Human Dietary Supplements Research Articles

Byproducts of Sesame Oil Extraction: Composition, Function, and Comprehensive Utilization.

Sesame is principally used to generate oil, which is produced by chemical refining or pressing. Sesame meal, as a main byproduct of sesame oil extraction, is usually discarded, causing resource waste and economic loss. Sesame meal is rich in sesame protein and three types of sesame lignans (sesamin, sesamolin, and sesamol). Sesame protein extracted via a physical method and an enzymic method has balanced amino acid composition and is an important protein source, and thus it is often added to animal feed and used as a human dietary supplement. Extracted sesame lignan exhibits multiple biological activities such as antihypertensive, anticancer, and cholesterol-lowering activities, and therefore it is used to improve the oxidative stability of oils. This review summarizes the extraction methods, functional activities, and comprehensive utilization of four active substances (sesame protein, sesamin, sesamolin, and sesamol) in sesame meal with the aim to provide theoretical guidance for the maximum utilization of sesame meal.

5-Aminolevulinic acid and sodium ferrous citrate ameliorate muscle aging and extend healthspan in Drosophila.

Declines in mitochondrial functions are associated with aging. The combination of 5‐aminolevulinic acid (5‐ALA) and sodium ferrous citrate (SFC) improves mitochondrial functions in cultured cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with 5‐ALA and SFC (5‐ALA/SFC) on the healthspan and life span of Drosophila melanogaster. Adult Drosophila fruit flies were fed cornmeal food containing various concentrations of 5‐ALA/SFC. Locomotor functions, life span, muscle architecture, and age‐associated changes in mitochondrial function were analyzed. We found that feeding 5‐ALA/SFC mitigated age‐associated declines in locomotor functions and extended organismal life span. Moreover, 5‐ALA/SFC preserved muscle architecture and maintained the mitochondrial membrane potential in aged animals. Since 5‐ALA phosphate/SFC is used as a human dietary supplement, our results suggest that it could be used to slow the age‐related declines in muscle functions, prevent age‐associated clinical conditions such as frailty, and extend healthspan and life span.

Low dose UV-B radiation induced mild oxidative stress impact on physiological and nutritional competence of Spirulina (Arthrospira) species

Among the various Spirulina species, Spirulina maxima (S. maxima) and Spirulina platensis (S. platensis) are used mainly as human dietary supplements, whole food, and feed supplement in aquaculture, aquarium and poultry industries due to their potential nutritional and medicinal benefits. Therefore, our study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of mild stress conditions via exposure of different mild fluence rates of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation (exposure of 0.016, 0.065 and 0.196 Jm−2s−1 or Wm−1 denoted as UV-B1, UV-B2 and UV-B3) on exponentially grown cultures of two species of Spirulina, i.e. S. maxima and S. platensis. Mild stressing induced by low dose, i. e. UV-B1 showed positive impacts as a resilience response, resulting in increased physiological and nutritional competencies in growth, pigment content, photosynthetic oxygen yield, fluorescence parameters, protein, carbohydrates, and antioxidative properties in the test organisms analyzed after 72 h of experiments. Such mild stress adapted elite strains with enhanced competencies under mild stressing may pave the way for potential application from the prospects of functional food development when utilized as a functional ingredient to incorporate in them.

126 Animal Supplements: Market Trends, Benefits and Limitations of Academic Research, and Regulatory Considerations in Product Development

Abstract Market research shows that U.S. consumers spend approximately $2.5 billion annually purchasing products that are similar to human dietary supplements, but intended for use in dogs, cats, and horses. Demand for these types of products is projected to grow 3% - 5% per year for the next several years. This presentation will examine the animal supplement market and provide insight into the trends that are driving its growth, many of which closely follow trends in human dietary supplements. In addition, this presentation will look at the benefits and limitations of industry sponsored research to verify the safety and efficacy of currently available animal health and nutritional supplements. Three main considerations must be weighed against the exorbitant expense of conducting clinical studies that satisfy the rigors of the scientific community: limitations on claims; lack of intellectual property protection; and the potential influences of similar products that may be available on the human side. Finally, the presentation will delve into the one area that cannot be overlooked when developing new animal health and nutritional supplements—the regulatory requirements that must be satisfied to take a product successfully to market. Any company producing animal health and nutritional supplements should be following current good manufacturing practices (cGMPs), however, since the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA) does not apply to animals, it is important to understand the standards that should be considered when marketing these types of products.

Isoformononetin, a dietary isoflavone protects against streptozotocin induced rat model of neuroinflammation through inhibition of NLRP3/ASC/IL-1 axis activation

AimsIsoformononetin (IFN), a methoxyl isoflavone present in most of human dietary supplements. However, being a highly potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecule, its activity against neuronal oxidative stress and neuroinflammation has not been explored till now. The present study was inquested to assess the antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory activity of IFN against streptozotocin induced neuroinflammation in different brain regions of rat. Main methodsFour groups of animals were subjected to treatment as control, toxic control (STZ; single intracerebrovascular injection), third group (STZ + IFN; 20 mg/kg p.o.), fourth group (IFN) for 14 days. The different brain regions of rats were evaluated for inflammatory, apoptotic and biochemical antioxidant markers. The brain tissues were further assessed for gene expression, immunohistochemical and western blotting examination for localization of inflammasome cascade expression that plays a pivotal role in neuroinflammation. Key findingsThe modulation in oxidant/antioxidant status after exposure of STZ was significantly balanced after administration of IFN to rats. Further, IFN was also found to be an apoptotic agent as it modulates the apoptotic gene (Bax) and anti-apoptotic gene (BcL2) expression. IFN significantly curtailed the augmented protein expression of NLRP3, NLRP2, ASC, NFκBP65, IL-1β and caspase-1 due to STZ administration in cortex and hippocampus rat brain regions. SignificanceThe aforementioned results proclaim the neuroprotective functioning of IFN against STZ induced inflammation. IFN significantly prevents the neuroinflammation by decreasing the generation of ROS that reduces the activation of NLRP3/ASC/IL-1 axis thereby exerting neuroprotection as evidenced in rat model of STZ induced neuroninflammation.

Antarctic Thraustochytrids as Sources of Carotenoids and High-Value Fatty Acids.

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and carotenoids are needed as human dietary supplements and are essential components in commercial feeds for the production of aquacultured seafood. Microorganisms such as thraustochytrids are potential natural sources of these compounds. This research reports on the lipid and carotenoid production capacity of thraustochytrids that were isolated from coastal waters of Antarctica. Of the 22 isolates, 21 produced lipids containing EPA+DHA, and the amount of these fatty acids exceeded 20% of the total fatty acids in 12 isolates. Ten isolates were shown to produce carotenoids (27.4–63.9 μg/g dry biomass). The isolate RT2316-16, identified as Thraustochytrium sp., was the best producer of biomass (7.2 g/L in five days) rich in carotenoids (63.9 μg/g) and, therefore, became the focus of this investigation. The main carotenoids in RT2316-16 were β-carotene and canthaxanthin. The content of EPA+DHA in the total lipids (34 ± 3% w/w in dry biomass) depended on the stage of growth of RT2316-16. Lipid and carotenoid content of the biomass and its concentration could be enhanced by modifying the composition of the culture medium. The estimated genome size of RT2316-16 was 44 Mb. Of the 5656 genes predicted from the genome, 4559 were annotated. These included genes of most of the enzymes in the elongation and desaturation pathway of synthesis of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Carotenoid precursors in RT2316-16 were synthesized through the mevalonate pathway. A β-carotene synthase gene, with a different domain organization compared to the gene in other thraustochytrids, explained the carotenoid profile of RT2316-16.

ARTP mutation and adaptive laboratory evolution improve probiotic performance of Bacillus coagulans.

Bacillus coagulans is a thermophilic, facultative anaerobic, spore-forming Gram-positive bacterium, which is used as a probiotic in animal feed and human dietary supplements. In the present study, a bile-resistant thermophilic B. coagulans WT-03 strain was isolated and genetically identified. Atmospheric pressure room temperature plasma (ARTP)-induced mutation combined with adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) was used to improve the probiotic performance of B. coagulans WT-03. After 15s of ARTP mutation and 40days of ALE culture, a mutant artp-aleBC15 was obtained and showed the improved tolerance to pH2.5 and 0.3% bile salt with a survival rate of 22.4%. Further studies showed that the artp-aleBC15 mutant exhibited a relatively stable morphology, lower permeability, and higher hydrophobicity of cell membrane compared with the parent strain of B. coagulans. Additionally, artp-aleBC15 could maintain homeostasis with an intracellular pH of over 4.5 and had the altered contents of saturated fatty acids/unsaturated fatty acids in the cell membrane at pH2.5. Our study proved that ARTP mutation combined with ALE is an efficient mutagenesis strategy to improve the probiotic performance of B. coagulans for potential industrial use.Key Points• A B. coagulans strain that can grow at 80°C and 0.3% bile salt was screened.• ARTP combined with ALE effectively mutated B. coagulans WT-03.• B. coagulans artp-aleBC15 mutant showed an improved probiotic performance.• The mutant exhibited the lower permeability and altered fatty acid contents in the cell membrane.

Preparation of O-Glycopeptides from commercial bovine whey proteins using offline liquid chromatography–Mass spectrometry

O-Glycopeptides derived from natural bioresources are an attractive material for a variety of purposes. Whey protein products are used as a human dietary supplement and in animal feed and are a readily available resource for the preparation of O-glycopeptides. The protein composition of bovine milk is well-studied, and many glycoproteins carrying N-glycans and O-glycans have been found in commercial whey protein products. In particular, κ-casein glycomacropeptide and lactophorin, which have several O-glycans, are known to exist in whey protein. Here, we report an isolation method of O-glycopeptides bearing disialyl core 1 type and core 2 type glycan moieties from commercially available whey protein products using proteose peptone extraction, enzymatic digestion (with trypsin or thermolysin), and sequential high-performance liquid chromatography purification. We were able to isolate several kinds of O-glycopeptides from lactophorin and κ-casein: six peptide sequences and five kinds of O-glycans. The O-glycopeptides were detected and identified by flow injection analysis combined with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry using collision-induced dissociation and electron transfer dissociation. O-Glycopeptides bearing a variety of O-glycans could be used as a substrate for endo-α-N-acetyl galactosaminidase, and their various O-glycan structures were useful for the investigation of enzyme activities.

Veterinary Pet Supplements and Nutraceuticals.

Veterinary pet supplements and nutraceuticals are widely used by dog, cat and horse owners across the United States, generating millions of dollars in revenue for manufacturers. Despite the widespread use of these veterinary products, oversight and regulation remain limited as compared to human dietary supplement regulations. This review describes the current regulation, quality control, safety and efficacy of pet supplements and nutraceuticals targeted towards the dog, cat and horse.

The Clinical Use of Monolaurin as a Dietary Supplement: A Review of the Literature

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine what the peer-reviewed literature says about the clinical applications, therapeutic dosages, bioavailability, efficacy, and safety of monolaurin as a dietary supplement. MethodsThis was a narrative review using the PubMed database and the terms “monolaurin” and its chemical synonyms. Commercial websites that sell monolaurin were also searched for pertinent references. The reference sections of the newer articles were searched for any other relevant articles. Consensus was reached among the authors as to what articles had clinical relevance. ResultsTwenty-eight articles were found that appeared to address the clinical use of monolaurin. ConclusionThere are many articles that address the antimicrobial effects of monolaurin in vitro. Only 3 peer-reviewed papers that evidence in vivo antimicrobial effects of monolaurin in humans were located, and these were only for intravaginal and intraoral—that is, topical—use. No peer-reviewed evidence was found for the clinical use of monolaurin as a human dietary supplement other than as a nutrient.

Coffee Silverskin Extract: Nutritional Value, Safety and Effect on Key Biological Functions.

This study aimed to complete the scientific basis for the validation of a coffee silverskin extract (CSE) as a novel food ingredient according to European legislation. Nutritional value, safety, effects on biochemical biomarkers and excretion of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in vivo of CSE were assessed. Proteins, amino acids, fat, fatty acids, fiber, simple sugars and micronutrients were analyzed. For the first time, toxicological and physiological effects were evaluated in vivo by a repeated-dose study in healthy Wistar rats. Hormone secretion, antioxidant (enzymatic and no-enzymatic) and anti-inflammatory biomarkers, and dietary fiber fermentability of CSE (analysis of SCFAs in feces) were studied in biological samples. This unique research confirms the feasibility of CSE as a human dietary supplement with several nutrition claims: “source of proteins (16%), potassium, magnesium, calcium and vitamin C, low in fat (0.44%) and high in fiber (22%)”. This is the first report demonstrating that its oral administration (1 g/kg) for 28 days is innocuous. Hormone secretion, antioxidant or anti-inflammatory biomarkers were not affected in heathy animals. Total SCFAs derived from CSE fiber fermentation were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in male treated rats compared to male control rats. All the new information pinpoints CSE as a natural, sustainable and safe food ingredient containing fermentable fiber able to produce SCFAs with beneficial effects on gut microbiota.

Effect of ultrasonic and ball-milling treatment on cell wall, nutrients, and antioxidant capacity of rose (Rosa rugosa) bee pollen, and identification of bioactive components.

Bee pollen has been regarded as a complete nutritional human dietary supplement but its nutrient absorption and biological effects may be restricted by the complex pollen wall. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of ultrasonic and ball-milling treatment on the release of nutritional components and on in vitro and in vivo antioxidant effects of rose (Rosa rugosa) bee pollen. Bee pollen walls were broken to varying degrees, nutrients were released, and in vitro and in vivo antioxidant effects of bee pollen were improved. The scavenging effects of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazolone-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) were improved. In aging mice, wall-breaking treatment led to better organ recovery, enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) effects, and malondialdehyde (MDA) reduction. Eight compounds of rose bee pollen ethanol extract, including isorhamnetin 3-O-diglucoside and N', N″, N‴-dicaffeoyl p-coumaroyl spermidine were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) assay. This study showed that ultrasonic treatment had greater wall-disruption effects of bee pollen on nutrient release and antioxidant effect promotion. In conclusion, rose bee pollen, with wall-breaking treatments, may have potential value as an ingredient in functional food processing. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Functional annotation of the genome unravels probiotic potential of Bacillus coagulans HS243

Spore forming Bacillus species are widely used as probiotics for human dietary supplements and in animal feeds. However, information on genetic basis of their probiotic action is obscure. Therefore, the present investigation was undertaken to elucidate probiotic traits of B. coagulans HS243 through its genome analysis. Genome mining revealed the presence of an arsenal of marker genes attributed to genuine probiotic traits. In silico analysis of HS243 genome revealed the presence of multi subunit ATPases, ADI pathway genes, chologlycine hydrolase, adhesion proteins for surviving and colonizing harsh gastric transit. HS243 genome harbored vitamin and essential amino acid biosynthetic genes, suggesting the use of HS243 as a nutrient supplement. Bacteriocin producing genes highlighted the disease preventing potential of HS243. Thus, this work established that HS243 possessed the genetic repertoire required for surviving harsh gastric transit and conferring health benefits to the host which were further validated by wet lab evidences.

Prebiotic Wheat Bran Fractions Induce Specific Microbiota Changes

Wheat bran fibers are considered beneficial to human health through their impact on gut microbiota composition and activity. Here, we assessed the prebiotic potential of selected bran fractions by performing a series of fecal slurry anaerobic fermentation experiments using aleurone as well as total, ultrafine, and soluble wheat bran (swb) as carbon sources. By combining amplicon-based community profiling with a fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) approach, we found that incubation conditions favor the growth of Proteobacteria such as Escherichia and Bilophila. These effects were countered in all but one [total wheat bran (twb)] fermentation experiments. Growth of Bifidobacterium species was stimulated after fermentation using ultrafine, soluble, and twb, in the latter two as part of a general increase in bacterial load. Both ultrafine and swb fermentation resulted in a trade-off between Bifidobacterium and Bilophila, as previously observed in human dietary supplementation studies looking at the effect of inulin-type fructans on the human gut microbiota. Aleurone selectively stimulated growth of Dorea and butyrate-producing Roseburia. All fermentation experiments induced enhanced gas production; increased butyrate concentrations were only observed following soluble bran incubation. Our results open perspectives for the development of aleurone as a complementary prebiotic selectively targeting colon butyrate producers.

Lipid Composition of Oil Extracted from Wasted Norway Lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) Heads and Comparison with Oil Extracted from Antarctic Krill (Euphasia superba).

In the UK, the Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) supports its most important shellfish fishery. Nephrops are sold either whole, or as “tails-only” for the scampi trade. In the “tailing” process, the “head” (cephalothorax) is discarded as waste. A smaller crustacean species, the Antarctic krill Euphasia superba, represents an economically valuable industry, as its extractable oil is sold as a human dietary supplement. The aim of this study was to determine the amount and composition of the oil contained in discarded Nephrops heads and to compare its composition to the oil extracted from krill. Differences due to Geographical variation and seasonal patterns in the amount and composition of lipid were also noted. Results indicated that Nephrops head waste samples collected from more southern locations in Scotland (Clyde Sea area) contained higher levels of oil when compared to samples collected from northern locations in Iceland. Moreover, seasonal differences within the Clyde Sea area in Scotland were also observed, with oil extracted from Nephrops head waste peaking at around 11.5% during the summer months when larger and more mature females were caught by trawl. At this time of the year, the valuable fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) accounted for around 23% of the total fatty acid content in oil extracted from Nephrops head waste. A seasonal effect on EPA content was found, with higher levels obtained in the summer, while no trend was found in DHA percentages. Finally, oil from Nephrops head waste contained a higher proportion of EPA and DHA than krill oil but these fatty acids were more abundantly linked to the neutral lipids rather to than polar lipids. The characterization of lipid that could be extracted from Nephrops head waste should be seen as a first step for the commercial use of a valuable resource currently wasted. This approach is extremely relevant given the current limited supply of EPA and DHA and changes in the Common Fisheries Policy.

Detection of microcystin producing cyanobacteria in Spirulina dietary supplements using multiplex HRM quantitative PCR

Arthrospira species, under the name ‘Spirulina’, are used as food supplement for its protein, vitamins, and minerals which have several health benefits. Cyanobacterial toxins including microcystins can possibly contaminate these dietary supplements causing hepatotoxicity, tumour formation, and other disorders. The safe use of dietary supplements necessitates the need to assess such toxins in the algal food supplement. The methods which evaluate these dietary supplements should be highly sensitive, cost-effective, and rapid. In this study, multiplex HRM qPCR analysis was used to detect microcystin (MC)-producing cyanobacteria in Spirulina dietary supplements. The multiplex HRM qPCR detection limit was found to be 25 ag of mcyB spiked in a standard concentration of pcb (25 pg). Two distinct melt curves characteristic of pcb (Tm 82.8 ± 0.07 °C) and mcyB (Tm 77.9 ± 0.05 °C) were observed. Microcystin contamination was detected only in the fish food supplements and not in human dietary supplements of Spirulina. Liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis further confirmed the presence of the congeners of microcystin in the identified positive samples.

Ether Functionalized Choline Tethered Amino Acid Ionic Liquids for Enhanced CO2 Capture

Amino acid ionic liquids (ILs) are the most interesting and effective for CO2 capture due to their low toxicity, biodegradability, and fast reactivity toward CO2. The ionic nature of amino acid ILs can raise an environmental issue if the cation counterpart becomes toxic to the aquatic ecosystems, and they can become potential atmospheric pollutants. In this regard, choline based ILs are known to be promising scaffolds for the development of less toxic amino acid ILs. However, the existing choline amino acid ILs are highly viscous, limiting their applicability as solvents. Ether functionalized choline based amino acid ILs with a novel series of less toxic green ILs were explored with reduced viscosity and high CO2 capture capacity. A simple, economic, clean, and environmentally benign method was utilized for the synthesis of novel choline based amino acid ILs using a commercially available and economical starting material, 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol (deanol, a human dietary food supplement). These ILs have l...

Feed Efficiency and Serobiochemical Profile of Wistar Rats Fed With Spirulina As Functional Food

Spirulina is an algae that grow in fresh and sea water and itself known to the human community with its unique Neutraceuticals properties, generally produced from the species named Arthrospira platensis, and Arthrospira maxima. Arthrospira species were cultivated throughout the world to fulfil the need of human dietary supplementation. An experimental study was planned to know the effect of spirulina supplementation on serum biochemical profile of Wistar albino rats as model study. Test results clearly denoted that diet planned with spirulina fed rats showed better serobiochemical profile when compared with stock diet and rice based diet. The protein and albumin values were significantly higher in spirulina fed rats. Feed consumption rate is very low in spirulina diet but gained more weight when compared to stock and rice diets, this might be due to high biological value protein in spirulina.

Fulvi-H as Possible Treatment for Viral Diseases

Fulvi-H is Fulvic acid produced and sold in Mexico, firstly as soil fertilizer and secondly as animal dietary supplement. Now, after high purification from heavy metals and bacterial organisms, it has been authorized as human dietary supplement, in view of empirical excellent results in all fields, as well as experimental results obtained with mice and rats, which showed much better filtration of electrolytes through liver from digestive pipe to blood serum (32PO43-, 45Ca2+, 59Fe3+, 131I1-) followed by promotion of antibodies in their immune system (IgG, IgT). This paper summarizes all these results and proposes Fulvi-H at higher doses as a valuable complement in addition to treatment of human viral diseases, such as Herpes Zoster, Hepatitis C and AIDS. Therefore, next step should be a medical protocol, to test the facts proved in laboratory animals.

Muscle fatigue resistance in the rat hindlimbin vivofrom low dietary intakes of tuna fish oil that selectively increase phospholipidn-3 docosahexaenoic acid according to muscle fibre type

Dietary fish oil (FO) modulates muscle O2 consumption and contractile function, predictive of effects on muscle fatigue. High doses unattainable through human diet and muscle stimulation parameters used engender uncertainty in their physiological relevance. We tested the hypothesis that nutritionally relevant FO doses can modulate membrane fatty acid composition and muscle fatigue. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomised to control (10% olive oil (OO) by weight) or low or moderate FO diet (LowFO and ModFO) (HiDHA tuna fish oil) for 15 weeks (LowFO: 0.3% FO, 9.7% OO, 0.25% energy as EPA+DHA; ModFO: 1.25% FO, 8.75% OO, 1.0% energy as EPA+DHA). Hindlimb muscle function was assessed under anaesthesia in vivo using repetitive 5 s burst sciatic nerve stimulation (0.05 ms, 7-12 V, 5 Hz, 10 s duty cycle, 300 s). There were no dietary differences in maximum developed muscle force. Repetitive peak developed force fell to 50% within 62 (SEM 10) s in controls and took longer to decline in FO-fed rats (LowFO 110 (SEM 15) s; ModFO 117 (sem 14) s) (P<0.05). Force within bursts was better sustained with FO and maximum rates of force development and relaxation declined more slowly. The FO-fed rats incorporated higher muscle phospholipid DHA-relative percentages than controls (P<0.001). Incorporation of DHA was greater in the fast-twitch gastrocnemius (Control 9.3 (SEM 0.8) %, LowFO 19.9 (SEM 0.4), ModFO 24.3 (SEM 1.0)) than in the slow-twitch soleus muscle (Control 5.1 (SEM 0.2), LowFO 14.3 (SEM 0.7), ModFO 18.0 (SEM 1.4)) (P<0.001), which was comparable with the myocardium, in line with muscle fibre characteristics. The LowFO and ModFO diets, emulating human dietary and therapeutic supplement intake, respectively, both elicited muscle membrane DHA enrichment and fatigue resistance, providing a foundation for translating these physiological effects to humans.