Human Development Efforts Research Articles

Analysis of Gender Development Gaps in Indonesia

Human development efforts are intended for the entire population in a country, regardless of sex differences. There is a term for gender-based development that measures development achievements between women and men. However, Indonesia is still very thick with a patriarchal culture that makes women tend to have fewer rights than men in work, education, politics, and the economy. This makes it difficult for women to develop their potential in various fields. This gender inequality can cause development not to be able to reach its maximum potential. Gender inequality is considered to hamper the economy. Slowing economic growth certainly hurts income, both at the national, regional, and per capita levels. This study aims to identify the picture of the gender development gap in Indonesia by collecting secondary data, which is then studied more deeply. The results of the descriptive analysis show that there are still gender disparities in almost all provinces in Indonesia. Furthermore, based on the results of inference analysis using panel data, this study concluded that the gender gap simultaneously has a significant effect on per capita income. Gender inequality variables that have a partial influence include the wages of women workers, female labour force participation, and gender development. Keyword: Gender, Gender Development Index, Gender Inequality

REGRESI LOGISTIK BINER UNTUK MEMPREDIKSI FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI NILAI AKHIR PESERTA DIDIK SMK SEPULUH NOPEMBER SIDOARJO DALAM EFEKTIVITAS PEMBELAJARAN PASCA PANDEMI

Education is the awareness to create an environment and learning process that enables students to actively develop the potential for mental strength, self-control, intelligence, noble personality, and abilities needed for themselves and society, which is a directed and planned effort. The quality of education is the most important factor in human development efforts, character growth and competency improvement. Student assessment is an activity that aims to determine the condition of personality and social and spiritual behavior. Therefore we need a statistical modeling to analyze the factors that influence student scores. Data analysis used in this study uses Ordinal Logistic Regression. Ordinal or ranking is a type of data scale that has categorical characteristics where something is better or worse and higher or lower. Ordinal logistic regression is a statistical method for analyzing response variables that have two or more categories and the measurement scale is level. This study shows that the factors that influence the final grades of students at SMK Sepuluh Nopember Sidoarjo include 8 variables, namely gender (female), origin of SMP/MTs (private), everyday language (Javanese), father's occupation (not working), mother's age (36-46 years), number of students (> 35 students), no parental participation, and vocational (non-health) qualifications.

CLASS MANAGEMENT IN INCREASING STUDENTS' INTEREST IN LEARNING IN MADRASAH IBTIDAIYAH NEGERI 1 CITY OF JAMBI

School is an institution where a student studies formally and is a forum for students to determine the direction or steps they want to take and to determine the goals they want to achieve for their future. School is the second place after home for students to study. At school, students will exchange ideas with colleagues and receive good attention from educators (teachers). Educational activities in schools are always related to human development efforts, so the success of education is very dependent on the human element. Because the human element determines the success or failure of education. One of the human elements that determine the quality of education is the teaching staff. The personality of the educator is a measure of the personality formation of students in education. Educators must be able to be role models that should be followed by their students at school as figures who have good personalities.

Panel Data Regression Analysis with GLMM Approach (Case Study: HDI in South Sulawesi Province)

South Sulawesi is a province consisting of several regencies/cities. To understand well the HDI of South Sulawesi, it takes a good understanding of the HDI situation of each Regency/City. The HDI situation which continues to increase from year to year can be used as an indicator to measure success in human development efforts. HDI can also determine the ranking or level of development of a region/country. This study aims to determine the factors that have a significant effect on HDI and to find out the best panel data regression model for HDI in South Sulawesi. The method used in this study is panel data regression analysis with the Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) approach. The results showed that the variable life expectancy (AHH), average length of school (RLS) and per capita expenditure (PP) had a significant effect on the human development index (HDI) in South Sulawesi Province in 2014-2018.Keywords: HDI, Panel Data Regression, Generalized Linear Mixed Model.

Artificial Intelligence Revolutionises Weather Forecast, Climate Monitoring and Decadal Prediction

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an explosively growing field of computer technology, which is expected to transform many aspects of our society in a profound way. AI techniques are used to analyse large amounts of unstructured and heterogeneous data and discover and exploit complex and intricate relations among these data, without recourse to an explicit analytical treatment of those relations. These AI techniques are unavoidable to make sense of the rapidly increasing data deluge and to respond to the challenging new demands in Weather Forecast (WF), Climate Monitoring (CM) and Decadal Prediction (DP). The use of AI techniques can lead simultaneously to: (1) a reduction of human development effort, (2) a more efficient use of computing resources and (3) an increased forecast quality. To realise this potential, a new generation of scientists combining atmospheric science domain knowledge and state-of-the-art AI skills needs to be trained. AI should become a cornerstone of future weather and climate observation and modelling systems.

DIRETRIZES DE PROJETO REGENERATIVO: UMA REVISÃO NOS LIMITES DO CAMPUS UNIVERSITÁRIO

A pesquisa observa as tendências de desenvolvimento dos modelos de universidade com o objetivo de apresentar uma proposta de planejamento fundamentada na perscpectiva do projeto regenerativo. Assim, buscou-se pensar sobre o declínio urbano, bem como quais políticas e iniciativas poderiam ser desenvolvidas para ajudar a remediar os problemas ambientais encontrados em campi e no seu entorno. A metodologia, aplicada no contexto urbano do Campus Sede da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), foi realizada em dois momentos. Primeiramente, com uma abordagem qualitativa e com a utilização das Guias de Projeto Regenerativo para Campus Universitário observou-se os problemas existentes no recorte do estudo. Assim, foi possível elaborar os potencias regenerativos. No segundo momento, os potenciais regenerativos obtidos foram organizados por similaridade de assunto em 10 Tópicos, configurando, dessa maneira, as diretrizes para o projeto regenerativo no Campus Trindade da UFSC. Após a aplicação da presente metodologia, concluiu-se que o conceito e a avaliação do projeto regenerativo permitem fornecer as bases a favor do alinhamento de um novo processo de desenvolvimento, o que concilia os esforços do desenvolvimento humano com a recuperação ambiental.Palavras-chave: Projeto regenerativo, campus universitário, integração, desenvolvimento sustentável.

Estimation Analysis and Mapping the Need for ‘Agen Perisai’ in Expanding the Membership of BP Jamsostek (A Case Study of West Java Province, Indonesia)

Social security is one indicator of human development efforts to achieve Indonesia's 2045 vision plan. One of the challenges in social security is the limited coverage and involvement of the population. In 2019, data of the BP Jamsostek West Java Province showed that the involvement of workers in the informal sector in social security was still low (around 3%). One of the efforts to increase the participation of informal workers is through Perisai agents. However, the number of active agents in West Java Province was still low and not comparable to the number of informal workers which reached 10 million people. Meanwhile in 2024, the government is targeting the participation of informal workers to be around 30% and universal coverage by 2029. For this reason, this article will form a scenario for estimating the need for Perisai agents to achieve universal coverage for informal worker participation. Based on the result, if the government want to achieve the target of 30% of informal workers' participation in 2024, the best scenario is to recruit 626 agents, while to achieve the universal coverage participation in 2029, the need for agents is 928 people. The highest agent needs are in the agriculture, wholesale trade, and accommodation sector. According to regency/city, the highest demand for agents is in the regencies of Bogor, Bandung, Garut, and Sukabumi. Furthermore, the mapping results by sector and regency/city can be used by relevant stakeholders to help formulate a Perisai agent recruitment policy to achieve universal coverage of BP Jamsostek membership in the coming year.

Kemitraan Dinas Sosial Provinsi Lampung dan Lembaga Kesejahteraan Sosial Amanah Bunda dalam Rehabilitasi Sosial Penyandang Disabilitas

Non-governmental organization as one of the stakeholders in organizing public services can be used as partner by the government in human development efforts. The partnership between the government and non governmental organization in the public service applied by Social Service of Lampung Province and Social Welfare Institution Amanah Bunda in addressing social issues disability through the Social Rehabilitation Program. This research aims to identify and know the process and pattern of partnership of Lampung Province Social Service and Social Welfare Institution of Amanah Bunda. The method used in this research is a type of descriptive study with a qualitative approach. Data collection is conducted using observation techniques, interviews and documentation. The results of this study show that the partnership process is going pretty well. The partnership has adopted the partnership principle of equality, openness, and mutual advantage. This partnership process implements sequential and structured partnership stages. Furthermore, the partnership pattern used in this partnership is a linear collaborative of partnership pattern. This partnership pattern does not distinguish the magnitude or volume, legality, or strength of the parties that partner, as well as the purpose and vission-mission of the two institutions more emphasized in the partnership. This is what happens between these partnerships, where there are differences in roles but lack of power domination. Keywords: Partnership, Government, Non-Governmental Organization

The Nexus Between Good Governance Indicators And Human Development Index In Africa: An Econometric Analysis

This study examines the association between good governance indicators and the human development index in Africa. Accordingly, it uses the panel data of 49 African countries from 2000-2018 on the six World Bank governance indicators (WGIs) and the UNDP aggregate human development index (HDI). The data are analyzed using descriptive statistics and panel regression analysis. The descriptive statistical analysis shows that most of the countries that are scoring high in the governance indicators are also scoring high in the human development index. It also indicates that Africa's average score in all governance indicators from 2000-2018 ranges between 36.2 % and 40.4%, while the score for human development was 50.8%. Using a one-year moving average, the calculated improvement rates for the eighteen years in all the governance and human development indicators were meager. The finding from the panel regression analysis attests only the three good governance indicators - the rule of law, regulatory quality, and political stability and absence of violence - are significantly and directly associated with the human development index. The finding implies that policy makers in African countries should give emphasis on these three good governance indicators to augment their human development effort.

LED advances accelerate universal access to electric lighting

A rapid increase in the performance and quality of white LED light sources has changed the dynamics of electricity access in the last 10 years, reaching tens of millions of people with electric light who previously had no viable alternatives to fuel-based lighting, which is dangerous and expensive. Eliminating fuel-based lighting is a key public health, safety, social equality, and environmental opportunity that is now achievable. Technology advances in LEDs, other super-efficient appliances, solar photovoltaic generation, advanced batteries, and coordinating information technology systems have combined to significantly expand the reach of off-grid energy systems. With support and effort, it is plausible that small “pico-solar” and “solar home” systems could serve over a billion people within a generation, providing basic but highly valued services. Continued progress can be achieved with attention to continued improvements in technology, supporting a growing range of new businesses and enterprises in energy access markets, and synergy with broader human development effort around access to clean water, financial inclusion, and fair access to resources. L'accroissement rapide des performances et de la qualité des sources LED de lumière blanche a changé la dynamique de l'accès à l'électricité au cours des dix dernières années, permettant à des dizaines de millions de gens qui, auparavant, n'avaient pas d'alternatives viables à l'éclairage au pétrole, qui est dangereux et cher, de bénéficier de l'éclairage électrique. L'élimination de l'éclairage au pétrole est un enjeu clé de santé publique, de sécurité, d'égalité sociale, et une opportunité environnementale qui est à présent à notre portée. Les avancées technologiques dans le domaine des LED ainsi que d'autres appareils domestiques extrêmement efficaces, la génération photovoltaïque solaire, les batteries de nouvelle génération et les systèmes coordonnant l'information se sont associés pour étendre significativement la portée des systèmes électriques hors réseau. Avec soutien et effort, il est plausible que de petits systèmes « pico-solaires » et « maison solaire » puissent alimenter un milliard de personnes en l'espace d'une génération, procurant des services de base, mais de grande utilité. Un progrès continu peut être atteint si l'on porte attention à poursuivre les améliorations technologiques, qui soutiendront un nombre croissant de nouvelles activités et entreprises sur les marchés de l'accès à l'énergie, en synergie avec les efforts de développement humain autour de l'accès à l'eau propre, l'accès aux ressources financières et l'accès équitable aux ressources.

A Proposed Framework for rationalizing monetary support policy as a Tool of social Market Economy to Activate Human Development Efforts A Comparative study with some of the European Experiments

The study aims at introducing a framework through which the monetary support policy will be rationalized, based on the role that NGOs can play, which is one of the most important pillars of the social market economy, in order to activate the efforts in the field of human development. The descriptive approach and the analytical approach in the light of two experiences of the German state The first experience after the Second World War and the second experiment after the collapse of the Berlin Wall and the Union of West and East Germany using the inductive method of collecting, Almhkh during the period to follow them from 1949 to 1958 and from 1990 to 1999 period, and represented research tools in reference to the German experience of studies and statistical reports on government support both types. The study found that the main obstacles to human development are high levels of poverty, illiteracy, dropout of education, poor health environment, weak capacity of non-governmental institutions to reduce the negative impact of free market economy, and lack of government-based strategy. On poverty, illiteracy and dropout rates in education. This program should be financed from the state budget in its implementation to non-governmental organizations. It includes a plan to improve health care and food quality, as well as controlling pollution and reducing its rates. To participate in the political life of activating the role of parties, trade unions, human rights associations and charities put national issues on these institutions to discuss and develop ideas for possible solutions on top of her education, training, transparency and globalization issues.

Human Development in Gujarat: Evidence from 2011 Population Census

This article uses the data available from the 2011 population census to construct the human development index (HDI) right up to the village and municipal ward level in Gujarat. The analysis reveals that the human progress in the state and in its constituent districts, sub-districts, towns and villages has largely been average to low, and strong residence and social class inequalities in human development continue to persist. The human development scenario is contrastingly different in rural and urban areas of the state. There is, however, a substantial proportion of municipal wards within towns where human development appears to be low or very low. The analysis also suggests very strong residence and social class effects on human development in the state. It also appears that human progress in the state has stagnated at average levels during the last decade. Despite the fact that there is still substantial scope for human progress. There is a need to reinvigorate human development efforts in the state.

Think Globally, Teach Locally: Experiencing the Foreign Aid Debate Through Service Learning

Novel curricular strategies are required if institutions want all students to actively experience the benefits of global knowledge and civic engagement, as financial and practical commitments frequently make study abroad inaccessible to many students. In this paper, we outline an innovative service-learning course, where local action coupled with an international target, offered a parallel and novel learning strategy that capitalized on the strengths of experiential education, while providing a practical and more inclusive student engagement opportunity available to a larger subset of students. We also describe our teaching strategy, which emphasizes the social context of the classroom: discovery, self-exploration, and shared learning. Together, service learning and a critical pedagogy can better help students relate to the otherwise abstract processes of foreign aid. In 2013 and 2014, approximately 30 undergraduate students participated in a student-led outreach project soliciting bicycle donations to support human development efforts in Uganda and Ghana. In addition to making reasonable progress toward learning outcomes during the two-year pilot, we found that the everyday challenges our students encountered in their service-learning project were microcosms for some of the large-scale, global challenges that foreign aid delivery faces.

An optimizing compiler for a purely functional web-application language

High-level scripting languages have become tremendously popular for development of dynamic Web applications. Many programmers appreciate the productivity benefits of automatic storage management, freedom from verbose type annotations, and so on. While it is often possible to improve performance substantially by rewriting an application in C or a similar language, very few programmers bother to do so, because of the consequences for human development effort. This paper describes a compiler that makes it possible to have most of the best of both worlds, coding Web applications in a high-level language but compiling to native code with performance comparable to handwritten C code. The source language is Ur/Web, a domain-specific, purely functional, statically typed language for the Web. Through a coordinated suite of relatively straightforward program analyses and algebraic optimizations, we transform Ur/Web programs into almost-idiomatic C code, with no garbage collection, little unnecessary memory allocation for intermediate values, etc. Our compiler is in production use for commercial Web sites supporting thousands of users, and microbenchmarks demonstrate very competitive performance versus mainstream tools.

The use of composite water poverty index in assessing water scarcity in the rural areas of Oyo State, Nigeria

Physical availability of water resources is beneficial to man when it is readily accessible. Oyo State is noted for abundant surface water and appreciable groundwater resources in its pockets of regolith aquifers; as it has about eight months of rainy season and a relatively deep weathered regolith. In spite of this, cases of water associated diseases and deaths have been reported in the rural areas of the state. This study attempts to conduct an investigation into accessibility to potable water in the rural areas of Oyo State, Nigeria via the component approach of water poverty index (WPI). Multistage method of sampling was applied to select 5 rural communities from 25 rural LGAs out of the 33 LGAs in the State. Data were collected through the administration of 1,250 copies of questionnaire across 125 rural communities. Component Index method as developed by Sullivan, et al (2003) was modified and used in this study. The results show that values of WPI were generally low, ranging from 11.29% in Itesiwaju LGA to 47.89% in Atisbo LGA out of 100% maximum obtainable; indicating that these rural areas are water stressed. The paper recommends aggressive human development efforts and the need for massive improvement in water infrastructure in the state.Key words: Water Poverty Index (WPI), Water accessibility, Rural Areas.

Need for Paradigmatic Change in Jurisprudence: A Development Focused Approach in Definition, Application and Benefits of Law

An attempt to justify the need of linking human development affairs with human rights and developing a concept of law as an instrument of enhancing human development is a major thrust of this article. It endeavors to relate law as a regime of governance with human development efforts as a precondition for securing adequate enforcement of international human rights laws. The article argues that 'poverty and ensuing deprivation' is an effect of massive human rights violation by State governments and international bodies. It moves ahead by setting an assumption that the regressive status quo; meticulously preserved and protected by way of anti-equity conventions and laws safeguarding hierarchical structure of society, is a stumbling block to the progressive transformation of the lives of deprived people. It goes on with assertion that no enjoyment of human rights, the liberal rights in particular, becomes possible without breaking the 'vicious cycle of poverty and regressive status quo' by help of rapid development activities targeted to meet the 'threshold condition of development'.

Inequality and Poverty in China During Reform

This paper provides an overview of the evolution of income inequality and poverty in China from 1987 to 2002, documenting significant increases of inequality within China’s urban and rural populations. In rural areas, increased inequality is primarily related to the disequalizing role of non-agricultural self-employment income and the slow growth in agricultural income from the mid-1990s onward. Poverty persists, and tied in part to slow growth in agricultural commodity prices. In urban areas, the declining role of subsidies and entitlements, the increase in wage inequality, and the layoffs during restructuring have fueled the growth in inequality within urban areas. Poverty levels, however, are very low. China should give more emphasis on education, training, and other human development efforts in its poverty reduction strategy since return to education increased rapidly and became a major source of inequality. A nationwide social safety net and an effective redistributive taxation system should be adopted and implemented to ensure that the poor can benefit from the fruits of rapid economic growth.

Economic rights: conceptual, measurement, and policy issues

Foreword Introduction: 1. Economic rights: the terrain Shareen Hertel and Lanse Minkler Part I. Concepts: 2. The West and economic rights Jack Donnelly 3. A needs-based approach to social and economic rights Wiktor Osiatynski 4. Economic rights in the knowledge economy: an instrumental justification Albino Barrera 5. 'None so poor that he is compelled to sell himself': democracy, subsistence, and basic income Michael Goodhart 6. Benchmarking the right to work Philip Harvey Part II. Measurement: 7. The status of efforts to monitor economic, social, and cultural rights Audrey R. Chapman 8. Measuring the progressive realization of economic and social rights Clair Apodaca 9. Economic rights, human development effort, and institutions Mwangi Samson Kimenyi 10. Measuring government effort to respect economic and social human rights: a peer benchmark David L. Cingranelli and David L. Richards 11. Government respect for women's economic rights: a cross-national analysis, 1981-2003 Shawna E. Sweeney Part III. Policy Issues: 12. Economic rights and extraterritorial obligations Sigrun I. Skogly and Mark Gibney 13. Millenium development goal 8: can it be an accountability framework for international human rights obligations? Sakiko Fukuda-Parr 14. The United States and international economic rights: law, social reality, and political choice David Forsythe 15. Public policy and economic rights in Ghana and Uganda Susan Dicklitch and Rhoda E. Howard-Hassmann 16. Human rights as instruments of emancipation and economic development Kaushik Basu 17. Worker rights and economic development: the cases of occupational safety and health and child labor Peter Dorman.

Inequality and Poverty in China During Reform

This paper provides an overview of the evolution of income inequality and poverty in China from 1987 to 2002, documenting significant increases of inequality within China's urban and rural populations. In rural areas, increased inequality is primarily related to the disequalizing role of non-agricultural self-employment income and the slow growth in agricultural income from the mid-1990s onward. Poverty persists, and tied in part to slow growth in agricultural commodity prices. In urban areas, the declining role of subsidies and entitlements, the increase in wage inequality, and the layoffs during restructuring have fueled the growth in inequality within urban areas. Poverty levels, however, are very low. China should give more emphasis on education, training, and other human development efforts in its poverty reduction strategy since return to education increased rapidly and became a major source of inequality. A nationwide social safety net and an effective redistributive taxation system should be adopted and implemented to ensure that the poor can benefit from the fruits of rapid economic growth.

Social Marketing as a Tool to Improve Behavioral Health Services for Underserved Populations in Transition Countries

Human development efforts continue to change the world and improve quality of life for humans. Without the struggle and drive to contemplate new ideas to improve society, the global community would be in a constant state of oppression. Although cultures and norms change as international boundaries are crossed, the universal goal is to improve standards of living to include behavioral health services for underserved populations. In recent times, pioneers and community groups have used social marketing as an instrument to change public perceptions and behaviors within societies. These efforts have transformed nations in the acceptance and understanding of community health and rehabilitation, education, service, and human rights. This article examines the justification for utilization of the concepts and tools of social marketing to bring about proactive behavior modification among segments of underserved populations. A section of this article provides an overview of the basics of social marketing for the benefit of makers of health policy in transition countries. Finally, the case of 2 underserved population segments in the Republic of Slovakia, a new member of the European Union (former socialist block member), is examined for possible implementation.