact of technological advancements on sustainable agricultural practices, focusing on innovations that reduce environmental impacts while enhancing productivity. According to the USDA, precision agriculture systems implemented in the Midwest show a 15-20% reduction in fertilizer use and a 10-15% increase in crop yields. Furthermore, the adoption of renewable energy solutions, such as solar-powered irrigation in India, has led to a 30% decrease in energy costs and a 25% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs), as reported by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). Biotechnology applications, such as genetically modified drought-resistant crops, have reduced pesticide use by up to 37% while increasing crop resilience, according to a study published in Nature. This paper also explores the socio-environmental implications of these technologies, emphasizing the need for balanced development that integrates technological progress with ecological sustainability. Case studies from Brazil, India, and Kenya provide further insights into the successful implementation of these innovations. The findings suggest that leveraging emerging technologies in agro-based industries can significantly enhance sustainability, contributing to a more resilient and equitable human-environment relationship.

Environmental Themes in Michael Punke's The Revenant: An Ecocritical Analysis of Human-Nature Interaction

The objective of this research is to explore the environmental themes shown in Michael Punke's novel, titled The Revenant, with a focus on the complex relationship between the protagonist, Hugh Glass, the surrounding environment, and interaction. This descriptive research uses the ecocriticism theory to analyze the data and address the related questions. The novel vividly depicts nature as the surrounding forest and the diverse array of animals as the central character. As a frontiersman, Glass perceives nature as a realm to be conquered, which resorts to actions such as felling trees and hunting animals. However, the consequences of these actions significantly impact the natural world. The research findings underscored the disadvantageous and imbalanced nature of the human-environment relationship driven by humans’ exploitative tendencies with little consideration for environmental preservation. The consequences of this one-sided relationship are evident in the ecological degradation and the personal suffering experienced by Hugh Glass, hence the novel's critique of this complex interaction between humans and the environment.

Amitav Ghosh’s The Living Mountain: A Tale of Green Imperialism

Amitav Ghosh’s The Living Mountain: A Fable for Our Times (2022) is a kind of ecotopian speculative fiction that posits a cryptic study of human-environment relationship in the form of a fable. This novella offers a critical insight into the harsh reality of the present anthropological capitalism and its pernicious impacts on ecology as a whole. It criticizes the growing insensitivity of human towards nature in the clamour for material advancement. Ghosh envisions a caveat against the eco-colonial hegemony. Flummoxed by the injustices meted out to the nature by men, Ghosh implores the human race to get aware of the repercussions of environmental degradation and eco-colonialism. The novella, in a form of a dream tale, tells about how the predator nations expropriate the land and loot the bountiful resources of the prey nations. In the process of gaining upper-hand, they force the native people to disclose their mystic knowledge of their ancestors making it easier for them to encroach their land and natural resources. Obliged by a pressing need to awaken the entire human race from the delusions of grandeur and its aftermath, Ghosh pens down the narrative as a commentary on the rapidly growing exploitation of nature’s treasures on an unprecedented scale and its dire consequences. Ghosh has masterfully mingled history, myth, and fiction to unmask the hegemony and hierarchy percolating through the human society and how the malice of human has disturbed harmonious cohabitation of the natives and their environment. The paper aims at exploring the detrimental effects on the environment of the land of the colonised by the colonisers. At its root, it examines how the colonizers abuse not only the natives, their land, resources but even devalue their traditional knowledge. The anthropomorphic view of the colonizers has endangered the natural resources, and if not cured, may invite an ecological crash.

The impact of population change on social-ecological systems’ vulnerability: A case of the Qinling-Daba Mountains of Southern Shaanxi in China

Human activities have exacerbated the contradiction between ecosystem functionality and social-economic growth. Understanding and managing social-ecological systems' changes under the dual drivers of intensive human activities and rapid global environmental changes are crucial for achieving coordinated and sustainable development. While the vulnerability framework provides a new perspective for human-environment relationship studies, limited research has focused on the impact mechanisms of population change on social-ecological systems' vulnerability (SESV). Therefore, this study selects the Qinling-Daba Mountains of Southern Shaanxi in China (QMSSC), one of the areas with the most prominent human-environment contradictions in China, as a case study. Using the Vulnerability Scoping Diagram (VSD) assessment framework and the Spatially Explicit Resilience-Vulnerability (SERV) model, we divide SESV into three dimensions: exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. We select indicators, calculate weights, and quantitatively assess the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics, evolution trends, and spatial correlation features of SESV in the QMSSC from 2000 to 2020. Furthermore, we reveal the impact mechanisms of population change on SESV. The results indicate that the impact of population outflow on SESV depends on the spatiotemporal distribution of SESV. Gender ratio's impact on SESV is closely linked to land use and economic development. The proportion of elderly population affects SESV through adaptive capacity. In other words, population change often indirectly drives SESV by affecting different dimensions or elements of SESV. This necessitates policymakers to deploy population strategies across dimensions and elements. This study aims to provide reference for population development policies and spatial governance directions in globally underdeveloped mountainous regions through a typical case analysis of China's mountainous areas.

The joy of eating: how eating experiences enhance the well-being of older adults.

The active aging strategy has as its policy implications the health, security, and participation of older people. The joy of eating is the main goal of establishing community-based service facilities for older people, as well as a source of health and well-being and a sense of meaning in the lives of older people. Based on the theory of human-environment relations and cognitive-emotional personality systems (CAPS), the study constructed a structural equation model of the eating experience, nostalgia, place attachment, and the well-being of the older adults in the community canteens as an interactive situation, and explored the relationship between the eating experience and the well-being of older people in the community canteens through the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results of the study show that the older adults' eating experience has a significant positive effect on their well-being, and "eating" can make older adults feel happy. Older adults' eating experience has a significant effect on nostalgia, place attachment, and well-being, but nostalgia does not have a significant effect on older adults' well-being, and place attachment in the community canteens can enhance older adults' well-being. Meanwhile, the study further confirmed that place attachment plays a mediating role in the effect of eating experience on older adults' well-being. The findings of the study promote the development of the fields of healthy eating, quality of life assessment, and dietary memory management for older people to a certain extent and provide an important reference for promoting the balanced layout and effective spatial design of community service facilities for older people.

Relational landscapes: environmental discourse and identity of the Sengwer community in Kenya

This article explores the intersection between landscape, worldview, African spiritualities and human-environment relations among the Sengwer ethnic community in Kenya. Documenting a range of indigenous knowledge expressions, the article examines narratives of landscape within the broader spectrum of environmental discourses and identity claims. It shows that among the Sengwer, cosmology and lifeworld are deeply intertwined, which recognises a multiplicity of sentient beings, only some of which are perceptible. The central figure bridging the seen and unseen worlds is the thunder deity Iilat, who shapes the moral code for the community. The Sengwer landscape not only provides them with food, medicine, water, honey, and shelter but also embodies their identity, history, memory, cultural and religious significance. Overall, the Sengwer identity is conceptualised as based on a relational knowledge that is a socially constructed process centring around the spiritual attachment to the landscape. This article therefore argues that the consideration of indigenous religious and spiritual knowledge sheds critical theoretical and practical light on African ecologies and human-environment relations. (This article is published in the thematic collection ‘African ecologies: the value and politics of indigenous knowledges’ edited by Adriaan van Klinken, Simon Manda, Damaris Parsitau and Abel Ugba .)

People-environment relations following COVID-19 pandemic lifestyle restrictions: a multinational, explorative analysis of intended biophilic design changes

The study analyzes the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions for the human–environment relations through the lenses of biophilic design. The mixed-method quantitative and qualitative explanatory research combines contextual and personal variables, such as, among others, country, age group, gender, overcrowding, time spent outside, access to nature/food and the exposure to biophilic elements, during and after the lockdown. The results indicate that psychological pressure on individuals caused by pandemic restrictions imposed early 2020, triggered changes in human-environmental relation. More precisely, our comparative analysis of six European countries (Italy, Germany, Poland, Spain, Denmark and Sweden) indicates that people-environment relations do not depend on the objective severity of country-wise restrictions, but rather on the individual perceptions of these restrictions. The results complement the lack of the research for the role of biophilic design in understanding and enhancing human–environment relations during the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions and thereafter.

In Defence of Environmental Anthropocentrism

The critique of anthropocentrism has accompanied environmental thinking since its inception. However, we lack a deeper analysis of anthropocentrism and its forms. The authors of this study concentrate on analysing selected forms of anthropocentrism that were prominent in different periods of the history of European culture. They offer a basic typology of anthropocentrism and characterize philosophical, religious, philosophical-theological and philosophical-scientific anthropocentrism. They also include a fifth form of anthropocentrism, which they call environmental anthropocentrism. The authors consider changes that are important from a philosophical, ethical and axiological perspective and analyse the potential of anthropocentrism in comparison with some of environmental anthropocentrism its alternative forms, such as biocentrism and cosmocentrism. They also attempt to assess the significance of environmental anthropocentrism and the potential for its implementation in human-environmental relations. The environmental anthropocentrism proposed here is a potential solution with applicability to the search for a moderate, humble, non-arrogant, respectful and responsible human approach to relations with nature.

Braiding frameworks for collaborative stewardship scholarship

Human-environment relationships are most frequently viewed from evolutionary perspectives, despite the vast body of literature which highlights how many Indigenous peoples engage with and understand place, plants, and animals as kinship relations. My goals in this essay are twofold: first, to suggest we adopt the phrase stewardship to recognize and uphold notions of respect, reciprocity, and relationships that are common within many Indigenous worldviews, and secondly, to advocate for the use of pluralistic approaches to our collaborative scholarship. I offer examples from my own experiences in reconstructing stewardship histories across people, plants, and places in the Pacific Northwest.

Climate change, community well-being, and consumption: Reconsidering human-environment relationships in Greenland under global change

We reassess the research on the impact of climate change on society and propose examining the social dimensions of climate change from a perspective of community well-being. We argue that to better understand community dynamics in the Arctic, it is helpful to shift the research focus from the environment and view the environment and climate change as a backdrop to social phenomena. Specifically, we consider the increasing living standards and expanding basic needs that fall under consumption, one of the three domains of economic activity. This represents a shift from the conventional anthropological perspective, which focuses solely on production (food procurement, subsistence) and distribution, to a more balanced consideration of the three economic domains and their intricate relations. This shift also involves moving away from the conventional anthropological theory, which posits that the relationship to the environment influences, organizes, and shapes people's lives, to the reverse: people's increasing needs reshape, rearrange, or alter the human–environment relationship. The perspective of community well-being considers the interplay between the environment, social (local assets), and economic domains (consumption and increasing needs) of community dynamics. To illustrate this perspective in Arctic studies, we draw on two examples from our experience in Greenland: sheep farming in South Greenland and Greenland halibut fisheries in North Greenland.

More Water at Moatra: Archaeology, Geomorphology and Toponymy in the Territory of Sagalassos

While evidence of ancient place names is a crucial element for our understanding of the historical landscape, many of those toponyms, other than those of major urban centres, have often disappeared in the course of history. The traditional localization of one such ancient toponym, Moatra in the territory of Sagalassos, at the present-day village of Bereket in the central district of Burdur Province (SW Türkiye) has recently been questioned. Allegedly, the vicinity of the modern village presents insufficient remains to support an identification of an ancient settlement there during the Roman Imperial period and this caused scholars to look for its location elsewhere in the area. This article presents an overview of the archaeological evidence from the Bereket intramontane basin and combines it with other strands of evidence to contest this new localization and explain why Moatra could not have been situated anywhere else but at Bereket. These arguments are based on the combination of the results of past and ongoing archaeological, geomorphological and paleo-environmental research, as well as toponymic study. These data help to shed light on the long occupation of the area and clarify the somewhat exceptional nature of the settlement of Moatra within the territory of Sagalassos, providing an outstanding example of how different disciplines can contribute to our understanding of the ancient settlement landscape and the human-environment relationship in the Late Holocene.

Development of Character Education Based on Tri Hita Karana with a Contextual Approach in Accounting Education: A Literature Review

The prevalence of unethical practices and the erosion of ethical values in the accounting profession underscore the need for integrating character education into accounting curricula. High-profile accounting scandals like Enron and WorldCom highlight the critical importance of fostering ethical behavior and social responsibility among future professionals. This literature review explores the integration of Tri Hita Karana, a Balinese philosophy promoting harmony among human-God, human-human, and human-environment relationships, with contextual learning in accounting education. The study suggests that incorporating Tri Hita Karana into the curriculum through community-based projects and real-world ethical scenarios enhances students' ethical and professional competencies. Empirical evidence from various studies supports the effectiveness of this integrated approach in developing students' ethical judgment, social and environmental awareness, and spiritual well-being. This holistic educational model not only prepares students for professional challenges but also promotes broader cultural shifts towards ethical integrity in professional practices.

Petrographic and Textural Characterization of Beach Sands Contaminated by Asbestos Cement Materials (Cape Peloro, Messina, Italy): Hazardous Human-Environmental Relationships

In the past fifteen years, the contamination of the Italian marine coastal environments by asbestos cement materials (ACMs) represents a known crux mostly reported or denounced by mass media and environmental associations. A recent research reporting compositional and textural data related to ACMs found in the beach deposits of a protected natural reserve (Cape Peloro, Messina, Italy) induced the author to perform new petrographic and textural analyses on the Cape Peloro beach sands, pebbles, cobbles (BSPC), and technofossils (bricks, tails, slab, concrete), associated with the previously studied ACMs, in order to compare the data with those of the ACMs previously reported in the literature. The petrographic investigations allowed the author to determine that beach sands and weakly gravelly sands were characterized by a quartzo–lithic signature, being mainly composed of metamorphic grains of quartz (50–60%) and metamorphic lithics (40–50%, mainly composed of polymineral quartz + microcline, quartz + plagioclase, quartz + biotite, quartz + muscovite grains, and monomineral opaque minerals, plagioclase, k-feldspar, and almandine garnet grains), whereas the pebbles and cobbles were made of acid intrusive (granitoids) and metamorphic rocks (gneiss, augen gneiss prevailing). Pebbles and cobbles made up of porphyroids could derive from the cannibalization of the underlying lower to middle Pleistocene siliciclastic deposits of the Messina Formation. Differently, the gneiss, augen gneiss, and granitoids forming the beach pebbles and cobbles, being present both in the crystalline rocks of the Aspromonte Unit and in the clasts of the SGMF, could originate from both of them. Textural investigations allowed the author to characterize grain size, shape parameters, and roundness in the beach deposits. These were mostly composed of sands and weakly gravelly sands with medium grains. Parameters, such as elongation and flatness, showed higher values in the BSPC than in the technofossils. The shapes of the BSPC were mostly from oblate to equant, whereas the shapes of the technofossils were mostly from bladed to oblate. The main differences depended on the original shape of the technofossils, being mostly platy, and their softer composition. The roundness was from angular to sub-rounded. In the Ionian coast of the Cape Peloro peninsula, the source areas for the well-rounded ACM found on the beach and in the beach deposits could have at least four different origins: (i) Possible landfills widespread since the 1970s in the intensively urbanized coastal areas. (ii) Direct abandonment in the coastal area. (iii) Direct abandonment in the streams. (iv) Activities to counteract the erosion/lack of sediment using non-conforming materials. Considering the diffused damage caused by the coastal erosion affecting most of the Italian coast and the obvious increasing dispersion of the asbestos fibers from the ACMs over time, effectual counter actions to prevent further contamination and guidelines for clean-up efforts are necessary.

Human-land relationship in the construction of historical settlements based on Complex Adaptive System (CAS) theory: evidence from Shawan in Guangfu region, China

The relationship between humans and land environment within historical settlements reflects the intricate interplay between human societies, their construction activities, and the specific geographical contexts. Inadequate research into this relationship hinders a comprehensive understanding of the social spatial intricacies inherent in historical settlements. This paper adopts the theoretical framework of complex adaptive system and takes Shawan Ancient Town in Guangfu area of China as an example. Under the geographical background of sustainable land growth in the coastal zone, this study analyzed the subtle changes in the relationship between people and land during the historical construction, and the key findings of the investigation are threefold: (1) Land resources play a central role in the construction of human-land relationships in historical settlements. The geographical environment and social institutions serve as configuring factors in the formation and evolution of human-land relationships. These factors collectively determine the formation and evolution of human-land relationships. (2) Social space emerges as a pivotal manifestation of the human–environment relationship in historical settlements, transcending mere physical dimensions. Consequently, a holistic study of this relationship necessitates a comprehensive exploration not only of spatial configurations but also of the intricate interconnections among social bonds, structural formations, societal order, and settlement spatiality. (3) Drawing on the framework of complex adaptive systems theory, the study disentangles intricate elements within the human-land relationship of historical settlements. It distills and examines the manifestations of four intricate adaptive capacities—namely aggregation, non-linearity, flow, and diversity—alongside the mechanisms of tags, internal models, and fundamental building blocks. It is believed that the study of historical settlements in coastal areas needs to grasp the invariable social-spatial objects such as geographical environment, land form, local beliefs. Take it as a clue to sort out how other elements of change have iterated and transformed in the process of historical evolution, such as the rise and fall of families, land ownership changes and social class evolution. This paper explores the value connotation of historical settlements from the perspective of dialectic thinking of change and invariance with CAS theory, which has theoretical significance for protection of settlement's human-land relationship from the perspective of "social-spatial".

“Industryimpactsmorethannature” - Risk perception of natural hazards in more-than-human worlds

Understanding the risk perceptions of natural hazards is vital for disaster mitigation. Despite extensive research on the topic, local and indigenous perspectives often remain marginalized and underrepresented. One reason discussed is the inherent Eurocentrism in knowledge production. Using narrative interviews with fishermen in the Patagonian fjord lands, we developed a grounded theory on risk perception against the background of actor–network theory to adress this criticism.The emergent order of risk perception research can be described by constructions of natural event systems, attributions of cause and blame, psychological processing and emotional strategies, territorial and professional identity, and perceptions of the national state. The distinction in risk science between natural hazards and environmental degradation, which represents the manifestation of the nature-culture divide, is not necessarily made by people.By allowing ambiguity in the ontology of nature, including networks of human and non-human actors,a hybrid understanding can be developed. We propose the following basic concepts of this understanding: environmental transformation, human-environment relations, appropriation of nature and ownership structure, displacement of sustainable traditions, and regional common-pool resources. Classifying these perspectives as pre-modern corresponds to the separation of different cultures described by Latour and forms the basis for asymmetrical relationships, reproducing the hegemony of Eurocentric and anthropocentric knowledge production. The separation into hazard and vulnerability can be seen as a manifestation of the second separation and leads to the networks of human and non-human actors that promote resilience being overlooked.

The global relevance of locally grounded ethnobiology.

While ethnobiology is a discipline that focuses on the local, it has an outstanding, but not yet fully realized potential to address global issues. Part of this unrealized potential is that universalistic approaches often do not fully recognize culturally grounded perspectives and there are multiple challenges with scaling up place-based research. However, scalability is paramount to ensure that the intimate and context-specific diversity of human-environmental relationships and understandings are recognized in global-scale planning and policy development. Here, we identify four pathways to enable the scalability of place-based ethnobiological research from the ground up: local-to-global dialogues, aggregation of published data, multi-sited studies, and geospatial analyses. We also discuss some major challenges and consideration to encourage continuous reflexivity in these endeavours and to ensure that scalability does not contribute to unnecessarily decontextualizing, co-opting, or overwriting the epistemologies of Indigenous Peoples and local communities. As ethnobiology navigates multiple scales of time and space and seeks to increase its breadth, this study shows that the use of deliberately global approaches, when carefully nested within rich field-based and ecological and ethnographically grounded data, can contribute to: (1) upscaling case-specific insights to unveil global patterns and dynamics in the biocultural contexts of Indigenous Peoples and local communities; (2) bringing ethnobiological knowledge into resolutions that can influence global environmental research and policy agendas; and (3) enriching ethnobiology's field-based ethos with a deliberate global analytical focus.

The spatial differentiation of human-environment relationship in mountain tourism destination, based on the image data of Landsat-8

Mountain is the most traditional tourism destination in China. On the basis of analyzing the particularity and its spatial differentiation of human-environment relationship in mountain tourism destination, this paper conducts empirical analysis in Yulong Snow Mountain by land use type classification. Firstly, ENVI is used to preprocess the Landsat-8 images of the research area. Then the visual interpretation is performed by ArcGIS to classify land use types. Based on the above, the differentiation status of human-environment relationship is analyzed. It concluded that: (1) Under the influence of natural factors such as piedmont, climate, altitude, gradient, slope, geological environment, and geomorphic characteristics, the uneven spatial distribution of human-environment relationship in mountain tourism destination is greatly affected by vegetation, rainfall, heat distribution, wind direction, suitability for human activities, and especially the topography; (2) The Yulong Snow Mountain forms three distinct levels of spatial differentiation in human-environment relationships between the east and west slopes, between high, medium and low elevations, and between different gradients.

From hearing to seeing: Linking auditory and visual place perceptions with soundscape-to-image generative artificial intelligence

People experience the world through multiple senses simultaneously, contributing to our sense of place. Prior quantitative geography studies have mostly emphasized human visual perceptions, neglecting human auditory perceptions at place due to the challenges in characterizing the acoustic environment vividly. Also, few studies have synthesized the two-dimensional (auditory and visual) perceptions in understanding human sense of place. To bridge these gaps, we propose a Soundscape-to-Image Diffusion model, a generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) model supported by Large Language Models (LLMs), aiming to visualize soundscapes through the generation of street view images. By creating audio-image pairs, acoustic environments are first represented as high-dimensional semantic audio vectors. Our proposed Soundscape-to-Image Diffusion model, which contains a Low-Resolution Diffusion Model and a Super-Resolution Diffusion Model, can then translate those semantic audio vectors into visual representations of place effectively. We evaluated our proposed model by using both machine-based and human-centered approaches. We proved that the generated street view images align with our common perceptions, and accurately create several key street elements of the original soundscapes. It also demonstrates that soundscapes provide sufficient visual information places. This study stands at the forefront of the intersection between generative AI and human geography, demonstrating how human multi-sensory experiences can be linked. We aim to enrich geospatial data science and AI studies with human experiences. It has the potential to inform multiple domains such as human geography, environmental psychology, and urban design and planning, as well as advancing our knowledge of human-environment relationships.